Timapitiriza mndandanda wathu wokhudza blockchain ya Monero, ndipo nkhani ya lero idzayang'ana pa protocol ya RingCT (Ring Confidential Transactions), yomwe imayambitsa zochitika zachinsinsi ndi ma signature atsopano a mphete. Tsoka ilo, pali zambiri pa intaneti za momwe zimagwirira ntchito, ndipo tinayesetsa kudzaza kusiyana kumeneku.
Tidzakambirana za momwe maukonde amabisalira ndalama zosinthira pogwiritsa ntchito protocol iyi, chifukwa chomwe adasiya siginecha ya mphete ya cryptonote, ndi momwe ukadaulo uwu ungapitirire.
Popeza protocol iyi ndi imodzi mwamaukadaulo ovuta kwambiri ku Monero, wowerenga adzafunika chidziwitso choyambirira cha mapangidwe a blockchain komanso chidziwitso chodutsa cha elliptic curve cryptography (kuti muthe kudziwa izi, mutha kuwerenga mitu yathu yoyamba. nkhani yapita za ).
RingCT protocol
Chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zingawononge ndalama za cryptonote ndikusanthula kwa blockchain kutengera chidziwitso cha kuchuluka ndi nthawi ya zomwe zatumizidwa. Izi zimalola chepetsa kwambiri malo osaka kuti atulukemo chidwi kwa wowukirayo. Pofuna kuteteza kusanthula koteroko, Monero yakhazikitsa ndondomeko yosadziwika yodziwika yomwe imabisa zonse zomwe zimasamutsidwa pa intaneti.
Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti lingaliro lobisala ndalama si lachilendo. Wopanga Bitcoin Core Greg Maxwell anali m'modzi mwa oyamba kuzifotokoza m'mabuku ake . Kukhazikitsidwa kwaposachedwa kwa RingCT ndikusinthidwa kwake ndi kuthekera kogwiritsa ntchito siginecha za mphete (kaya popanda iwo), ndipo ndi momwe idatchulira dzina lake - Ring Confidential Transactions.
Mwa zina, protocol kumathandiza kuchotsa mavuto ndi kusakaniza zotuluka fumbi - zotuluka pang'ono (kawirikawiri analandira mu mawonekedwe a kusintha kwa wotuluka), amene anayambitsa mavuto kwambiri kuposa iwo anali ofunika.
Mu Januwale 2017, foloko yolimba ya netiweki ya Monero inachitika, kulola kugwiritsa ntchito mwachinsinsi kwachinsinsi. Ndipo kale mu Seputembala chaka chomwecho, ndi mtundu wa 6 hard foloko, zochitika zotere zidakhala zololedwa pamaneti.
RingCT imagwiritsa ntchito njira zingapo nthawi imodzi: siginecha yamagulu yolumikizana mowirikiza mosadziwikiratu (Multilayered Linkable Spontaneous Anonymous Group Signature, yomwe imatchedwa MLSAG), chiwembu chodzipereka (Pedersen Commitments) ndi maumboni osiyanasiyana (mawuwa alibe kumasulira kokhazikika mu Chirasha) .
Protocol ya RingCT imayambitsa mitundu iwiri ya zochitika zosadziwika: zosavuta komanso zodzaza. Chikwamachi chimapanga choyamba pamene kugulitsa kumagwiritsa ntchito zowonjezera zambiri, chachiwiri - mosiyana. Amasiyana pakutsimikizira kuchuluka kwa ndalama ndi zomwe zasainidwa ndi siginecha ya MLSAG (tilankhula zambiri za izi pansipa). Komanso, zochitika zamtundu wathunthu zitha kupangidwa ndi zolowetsa zingapo, palibe kusiyana kwakukulu. M'buku Pachifukwa ichi, akuti chigamulo chochepetsera zochitika zonse ku gawo limodzi chinapangidwa mofulumira ndipo chingasinthe m'tsogolomu.
Chizindikiro cha MLSAG
Tikumbukire kuti zolowetsa zomwe zasaina ndizotani. Kugulitsa kulikonse kumawononga ndikupanga ndalama zina. Kupanga ndalama kumachitika popanga zotuluka (chifaniziro chachindunji ndi ngongole), ndipo zomwe zimawononga ndalamazo (pambuyo pake, m'moyo weniweni timawononga ndalama) zimakhala zolowera (samalani, ndikosavuta kusokonezeka. Pano).
Zolowetsa zimalozera zotulutsa zingapo, koma zimangowononga imodzi yokha, motero zimapanga "chotchingira utsi" kuti zikhale zovuta kusanthula mbiri yomasulira. Ngati kugulitsa kuli ndi zowonjezera zambiri, ndiye kuti dongosolo loterolo likhoza kuimiridwa ngati matrix, pomwe mizere ndi zolowetsa ndipo mizati ndi zotuluka zosakanikirana. Kuti mutsimikizire ku netiweki kuti kugulitsako kumawononga ndendende zotuluka zake (amadziwa makiyi awo achinsinsi), zolowetsazo zimasainidwa ndi siginecha ya mphete. Kusaina koteroko kumatsimikizira kuti wosayinayo amadziwa makiyi achinsinsi azinthu zonse za mizati.
Zochita zachinsinsi sizigwiritsanso ntchito zakale siginecha za mphete, zidasinthidwa ndi MLSAG - mtundu wa siginecha zofanana za mphete zomwe zimasinthidwa kuti zilowemo zingapo, .
Amatchedwa multilayer chifukwa amasaina zolowetsa zingapo nthawi imodzi, zomwe zimasakanizidwa ndi ena angapo, mwachitsanzo, matrix amasaina, osati mzere umodzi. Monga tionere patsogolo, izi zimathandiza kusunga pa siginecha kukula.
Tiyeni tiwone momwe siginecha ya mphete imapangidwira, pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo cha malonda omwe amathera 2 zotuluka zenizeni ndikugwiritsa ntchito m - 1 mwachisawawa kuchokera ku blockchain kuti asakanike. Tiyeni tiwonetse makiyi a anthu onse azinthu zomwe timagwiritsa ntchito ngati
, ndi zithunzi zazikulu za iwo molingana: Chifukwa chake, timapeza matrix of size 2 x m. Choyamba, tiyenera kuwerengera zomwe zimatchedwa zovuta pagulu lililonse lazotulutsa:
Timayamba kuwerengera ndi zotuluka, zomwe timawononga pogwiritsa ntchito makiyi awo apagulu:ndi manambala mwachisawawaZotsatira zake, timapeza mfundo zotsatirazi:
, zomwe timagwiritsa ntchito kuwerengera zovuta
zotulukapo ziwiri (kuti zikhale zosavuta kumvetsetsa zomwe tikulowa m'malo, tawunikira izi mumitundu yosiyanasiyana). Makhalidwe onse otsatirawa amawerengedwa mozungulira pogwiritsa ntchito mafomu omwe aperekedwa m'fanizo loyamba. Chomaliza kuwerengera ndizovuta pazotulutsa zenizeni.
Monga tikuonera, zigawo zonse kupatula zomwe zili ndi zotsatira zenizeni zimagwiritsa ntchito manambala opangidwa mwachisawawa. Chifukwa Ο- gawo tidzawafunanso. Tiyeni tisinthemu s:
Siginecha yokha ndi gawo limodzi mwazinthu izi:
Deta iyi imalembedwa muzochitika.
Monga tikuonera, MLSAG ili ndi vuto limodzi lokha c0, zomwe zimakulolani kusunga pa siginecha kukula (zomwe zimafuna kale malo ambiri). Komanso, woyang'anira aliyense, pogwiritsa ntchito deta, imabwezeretsanso ma c1,β¦, cm ndikuwunika. Chifukwa chake, mphete yathu yatsekedwa ndipo siginecha yatsimikiziridwa.
Pazochita za RingCT zamtundu wathunthu, mzere winanso umawonjezeredwa ku matrix okhala ndi zotuluka zosakanikirana, koma tikambirana pansipa.
Pedersen Zopereka
(liwu lachingerezi loti malonjezano limagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri) limagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti gulu limodzi litsimikizire kuti likudziwa chinsinsi china (nambala) osachivumbulutsa. Mwachitsanzo, mumagubuduza nambala inayake pa dayisi, ganizirani kudzipereka ndikuipereka ku gulu lotsimikizira. Chifukwa chake, panthawi yowulula nambala yachinsinsi, wotsimikizirayo amawerengera pawokha kudzipereka, potero akuwonetsetsa kuti simunamunyenge.
Malonjezano a Monero amagwiritsidwa ntchito kubisa kuchuluka kwa kusamutsidwa ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira yodziwika bwino - kudzipereka kwa Pedersen. Mwa njira, chochititsa chidwi - poyamba Madivelopa akufuna kubisa ndalamazo mwa kusakaniza wamba, ndiko kuti, kuwonjezera zotuluka za ndalama zosawerengeka kuti awonetsetse kusatsimikizika, koma kenako adasintha zomwe adalonjeza (sichowonadi kuti adasunga. kukula kwa malonda, monga tiwona pansipa).
Kawirikawiri, kudzipereka kumawoneka motere:
Kumeneko C - tanthauzo la kudzipereka palokha, a - ndalama zobisika, H ndi malo okhazikika pa elliptic curve (jenereta yowonjezera), ndi x - mtundu wina wa chigoba chosasinthika, chinthu chobisala chomwe chimapangidwa mwachisawawa. Chigoba chikufunika pano kuti munthu wina asamangoganizira za kufunika kodzipereka.
Chikwama chatsopano chikapangidwa, chikwamacho chimawerengera kudzipereka kwake, ndipo chikagwiritsidwa ntchito, chimatengera mtengo womwe wawerengedwera panthawi yakubadwa kapena kuwerengeranso, kutengera mtundu wamalondawo.
RingCT yosavuta
Pankhani ya zochitika zosavuta za RingCT, pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti malondawo adapanga zotuluka mumtengo wofanana ndi kuchuluka kwa zolowetsa (sanatulutse ndalama kuchokera ku mpweya wochepa thupi), ndikofunikira kuti chiwonjezero cha zomwe walonjeza woyamba ndi wachiwiri. zikhale zofanana, ndizo:
Makomiti odzipereka amawona mosiyana pang'ono - popanda chigoba:
kumene a - kuchuluka kwa komitiyi, ikupezeka poyera.
Njirayi imatithandiza kutsimikizira gulu lodalira kuti tikugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zomwezo popanda kuziulula.
Kuti zinthu zimveke bwino, tiyeni tione chitsanzo. Tinene kuti kugulitsako kumagwiritsa ntchito zotuluka ziwiri (kutanthauza kuti zimakhala zolowetsa) za 10 ndi 5 XMR ndikupanga zotuluka zitatu za 12 XMR: 3, 4 ndi 5 XMR. Nthawi yomweyo, amalipira komishoni ya 3 XMR. Chifukwa chake, kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuphatikiza ndalama zomwe zidapangidwa komanso komitiyi ndi yofanana ndi 15 XMR. Tiyeni tiyese kuwerengera zomwe zaperekedwa ndikuwona kusiyana kwa kuchuluka kwake (kumbukirani masamu):
Apa tikuwona kuti kuti equation isanduke, timafunikira kuchuluka kwa masks olowera ndi zotuluka kuti zikhale zofanana. Kuti muchite izi, chikwamacho chimapanga mwachisawawa x1, y1, y2 ndi y3, ndi otsalawo x2 amawerengera motere:
Pogwiritsa ntchito masks awa, titha kutsimikizira kwa aliyense wotsimikizira kuti sitipanga ndalama zambiri kuposa zomwe timawononga, osaulula kuchuluka kwake. Choyambirira, chabwino?
RingCT yodzaza
Pazochitika zonse za RingCT, kuyang'ana kuchuluka kwa kusamutsa kumakhala kovuta kwambiri. Pochita izi, chikwama sichimawerengeranso zomwe zaperekedwa, koma zimagwiritsa ntchito zomwe zidawerengedwa pomwe zidapangidwa. Pachifukwa ichi, tiyenera kuganiza kuti sitipezanso kusiyana pakati pa ziro, koma m'malo mwake:
ndi z - kusiyana pakati pa zolowetsa ndi zotulutsa masks. Ngati tilingalira zG ngati kiyi yapagulu (yomwe ilidi), ndiye z ndi kiyi yachinsinsi. Chifukwa chake, timadziwa makiyi apagulu komanso ofanana nawo. Ndi deta ili m'manja, titha kuigwiritsa ntchito mu siginecha ya mphete ya MLSAG pamodzi ndi makiyi apagulu pazotsatira zomwe zikusakanikirana:
Choncho, siginecha yovomerezeka ya mphete idzatsimikizira kuti timadziwa makiyi onse achinsinsi a imodzi mwa mizati, ndipo tikhoza kudziwa chinsinsi chachinsinsi pamzere wotsiriza ngati ntchitoyo sipanga ndalama zambiri kuposa momwe zimathera. Mwa njira, nali yankho la funso lakuti "chifukwa chiyani kusiyana kwa kuchuluka kwa kudzipereka sikumabweretsa ziro" - ngati zg = 0, ndiye tidzakulitsa gawolo ndi zotuluka zenizeni.
Kodi wolandira ndalamazo akudziwa bwanji kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe adatumizidwa kwa iye? Chilichonse chiri chophweka apa - wotumiza katunduyo ndi makiyi olandirira osinthanitsa pogwiritsa ntchito Diffie-Hellman protocol, pogwiritsa ntchito fungulo la malonda ndi fungulo lakuwona kwa wolandira ndikuwerengera chinsinsi chogawana. Wotumizayo amalemba zambiri za ndalama zomwe zatulutsidwa, zosungidwa ndi kiyi yogawana ili, m'magawo apadera amalonda.
Zizindikiro zosiyanasiyana
Kodi chimachitika ndi chiyani ngati mutagwiritsa ntchito nambala yolakwika ngati ndalama zomwe mumalonjeza? Izi zitha kupangitsa kupanga ndalama zowonjezera! Zotsatirazi ndizosavomerezeka, kotero tiyenera kutsimikizira kuti ndalama zomwe timagwiritsa ntchito sizolakwika (popanda kufotokoza ndalamazi, ndithudi, apo ayi pali ntchito yambiri komanso zonse pachabe). Mwa kuyankhula kwina, tiyenera kutsimikizira kuti chiwerengerocho chiri mu nthawi [0, 2n-1].
Kuti muchite izi, kuchuluka kwa zotulutsa zilizonse kumagawidwa kukhala manambala apawiri ndipo kudzipereka kumawerengeredwa pagawo lililonse padera. Ndi bwino kuwona momwe izi zimachitikira ndi chitsanzo.
Tiyerekeze kuti ndalama zathu ndi zazing'ono ndipo zimakwanira mu 4 bits (pochita izi ndi 64 bits), ndipo timapanga zotulutsa zokwana 5 XMR. Timawerengera zomwe talonjeza pagulu lililonse komanso kudzipereka kwathunthu kwa ndalama zonse:
Pambuyo pake, kudzipereka kulikonse kumasakanizidwa ndi woberekera (Ci-2iH) ndipo imasainidwa awiriawiri ndi siginecha ya mphete ya Borromeo (siginecha ina ya mphete), yoperekedwa ndi Greg Maxwell mu 2015 (mutha kuwerenga zambiri za izo ):
Kuphatikizidwa pamodzi, izi zimatchedwa umboni wosiyanasiyana ndipo zimakupatsani mwayi wowonetsetsa kuti kudzipereka kumagwiritsa ntchito kuchuluka kwake [0, 2n-1].
Kodi yotsatira?
Pakukhazikitsidwa kwapano, maumboni osiyanasiyana amatenga malo ambiri - 6176 byte pachotulutsa chilichonse. Izi zimabweretsa kugulitsa kwakukulu komanso ndalama zambiri. Kuti muchepetse kukula kwa msika wa Monero, opanga akubweretsa zoteteza zipolopolo m'malo mwa siginecha ya Borromeo - makina otsimikizira osiyanasiyana opanda kudzipereka pang'ono. , amatha kuchepetsa kukula kwa umboni wosiyanasiyana mpaka 94%. Mwa njira, m'katikati mwa July teknoloji inadutsa kuchokera ku Kudelski Security, zomwe sizinawonetse zofooka zilizonse muukadaulo womwewo kapena pakukhazikitsa kwake. Ukadaulo wagwiritsidwa kale ntchito pamaneti oyesera, ndipo ndi foloko yatsopano yolimba, imatha kupita ku netiweki yayikulu.
Funsani mafunso anu, perekani mitu yankhani zatsopano zaukadaulo pankhani ya cryptocurrency, ndikulembetsanso ku gulu lathu mu kuti mukhale ndi zochitika zatsopano ndi zofalitsa zathu.
Source: www.habr.com