Mwakhala miyezi yambiri mukukonzanso monolith yanu kukhala ma microservices, ndipo pamapeto pake aliyense wabwera palimodzi kuti asinthe chosinthira. Mumapita patsamba loyamba ... ndipo palibe chomwe chimachitika. Mumachiyikanso - ndipo palibe chabwino, tsambalo likuchedwa kwambiri kotero kuti siliyankha kwa mphindi zingapo. Chinachitika ndi chiyani?
M'nkhani yake, Jimmy Bogard apanga "post-mortem" pavuto laling'ono lamoyo weniweni. Awonetsa zovuta zachitsanzo, chitukuko, ndi kupanga zomwe adapeza, ndi momwe gulu lake lidasinthira pang'onopang'ono monolith yatsopano yogawidwa kukhala chithunzi chomaliza chaukhondo. Ngakhale kuti n'zosatheka kulepheretsa zolakwa zapangidwe, mungathe kuzindikira mavuto oyambirira pokonzekera kuti mutsimikizire kuti chomalizacho chimakhala chodalirika chogawidwa.
Moni nonse, ndine Jimmy ndipo lero mumva momwe mungapewere masoka akuluakulu pomanga ma microservices. Iyi ndi nkhani ya kampani ina yomwe ndinagwirapo ntchito kwa pafupifupi chaka chimodzi ndi theka kuti ndithandize kuteteza sitima yawo kuti isawombane ndi madzi oundana. Kuti tinene nkhaniyi moyenera, tiyenera kubwerera m'mbuyo ndikukambirana komwe kampaniyi idayambira komanso momwe zida zake za IT zidakulira pakapita nthawi. Pofuna kuteteza mayina a anthu osalakwa pa tsokali, ndasintha dzina la kampaniyi kukhala Bell Computers. Chithunzi chotsatira chikuwonetsa zomwe zida za IT zamakampani otere zimawonekera m'ma 90s. Izi ndizomwe zimapangidwira seva yayikulu yapadziko lonse lapansi ya HP Tandem Mainframe yogwiritsira ntchito sitolo yamakompyuta.
Anafunika kupanga dongosolo loyang'anira maoda onse, malonda, zobweza, zolemba zamakasitomala, ndi makasitomala, kotero adasankha njira yodziwika bwino kwambiri panthawiyo. Dongosolo lalikululi linali ndi chidziwitso chilichonse chokhudza kampaniyo, chilichonse chotheka, ndipo zonse zidachitika kudzera mu mainframe iyi. Anasunga mazira awo onse mumtanga umodzi ndipo ankaganiza kuti zimenezo nβzachibadwa. Chokhacho chomwe sichinaphatikizidwe pano ndi makatalogu oyitanitsa makalata ndikuyika maoda pafoni.
Patapita nthawi, dongosololi linakula, ndipo zinyalala zambiri zinasonkhana mmenemo. Komanso, COBOL si chinenero chodziwika bwino kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, kotero kuti dongosololi linakhala lalikulu, lopanda kanthu. Pofika m'chaka cha 2000, adawona kuti makampani ambiri ali ndi mawebusayiti omwe amachitira bizinesi yawo yonse, ndipo adaganiza zopanga tsamba lawo loyamba la dot-com.
Mapangidwe oyambilira amawoneka abwino kwambiri ndipo anali ndi tsamba lapamwamba la bell.com ndi ma subdomain angapo akugwiritsa ntchito payekhapayekha: catalog.bell.com, accounts.bell.com, orders.bell.com, search search.bell. com. Chigawo chilichonse chimagwiritsa ntchito chimango cha ASP.Net 1.0 ndi nkhokwe zake, ndipo onse amalankhula ndi backend system. Komabe, malamulo onse anapitirizabe kukonzedwa ndi kuchitidwa mkati mwa mainframe imodzi yaikulu, momwe zinyalala zonse zinatsalira, koma mapeto ake anali mawebusaiti osiyana omwe ali ndi mapulogalamu aumwini ndi zolemba zosiyana.
Choncho mapangidwe a dongosololi ankawoneka mwadongosolo komanso mwanzeru, koma dongosolo lenileni linali monga momwe slide yotsatira ikuwonekera.
Zinthu zonse zimayitanirana wina ndi mzake, ma API ofikira, ma dll ophatikizidwa ndi ena, ndi zina zotero. Nthawi zambiri zinkachitika kuti machitidwe owongolera matembenuzidwe amatha kugwira ma code a munthu wina, kuwakankhira mkati mwa pulojekiti, ndiyeno zonse zimasweka. MS SQL Server 2005 ntchito lingaliro la ma seva ulalo, ndipo ngakhale sindinasonyeze mivi pa slide, aliyense wa Nawonso achichepere ankalankhulana wina ndi mzake, chifukwa palibe cholakwika ndi kumanga matebulo zochokera deta anapezerapo angapo Nawonso achichepere .
Popeza tsopano anali ndi kulekana pakati pa madera osiyanasiyana omveka a dongosololi, izi zinakhala zinyalala zogawanika, ndi chidutswa chachikulu cha zinyalala chomwe chatsalirabe mu mainframe backend.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti mainframe iyi idamangidwa ndi opikisana nawo Bell Computers ndipo idasungidwabe ndi alangizi awo aukadaulo. Pokhulupirira kuti ntchito zake sizikuyenda bwino, kampaniyo idaganiza zowachotsa ndikukonzanso dongosololi.
Ntchito yomwe ilipo idapangidwa kwa zaka 15, zomwe ndi mbiri yamapulogalamu a ASP.Net. Ntchitoyi idalandira madongosolo ochokera padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo ndalama zomwe zimaperekedwa pachaka kuchokera ku pulogalamu imodziyi zidafika madola biliyoni imodzi. Gawo lalikulu la phindu linapangidwa ndi webusaiti ya bell.com. Pa Lachisanu Lachisanu, kuchuluka kwa maoda omwe adayikidwa patsambalo adafika mamiliyoni angapo. Komabe, zomangamanga zomwe zilipo sizinalole chitukuko chilichonse, chifukwa kulumikizana kolimba kwa zinthu zadongosolo sikunalole kusintha kulikonse pautumiki.
Vuto lalikulu kwambiri linali kulephera kuyika dongosolo kuchokera kudziko lina, kulilipira ku lina ndikulitumiza ku gawo lachitatu, ngakhale kuti ndondomeko yamalonda yotereyi ndi yofala kwambiri m'makampani apadziko lonse. Webusaiti yomwe inalipo sinalole chilichonse chonga ichi, kotero adayenera kuvomereza ndikuyika maoda awa pafoni. Izi zidapangitsa kuti kampaniyo iyambe kuganiza zosintha kamangidwe kake, makamaka zosintha kukhala ma microservices.
Iwo anachita mwanzeru poyangβana makampani ena kuti awone momwe anathetsera vuto lofananalo. Limodzi mwamayankho awa linali kamangidwe ka ntchito za Netflix, zomwe zimakhala ndi ma microservices olumikizidwa kudzera pa API komanso nkhokwe yakunja.
Oyang'anira Bell Computers adaganiza zomanga zomanga zotere, kutsatira mfundo zina zofunika. Choyamba, adachotsa kubwereza kwa data pogwiritsa ntchito njira yogawana nawo. Palibe deta yomwe idatumizidwa; m'malo mwake, aliyense amene amafunikira adayenera kupita kugwero lapakati. Izi zinatsatiridwa ndi kudzipatula ndi kudziyimira pawokha - ntchito iliyonse inali yodziyimira payokha. Anaganiza zogwiritsa ntchito Web API pachilichonse - ngati mukufuna kupeza deta kapena kusintha machitidwe ena, zonse zidachitika kudzera pa Web API. Chinthu chachikulu chomaliza chinali chatsopano chatsopano chotchedwa "Bell on Bell" mosiyana ndi "Bell" mainframe yochokera ku hardware ya mpikisano.
Chifukwa chake, m'miyezi ya 18, adapanga dongosolo mozungulira mfundo zazikuluzikuluzi ndikuzibweretsa kusanapangidwe. Kubwerera kuntchito kumapeto kwa sabata, omangawo adasonkhana ndikutsegula ma seva onse omwe dongosolo latsopanoli linalumikizidwa. Miyezi 18 yantchito, mazana opanga, zida zamakono za Bell - ndipo palibe zotsatira zabwino! Izi zakhumudwitsa anthu ambiri chifukwa amayendetsa makinawa pamakompyuta awo nthawi zambiri ndipo zonse zinali bwino.
Anali anzeru kutaya ndalama zawo zonse pothetsa vutoli. Adayika ma seva amakono kwambiri okhala ndi masiwichi, adagwiritsa ntchito gigabit optical fiber, zida zamphamvu kwambiri za seva zomwe zili ndi RAM yopenga, zidalumikiza zonse, kuzikonza - ndipo, palibe! Kenako anayamba kukayikira kuti chifukwa chake chikhoza kukhala nthawi, choncho adalowa m'makonzedwe onse a intaneti, makonzedwe onse a API ndikusintha kasinthidwe kake ka nthawi kuti apite patsogolo, kotero kuti zonse zomwe akanatha kuchita ndikukhala ndikudikirira kuti chinachake chichitike. ku site. Adadikirira ndikudikirira ndikudikirira kwa mphindi 9 ndi theka mpaka tsambalo lidadzaza.
Zitatha izi, zinawadziΕ΅ikiratu kuti mmene zinthu zinalili panopa zikufunika kuunika bwinobwino, ndipo anatiitana. Chinthu choyamba chimene tidapeza chinali chakuti m'miyezi yonse ya 18 ya chitukuko, palibe "micro" yeniyeni yomwe inalengedwa - chirichonse chinangokulirakulira. Pambuyo pa izi, tinayamba kulemba post-mortem, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti "regretrospective", kapena "retrospective yachisoni", yomwe imatchedwanso "mlandu wamphepo", wofanana ndi "mkuntho wa ubongo", kuti timvetse chifukwa cha tsokalo.
Tidakhala ndi zowunikira zingapo, imodzi yomwe inali kuchuluka kwa magalimoto panthawi yomwe kuyimba kwa API. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito zomangamanga za monolithic, mutha kumvetsetsa nthawi yomweyo zomwe zidasokonekera chifukwa muli ndi mndandanda umodzi womwe umafotokoza zonse zomwe zikanayambitsa kulephera. Pankhani yomwe gulu la mautumiki nthawi imodzi limapeza API yomweyo, palibe njira yotsatirira njirayo kupatula kugwiritsa ntchito zida zowonjezera zowunikira ma netiweki monga WireShark, chifukwa chake mutha kuyang'ana pempho limodzi ndikupeza zomwe zidachitika pakukhazikitsidwa kwake. Chifukwa chake tidatenga tsamba limodzi ndikukhala pafupifupi masabata a 2 ndikuyika zidutswa za chithunzicho, ndikuyimbira mosiyanasiyana ndikusanthula zomwe zidatsogolera.
Onani chithunzi ichi. Zikuwonetsa kuti pempho limodzi lakunja limapangitsa kuti ntchitoyi iziyimba mafoni ambiri amkati omwe amabwereranso. Zikuwonekeratu kuti kuyimba kulikonse kwamkati kumapanga ma hop owonjezera kuti athe kutumikira pawokha pempholi, chifukwa sikungatembenukire kwina kulikonse kuti adziwe zofunikira. Chithunzichi chikuwoneka ngati phokoso lopanda tanthauzo la mafoni, monga pempho lakunja likuyitanitsa mautumiki owonjezera, omwe amayitanitsa mautumiki ena owonjezera, ndi zina zotero, pafupifupi ad infinitum.
Mtundu wobiriwira mu chithunzichi ukuwonetsa semicircle momwe mautumiki amayimbirana wina ndi mnzake - service A call service B, service B imayitanitsa service C, ndipo imayitaniranso service A. Zotsatira zake, timapeza "kugawanika kwakufa". Pempho limodzi lidapanga mafoni chikwi a API, ndipo popeza dongosololi linalibe kulekerera zolakwika ndi chitetezo cha loop, pempholi lingalephereke ngati ngakhale imodzi mwa mafoni a API awa yalephera.
Tinachita masamu. Kuyimba kulikonse kwa API kunali ndi SLA yosapitilira 150 ms ndi 99,9% uptime. Pempho limodzi lidapangitsa mafoni 200 osiyanasiyana, ndipo ngati zili bwino, tsambalo likhoza kuwonetsedwa mu 200 x 150 ms = 30 masekondi. Mwachibadwa, izi sizinali zabwino. Kuchulukitsa 99,9% uptime ndi 200, tapeza 0% kupezeka. Zikuwonekeratu kuti zomanga izi zidayenera kulephera kuyambira pachiyambi pomwe.
Tidafunsa omwe akupanga zomwe adalephera kuzindikira vutoli pambuyo pa miyezi 18 yantchito? Zinapezeka kuti amangowerengera SLA pama code omwe adathamanga, koma ngati ntchito yawo idayitanira ntchito ina, sanawerenge nthawi imeneyo mu SLA yawo. Chilichonse chomwe chinayambika mkati mwa ndondomeko imodzi chimatsatira mtengo wa 150 ms, koma kupeza njira zina zothandizira zinawonjezera kuchedwa kokwanira nthawi zambiri. Phunziro loyamba linali lakuti: "Kodi mukuwongolera SLA yanu, kapena SLA ikukuyang'anirani?" Kwa ife, zinali zomalizira.
Chotsatira chomwe tidapeza ndichakuti amadziwa za malingaliro olakwika a makompyuta, opangidwa ndi Peter Deitch ndi James Gosling, koma adanyalanyaza gawo loyambalo. Limanena kuti mawu akuti "network ndi yodalirika," "zero latency," ndi "infinite throughput" ndi malingaliro olakwika. Malingaliro ena olakwika ndi akuti "network ndi yotetezeka," "topology sisintha," "nthawi zonse pamakhala woyang'anira m'modzi," "mtengo wotumizira data ndi ziro," komanso "manetiweki ndi ofanana."
Analakwitsa chifukwa adayesa ntchito yawo pamakina am'deralo ndipo sanagwirizane ndi ntchito zakunja. Popanga kwanuko ndikugwiritsa ntchito posungira kwanuko, sanakumanepo ndi ma hop apaintaneti. M'miyezi yonse ya 18 yachitukuko, sanadzifunsepo zomwe zingachitike ngati ntchito zakunja zikhudzidwa.
Ngati muyang'ana malire a utumiki mu chithunzi chapitachi, mukhoza kuona kuti onse ndi olakwika. Pali magwero ambiri omwe amalangiza momwe mungafotokozere malire a ntchito, ndipo ambiri amalakwitsa, monga Microsoft pa slide yotsatira.
Chithunzichi chikuchokera ku MS blog pamutu wakuti "Momwe mungapangire ma microservices". Izi zikuwonetsa pulogalamu yapaintaneti yosavuta, chipika chamalingaliro abizinesi, ndi nkhokwe. Pempho limabwera mwachindunji, mwina pali seva imodzi ya intaneti, seva imodzi ya bizinesi ndi imodzi ya database. Ngati muwonjezera magalimoto, chithunzicho chidzasintha pang'ono.
Apa pakubwera chojambulira katundu kuti agawire kuchuluka kwa magalimoto pakati pa ma seva awiri apa intaneti, kache yomwe ili pakati pa intaneti ndi malingaliro abizinesi, ndi cache ina pakati pa malingaliro abizinesi ndi nkhokwe. Izi ndizomwe Bell imagwiritsidwira ntchito pakuwongolera katundu wake komanso kugwiritsa ntchito buluu/kubiriwira pakati pa zaka za m'ma 2000. Mpaka nthawi zonse zidayenda bwino, chifukwa chiwembuchi chidali ndi cholinga chopanga monolithic.
Chithunzi chotsatirachi chikuwonetsa momwe MS imalimbikitsa kusuntha kuchoka ku monolith kupita ku microservices - kungogawaniza ntchito iliyonse yayikulu kukhala ma microservices osiyana. Panali panthawi ya kukhazikitsidwa kwa ndondomekoyi pamene Bell analakwitsa.
Anagawa mautumiki awo onse m'magulu osiyanasiyana, omwe anali ndi mautumiki ambiri payekha. Mwachitsanzo, ntchito yapaintaneti imaphatikizapo ma microservices opereka zinthu ndi kutsimikizira, ntchito yolingalira zamabizinesi inali ndi ma microservices pokonza maoda ndi zidziwitso za akaunti, nkhokweyo idagawidwa mugulu la ma microservice okhala ndi data yapaderadera. Ukonde, malingaliro abizinesi, ndi nkhokwe zonse zinali ntchito zopanda malire.
Komabe, chithunzichi chinali cholakwika kwathunthu chifukwa sichinapangire mabizinesi aliwonse kunja kwa gulu la IT la kampaniyo. Chiwembuchi sichinaganizirepo kugwirizana kulikonse ndi dziko lakunja, kotero sizinali zoonekeratu kuti, mwachitsanzo, kupeza ma analytics a bizinesi yachitatu. Ndikuwona kuti analinso ndi mautumiki angapo omwe adapangidwa kuti apititse patsogolo ntchito za ogwira ntchito omwe amafuna kuyang'anira anthu ambiri momwe angathere kuti apeze ndalama zambiri.
Amakhulupirira kuti kusamukira ku ma microservices kunali kosavuta monga kutenga zida zawo zamkati za N-tier ndikumamatira Docker pamenepo. Tiyeni tiwone momwe zomangamanga zachikhalidwe za N-tier zimawonekera.
Zili ndi magawo 4: mawonekedwe a mawonekedwe a UI, mulingo wamalingaliro abizinesi, mulingo wofikira deta ndi nkhokwe. Kupita patsogolo kwambiri ndi DDD (Domain-Driven Design), kapena mapangidwe opangidwa ndi mapulogalamu, pomwe magawo awiri apakati ndi zinthu za domain ndi malo osungira.
Ndinayesa kuyang'ana mbali zosiyanasiyana za kusintha, madera osiyanasiyana a udindo muzomangamangazi. M'njira yodziwika bwino ya N-tier, madera osiyanasiyana osinthika amasankhidwa omwe amalowa mumpangidwe kuchokera pamwamba mpaka pansi. Izi ndi Catalog, Config zosintha zomwe zimachitika pamakompyuta apawokha, ndi macheke a Checkout, omwe adayendetsedwa ndi gulu langa.
Chodabwitsa cha chiwembuchi ndikuti malire a maderawa akusintha samakhudzanso gawo lamalingaliro abizinesi, komanso amafikira ku database.
Tiyeni tione tanthauzo la kukhala utumiki. Pali mawonekedwe 6 a tanthauzo lautumiki - ndi mapulogalamu omwe:
- zopangidwa ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi bungwe linalake;
- ali ndi udindo pazolemba, kukonza ndi/kapena kupereka mtundu wina wa chidziwitso mkati mwadongosolo;
- ikhoza kumangidwa, kutumizidwa ndi kuyendetsa paokha kuti ikwaniritse zosowa zenizeni;
- amalankhulana ndi ogula ndi ntchito zina, kupereka chidziwitso chozikidwa pa mapangano kapena zitsimikizo za mgwirizano;
- imadziteteza ku mwayi wosaloledwa, komanso chidziwitso chake kuti chisatayike;
- imayendetsa zolephera m'njira yoti zisawononge chidziwitso.
Zinthu zonsezi zitha kufotokozedwa m'mawu amodzi oti "kudziyimira pawokha". Ntchito zimagwira ntchito modziyimira pawokha, zimakwaniritsa zoletsa zina, ndikutanthauzira mapangano pamaziko omwe anthu angalandire zidziwitso zomwe akufuna. Sindinatchule matekinoloje apadera, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito podziwonetsera okha.
Tsopano tiyeni tiwone tanthauzo la microservices:
- microservice ndi yaying'ono kukula kwake ndipo idapangidwa kuti ithetse vuto limodzi;
- Microservice ndi yodziyimira payokha;
- Popanga kamangidwe ka microservice, fanizo lokonzekera tauni limagwiritsidwa ntchito. Uku ndi kutanthauzira kuchokera m'buku la Sam Newman, Building Microservices.
Tanthauzo la Bounded Context latengedwa m'buku la Eric Evans la Domain-Driven Design. Ichi ndi chitsanzo choyambirira mu DDD, malo opangira zomangamanga omwe amagwira ntchito ndi mitundu yomangamanga, kuwagawa m'magulu osiyanasiyana a Bounded Contexts ndikutanthauzira momveka bwino kuyanjana pakati pawo.
Mwachidule, a Bounded Context amatanthauza kuchuluka komwe gawo linalake lingagwiritsidwe ntchito. M'nkhaniyi pali chitsanzo chogwirizana chomwe chingathe kuwonedwa, mwachitsanzo, mu bizinesi yanu. Mukafunsa kuti "wokhala kasitomala ndi ndani" kwa ogwira nawo ntchito, mudzapeza tanthauzo limodzi, ngati muwafunsa omwe akugwira nawo malonda, mudzalandira lina, ndipo ochita masewerawo adzakupatsani tanthauzo lachitatu.
Choncho, Bounded Context imati ngati sitingathe kufotokozera bwino zomwe ogula ntchito zathu ali nazo, tiyeni tifotokoze malire omwe tingathe kuyankhula za tanthauzo la mawuwa, ndikutanthauzira malo osinthika pakati pa matanthauzo osiyanasiyana awa. Ndiko kuti, ngati tikukamba za kasitomala kuchokera pakuwona kuyika malamulo, izi zikutanthauza izi ndi izo, ndipo ngati kuchokera kumalo ogulitsa, izi zikutanthauza izi ndi izo.
Tanthauzo lotsatira la microservice ndikulowetsa kwa mtundu uliwonse wa ntchito zamkati, kuteteza "kutuluka" kwa zigawo za ntchito yogwirira ntchito ku chilengedwe. Kenako pamabwera "tanthauzo la mapangano omveka bwino azinthu zakunja, kapena kulumikizana kwakunja," komwe kumayimiridwa ndi lingaliro la mapangano obwera kuchokera ku SLA. Tanthauzo lomaliza ndi fanizo la selo, kapena selo, lomwe limatanthauza kutsekeka kwathunthu kwa magwiridwe antchito mkati mwa microservice ndi kukhalapo kwake kwa zolandilira kulumikizana ndi dziko lakunja.
Chifukwa chake tidauza anyamata aku Bell Computers, "Sitingakonze chipwirikiti chilichonse chomwe mwapanga chifukwa mulibe ndalama zochitira izi, koma tingokonza ntchito imodzi yokha kuti zonse zitheke. nzeru.β Pakadali pano, ndiyamba ndikukuuzani momwe tidakonzera ntchito yathu yokhayo kuti iyankhe zopempha mwachangu kuposa mphindi 9 ndi theka.
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Dell R730xd 2x yotsika mtengo ku Equinix Tier IV data center ku Amsterdam? Pokhapokha ku Netherlands! Dell R420 - 2x E5-2430 2.2Ghz 6C 128GB DDR3 2x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100TB - kuchokera $99! Werengani za
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