Ndikuganiza kuti vuto siloti makina adzalowa m'malo mwa anthu kumalo awo ogwira ntchito, kuphatikizapo aluntha, osati kuti makompyuta akuwoneka kuti atenga zida zolimbana ndi anthu omwe ali ndi maphunziro apamwamba ndi ma akaunti a Twitter. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa AI sikukuchitika mwachangu, koma m'malo mwake, kumachedwa kwambiri. Chifukwa chiyani? Chifukwa ichi ndi chizoloŵezi chachibadwa cha chitukuko chaumunthu, ndipo sitikuzindikira kuti chiwonongeko chomwe timachiwona chikutanthauza kukhazikitsidwa kwa teknoloji yatsopano, yomwe, isanapange ntchito zatsopano, imawononga zakale.
Tekinoloje imawononga mafakitale akale ndikupanga zatsopano, iyi ndi njira yopangira, iyi ndi njira yachitukuko. Ngati muyesa kukulitsa zowawazo mwa kuyika matekinoloje akale munjirayo kapena kupanga zabwino zina zamaukadaulo akale, mudzangochepetsako ndikupangitsa kuti zikhale zowawa kwambiri. Zidzachitika, koma vuto ndiloti tikuwongolera ndondomekoyi popanga malamulo omwe amachedwetsa mwadala. Ndikuganiza kuti ili ndi vuto lalikulu kuposa lomwe tikulidziwa bwino. Ili ndi vuto lalikulu lamalingaliro pomwe anthu amafunsa kuti: "Kodi mungamve bwanji otetezeka mukakhala m'galimoto yodziyendetsa nokha?"
Ndinayang'ana m'mbiri ndipo ndinaphunzira kuti zaka zana zapitazo umodzi wa mabungwe amphamvu kwambiri ku New York unali bungwe la ogwira ntchito okwera, lomwe linagwirizanitsa antchito 17. Mwa njira, panthawiyo panali kale teknoloji yomwe mungathe kusindikiza batani ndipo munatha, koma anthu sanakhulupirire! Ndizowopsa kukanikiza batani nokha kuti muyimbire elevator! Kodi mukudziwa chifukwa chake bungweli "linafa" ndipo anthu adayamba kugwiritsa ntchito mabatani okha? Chifukwa tsiku lina ogwira ntchito pamalo okwera anaganiza zonyanyala ntchito. Iwo ananyanyala ntchito, ndiyeno anthu amene anayenera kukwera pamwamba pa Empire State Building anaika pangozi kukankha mabataniwo ndi manja awo.
Kumbukirani zomwe adanena zaka 20-30 zapitazo ponena za ana kapena zidzukulu pamene adakwera galimoto: "Izi ndi zoopsa, tangoyang'anani ziwerengero, chifukwa magalimoto ndi chimodzi mwa zifukwa zazikulu za imfa ya anthu, angapange bwanji chiopsezo. moyo wawo?”
Kotero, zonsezi ndi psychology yeniyeni. Sitikusamala kwenikweni za kuchuluka kwa anthu amene amafa pangozi zagalimoto, koma munthu mmodzi akamwalira ndi galimoto yodziyendetsa yekha, chochitikacho chimawombedwa mopambanitsa. Kuwonongeka kulikonse, kulakwitsa kulikonse muukadaulo waukadaulo wochita kupanga kumasindikizidwa nthawi yomweyo patsamba lakutsogolo la nyuzipepala. Koma yang’anani pa ziŵerengerozo, yang’anani pa chiŵerengero cha zochitika, ndipo muona kuti ndi gawo laling’ono lotani la chiŵerengero chonse cha ngozizo. Chotero, gulu la anthu lidzapambana kokha ngati lingakhoze kupita patsogolo popanda kufooketsedwa ndi mantha oterowo.
Nkhani ina imabwera tikamakamba nkhani zabodza kapena cybersecurity, iyi ndi nkhani zandale kwambiri ndipo ndimayimba mafoni ambiri akufunsa momwe ndimachitira ndi odana ndi AI. Mwachitsanzo, ndimalemba bulogu yokhazikika, ndipo positi yanga yatsopano, yomwe idzasindikizidwa m'masiku angapo, ikukamba za udani komanso kuti chipulumutso ku udani chili mu chidziwitso, pakuphunzira. Tiyenera kumvetsetsa kuti vutoli linalipo kalekale zinthu zonsezi zisanayambike, ndizofunikanso kuti kufunikira kwake kwawonjezeka chifukwa cha intaneti, yomwe imafikira mamiliyoni ndi mabiliyoni a anthu.
Ndikuganiza kuti ndichinthu chabwino ngati wina ayesa kuyimitsa kupita patsogolo poyesa kuletsa AI, ndipo mukudziwa kuti sizingagwire ntchito chifukwa tili ndi Putin ndi anthu ena oyipa, kulikonse komwe ali, omwe amagwiritsa ntchito motsutsana nafe ndi ukadaulo wathu womwe udapangidwa mkati. dziko laulere. Kotero ine ndikuganiza ife tiyenera kungovomereza izo monga anapatsidwa.
Chofunikira cha vutoli chili mkati mwathu, ndipo mayankho a mafunso ali mkati mwathu, mu mphamvu zathu komanso chidaliro chathu. Ndimatsutsa kuti makina anzeru sangatipangitse kukhala "otha ntchito." Komabe, tiyenera kukumbukira kuti pali zoletsa zina ponena za kugwirizana ndi makompyuta a anthu, ndipo kumlingo waukulu zimenezi ndi mphekesera chabe zimene zinalipo kale. Monga nthawi zonse, awa ndi mwayi watsopano womwe umawononga dziko lakale ndikupanga latsopano, ndipo pamene tikupita patsogolo, tidzakhala bwino.
Masiku ano zikufanana kwambiri ndi kusamukira kudziko lazopeka za sayansi. Chodabwitsa ndichakuti ngati tiyang'ana m'mbuyo zaka 50-60, tiwona kuti masiku amenewo nthano za sayansi zinali zotsimikizika, zinali utopia wathunthu. Komabe, ndiye panali kusintha kwapang'onopang'ono kuchokera ku utopia kupita ku dystopia, kotero kuti sitikufunanso kumva chilichonse chokhudza tsogolo la anthu.
Izi sizinachitike mwadzidzidzi. Panali nthawi imene anthu ankaganiza kuti kufufuza malo kunali koopsa kwambiri. Ichi ndi chiopsezo chachikulu, koma taganizirani kuti mu 1969, pamene Achimerika anafika pa mwezi, mphamvu yonse ya kompyuta ya NASA inali yochepa kuposa mphamvu ya chipangizo chamakono chamakono chomwe chimalowa m'thumba lanu. Chipangizochi ndi champhamvu kwambiri kuwirikiza ka 40 kuposa kompyuta yaikulu imene inalipo zaka 7 zapitazo. Tangoganizirani mphamvu zamakompyuta zomwe muli nazo m'thumba lanu! Komabe, sindikutsimikiza kuti Apple iPhone 7 ili ndi mphamvu yofananira ya kompyuta yomwe Apollo XNUMX inali nayo, ndiko kuti, imatha kupanga zomwezo.
Komabe, makina atipatsa kupita patsogolo kwakukulu mumlengalenga kapena kufufuza kwa nyanja, ndipo tiyenera kumvetsetsa kuti makompyuta amatipatsa mphamvu zoika moyo pachiswe.
Ndikufuna kutsirizitsa zolankhula zanga zabwino. Kodi slide iyi sikuwonetsa zithunzi zabwino? Chithunzi chomwe chili pakona yakumanja yakumanja sichinatchulidwe, ndidakumana ndi Terminator mu 2003.
Anakondanso chess kuyambira ali mwana, koma sanaphunzire kwenikweni, choncho anataya mofulumira kwambiri. Chotero ndinadabwa kwambiri pamene miyezi 6 pambuyo pake anathamangira kwa bwanamkubwa wa California ndipo anapambana!
Chifukwa chiyani ndimatcha zithunzi izi zabwino? Chifukwa ngakhale m'magawo onse kupatula oyamba, Arnold wakale nthawi zonse amaima kumbali ya opambana ndipo samatopa kulimbana ndi makina atsopano, ndi gawo loyamba lomwe tikuwona kuphatikiza komwe ndimanena - apa ndi pamene a munthu kuphatikiza makina akale kuphatikiza mawonekedwe wangwiro amagonjetsa galimoto yatsopano.
Munganene kuti: “Inde, makina ndi amphamvu kuposa anthu chifukwa amatha kuwerengera chilichonse!” Komabe, mfundo si yakuti akhoza kuwerengera zonse. Mwachitsanzo, mu chess tikhoza kuyankhula mwaukadaulo za masamu osawerengeka a kuchuluka kwa kusuntha komwe kotheka, kofanana ndi 1045, zomwe sizovuta kuwerengera makompyuta amakono. Komabe, chomwe chili chofunikira pamasewera si mawerengedwe, koma kuti kompyuta ili patsogolo pa munthu, chifukwa nthawi zonse imatsogoleredwa ndi malamulo. Ndipo mukudziwa zotsatira za malamulowa ndipo mukudziwa chifukwa chake kompyuta imasankha kusuntha kwabwino kuchokera kumayendedwe osiyanasiyana.
Koma ngati titembenukira ku moyo weniweni, sindikutsimikiza kuti kompyuta ikhoza kukhala yothandiza nthawi zonse. Tiyeni tiwone momwe zinthu zilili - muli ndi kompyuta yomwe imayang'anira bajeti yanu, muli m'sitolo ndipo mwatsala pang'ono kugula mphatso yodula. Kompyutayo imayang'ana zomwe wagula ndipo imati, "ayi, simungakwanitse kugula chinthuchi chifukwa mukhala ndi ndalama zambiri." Makinawa adawerengera chilichonse, koma pali kagawo kakang'ono - mwana wanu wayimirira pafupi ndi inu, ndipo mphatsoyi idapangidwira kubadwa kwake. Kodi mukuwona momwe izi zimasinthira zovuta? Izi zimasintha zonse chifukwa mwanayo akuyembekezera mphatsoyi.
Ndikhoza kuyamba kuwonjezera zinthu zazing'onozi zomwe zimasintha chirichonse, koma sindikuganiza kuti zingaphatikizidwe mu ndondomeko ya vuto ndikupeza yankho lolondola. Tili ndi malamulo ambiri, komabe tiyenera kufunsa mafunso chifukwa zinthu zimasintha. Izi ndi zomwe tinganene kuti ndizochitika wamba, koma ngati muyang'ana mafilimuwa, munganene kuti zomwe zikuwonetsedwa pano ndizodabwitsa komanso zodabwitsa. Slide iyi ikuwonetsa zomwe zili mu Gawo V la Star Wars: The Empire Strikes Back.
Han Solo amayendetsa sitimayo molunjika kumunda wa asteroid, ndipo C-3PO ikuchita mantha, ikunena kuti mwayi wopulumuka pamundawu ndi 1: 3122. Han Solo akumuuza kuti, "Musandiuze kuti mwayi wathu ndi wotani!" Apa funso likubuka, ndani ali wolondola kwambiri pankhaniyi?
Ukadaulo woyimiridwa ndi C-3PO ndiwolondola, chifukwa mwayi wokhala ndi moyo umafikira zero. Ndizotheka kuti, kuchokera kumalingaliro a loboti, kugwidwa ndi mphamvu za Imperial ndi chisankho chabwino chomwe munthu sangachiganizire kuposa kufa m'munda wa asteroid. Koma ngati kompyutayo ikuganiza kuti kudzipereka ku ufumu ndiye njira yabwino kwambiri, ndiye kuti tikhoza kuganiza kuti munthuyo alibe zosankha. Chofunika kwambiri ndi chakuti muzochitika zonsezi, zachilendo komanso zodabwitsa, tili ndi mwayi wopanga chisankho chomaliza, ndipo kupanga chisankho chotero kumafunikirabe utsogoleri waumunthu.
Nthawi zina izi zikutanthauza kuti muyenera kutsutsana ndi zomwe kompyuta yanu ikufuna. Cholinga cha utsogoleri wa anthu sikungodziwa zomwe zingachitike, koma kufunsa mafunso ofunika kwambiri, osati lero kapena mawa okha, koma zamtsogolo. Njirayi imatha kutchedwa "chitsogozo chaumunthu" kapena "kulowererapo kwa anthu", kukopa popanda kuthandizidwa ndi makina anzeru. Izi ndi zomwe njira yathu iyenera kukhala m'zaka za zana lino.
Anthu nthawi zina amadabwa ndi chiyembekezo changa chokhudza makina anzeru, chifukwa cha zomwe ndakumana nazo ndi iwo, koma ndili ndi chiyembekezo. Ndipo ndikutsimikiza kuti nonse muli ndi chiyembekezo chofanana ndi tsogolo la AI. Koma tiyenera kukumbukira kuti matekinoloje athu ndi osakhulupirira. Si zabwino kapena zoipa, koma zikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito zabwino ndi zoipa. Makina ayenera kukhala anzeru komanso odziwa zambiri. Ndipo ife anthu tiyenera kuchita zomwe anthu okha angachite - kulota, kulota mokwanira, ndiyeno tidzatha kuchotsa zabwino zonse zomwe zida zatsopanozi zimabweretsa.
Monga momwe tinakonzera, tidakali ndi mphindi 10 kuti tiyankhe mafunso.
Funso: Kodi mukuganiza kuti zingatheke kupanga makina ophunzirira makina omwe angadziwe kuti ndi ziti zomwe zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi kaseweredwe ka anthu?
Kasparov: Choyamba, sitiyembekezera kuti kompyuta itiuze kusuntha koyamba ndi kusuntha kotsala 17505. Ndikuganiza kuti tiyenera kudalira makina kuti apereke malingaliro abwino kwambiri pamayendedwe apadera. Mwa njira, osewera apamwamba amagwiritsa ntchito makompyuta monga chitsogozo, kuwathandiza kutenga malo abwino kwambiri pamasewera. Ndikubwerezanso kachiwiri - muzochitika 9 mwa 10, kuwunika kwa makompyuta pazochitikazo ndipamwamba kwambiri kuposa momwe munthu angapange.
Funso: Kodi mukuvomereza kuti nzeru zenizeni zimafuna ufulu wosankha, ufulu wosankha zimene munthu yekha angasankhe? Kupatula apo, mapulogalamu a Deep Blue ndi mapulogalamu ena apakompyuta amalembedwa ndi anthu, ndipo mukataya Deep Blue, simutaya kompyuta, koma kwa olemba mapulogalamu omwe adalemba pulogalamuyi. Funso langa ndilakuti: kodi pali ngozi iliyonse kuchokera kumtundu uliwonse wanzeru zamakina bola makompyuta ali ndi ufulu wosankha?
Kasparov: apa ndiyenera kuchoka ku sayansi kupita ku filosofi. Chilichonse chikuwonekera bwino pa Deep Blue - ndi zotsatira za kuchuluka kwa ntchito yaumunthu. Nthawi zambiri, ngakhale pankhani ya Demis Hassabis 'AlphaGo, zonsezi ndizinthu zanzeru zaumunthu. Sindikudziwa ngati makina atha kukhala ndi ufulu wosankha, koma ndikukhulupirira kuti chilichonse chomwe tingachite, ngati tikudziwa momwe tingachitire, makina azichita bwino. Komabe, tikamachita zinthu zambiri, sitidziwa mmene tingachitire bwino, choncho nthawi zambiri sitingamvetse zimene tingapambane. Mwachidule, tili ndi cholinga, koma sitikudziwa chomwe chiri, ndipo udindo wa makinawo ndi kutithandiza kuzindikira cholinga chimenecho. Chifukwa chake, ngati tilankhula za kusankha kwaufulu kwa makompyuta, ndiye kuti ziyenera kutimanga ku cholinga ichi. Ndikuganiza kuti ili ndi tsogolo lakutali kwambiri pamakompyuta.
Funso: Mukuganiza bwanji za mikhalidwe ya anthu monga kulimba mtima ndi makhalidwe abwino, ndi zisankho zimene luntha lochita kupanga lingapange potengera makhalidwe awo? Mwachitsanzo, kodi galimoto yodziyendetsa yokha iyenera kuchita chiyani - kugunda mwana kapena kupeŵa kumugunda mwa kugunda mwala ndi kupha wokwerayo?
Kasparov: Izi ndi zomwe anthu amazitcha "zomverera", sizikhoza kuwerengedwa chifukwa ndi gulu lonse la makhalidwe osiyanasiyana aumunthu. Ngati tikukamba za kulimba mtima, ndiye kuti khalidweli nthawi zonse limatsutsana ndi mwayi wosankha njira yabwino. Kulimba mtima, monga momwe anthu amamvera, ndi matanthauzidwe otsutsana ndi kuwerengera kolondola.
Funso: Bambo Kasparov, funso langa silikhudza makompyuta: zomwe zili mu botolo lanu ndipo ndingayese?
Kasparov: mukutanthauza chiyani?
Wokondedwa: Akufunsa zomwe zili m'thumba mwako!
Kasparov: m'thumba mwanga? "Stolichnaya"! Izi si zotsatsa, ngati mwazindikira, ndidazitaya.
Funso: Kodi mukuganiza kuti ndi ndani yemwe adzakhale katswiri wa chess padziko lonse lapansi ndipo kodi wosewera wachinyamata waku China Wei Yi ali ndi mwayi wochotsa Carelsen ngati mfumu ya chess?
Kasparov: Karelsen - wosewera nambala 1, si ngwazi yapadziko lonse lapansi, koma ndi wosewera wabwino kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi wa chess malinga ndi mlingo. Akwanitsa zaka 27 chaka chino, kotero akadali wamng'ono, koma osati wamng'ono kwambiri ndi masiku ano. Ndikuganiza kuti Wei Yi ali ndi zaka 18 kapena 19 tsopano. Magnus ali patsogolo pa osewera achichepere monga aku America Wesley So ndi Fabiano Kerouana, ndipo Wei Yi atha kukhala mdani wake. Komabe, kuti mukhale ngwazi yapadziko lonse lapansi, muyenera talente; simuyenera kukhala wachinyamata komanso wamphamvu, mwayi pang'ono. Kotero, kuti ndiyankhe funsoli, ndinganene - inde, ali ndi mwayi wogonjetsa Magnus Carelsen.
Funso: Mukakamba za ma algorithms otsimikizika komanso kuphunzira pamakina, mudanenapo mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito makina ngati zida zothandizira luntha lathu. Nanga bwanji za kuthekera kokulitsa chuma musanapange AI yamphamvu, kapena kuyika ubongo wamunthu mu kompyuta?
Kasparov: Sindichita manyazi kuvomereza kusadziwa kwanga pamene sindikutsimikiza kuti sindingathe kuyankha funso molondola. Ndimayesetsa kumvetsa chimene ubongo wa munthu uli, ngati tiulingalira mosiyana ndi thupi la munthu, ndi ntchito zotani zomwe umagwira. Chifukwa n'zovuta kulingalira momwe ubongo ungakhalire mosiyana ndi thupi. Mwinamwake kuyesera koteroko kungakhoze kuchitidwa m'tsogolomu, koma ndikukhulupirira kuti kuphatikiza kwa ubongo waumunthu, malingaliro aumunthu ndi maganizo ndi kompyuta zidzapanga "malingaliro" omwe adzakhala othandiza kwambiri kuposa ubongo wotengedwa ndi kuzizira, wogwiritsidwa ntchito. ngati chipangizo chodzazidwa ndi ma neuron.
Funso: Kodi pali njira yofunikira yapadziko lonse pavuto lochotsa ntchito za anthu ndi makompyuta?
Kasparov: Ndikuganiza kuti ili ndi funso lofunika kwambiri, chifukwa zikuwonekeratu kuti tikuyandikira pamene anthu ambiri angakhale opanda ntchito. Ichi ndiye chododometsa cha kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo: kumbali imodzi, tili ndi matekinoloje aposachedwa omwe amapereka mwayi waukulu wampikisano kwa achichepere omwe amachita ndi zida ndi matekinoloje awa. Kumbali ina, tikupita patsogolo pazamankhwala ndi zakudya zopatsa thanzi, zomwe zimatalikitsa moyo wamunthu ndikupangitsa kuti munthu athe kugwira ntchito kwa zaka zambiri. M'lingaliro limeneli, m'badwo wa 50s, 60s kapena 40s sungathe kupikisana ndi achinyamata amakono. Tiyenera kupeza njira yothetsera vutoli pamene kusiyana pakati pa mibadwo ndi yaikulu. Zochitika zakale zimanena kuti kusiyana koteroko nthawi zonse kumabweretsa kuphulika kwakukulu. Ndikutanthauza kusiyana pakati pa chitukuko cha chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo.
Iyi ndi nkhani yomwe andale amakonda kuyimitsa mpaka chisankho chikubwera. Palibe amene akufuna kuyankhula chifukwa ndi nkhani yovuta. Ndizosavuta kusindikiza ndalama ndikuyembekeza kuti wina adzalipira tsiku lina m'tsogolomu. Kotero pali zododometsa zambiri m'derali, mwachitsanzo, kudzikundikira kwa ngongole popereka zitsimikizo za chikhalidwe kwa okalamba poyembekezera kuti mtolo wolipira ngongolezi udzagwera pamapewa a achinyamata. Pali mafunso ambiri omwe ndilibe mayankho ake, komanso mafunso ambiri omwe ndingafunse omwe ndikhulupilira kuti AI angandithandize.
N’zoipa kwambiri kuti kwa zaka zambiri andale akhala akuyesetsa kunyalanyaza mavuto amene takambiranawa. Nthawi zonse amakhala okonzeka kufotokoza, nthawi zonse amakhala ndi ndondomeko, koma safuna kumvetsetsa zotsutsana ndi kukhala chete pa vuto la mkangano pakati pa teknoloji ndi anthu. Zikomo chifukwa chakumvetsera!
Zikomo chifukwa chokhala nafe. Kodi mumakonda zolemba zathu? Mukufuna kuwona zambiri zosangalatsa? Tithandizeni potipatsa oda kapena kulimbikitsa anzathu, 30% kuchotsera kwa ogwiritsa ntchito a Habr pa analogi yapadera yamaseva olowera, omwe tinapangira inu: (ikupezeka ndi RAID1 ndi RAID10, mpaka 24 cores mpaka 40GB DDR4).
Dell R730xd 2 nthawi zotsika mtengo? Pokhapokha ku Netherlands! Dell R420 - 2x E5-2430 2.2Ghz 6C 128GB DDR3 2x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100TB - kuchokera $99! Werengani za
Source: www.habr.com