Wolemba: Sir Tim Berners-Lee, yemwe anayambitsa ma URIs, ma URL, HTTP, HTML ndi World Wide Web, komanso mtsogoleri wapano wa W3C. Nkhani yolembedwa mu 1998
Ndi URI iti yomwe imatchedwa "ozizira"?
Chimodzi chomwe sichisintha.
Kodi ma URI amasinthidwa bwanji?
URIs sasintha: anthu amawasintha.
Mwachidziwitso, palibe chifukwa choti anthu asinthe URIs (kapena kusiya zikalata zothandizira), koma muzochita pali mamiliyoni ambiri.
Mwachidziwitso, mwiniwake wa dzina lachidziwitso ndiye mwini wake wa domain namespace motero ma URI onse mkati mwake. Kupatula insolvency, palibe chomwe chimalepheretsa mwiniwake wa domain name kusunga dzina. Ndipo mwachidziwitso, malo a URI omwe ali pansi pa dzina lanu ali pansi pa ulamuliro wanu, kotero mutha kulipanga kukhala lokhazikika momwe mukufunira. Chifukwa chabwino chokhacho chomwe chikalatacho chizimiririka pa intaneti ndikuti kampani yomwe ili ndi dzina lachidziwitso yasiya bizinesi kapena sangakwanitsenso kusunga seva. Ndiye n'chifukwa chiyani pali maulalo ambiri osowa padziko lapansi? Zina mwa izi ndi kusaganiziratu. Nazi zifukwa zomwe mungamve:
Tangokonzanso tsambalo kuti likhale labwino.
Kodi mukuganiza kuti ma URI akale sangathenso kugwira ntchito? Ngati ndi choncho, ndiye kuti munawasankha molakwika kwambiri. Ganizirani zosunga zatsopano kuti mukonzenso.
Tili ndi zinthu zambiri zomwe sitingathe kutsata zomwe zachikale, zachinsinsi, ndi zomwe zidakali zofunika, kotero tidawona kuti ndibwino kuzimitsa zonse.
Ndikungomvera chisoni. W3C idadutsa nthawi yomwe tidayenera kusefa mosamala zolemba zakale kuti zisungidwe zinsinsi tisanazidziwitse poyera. Lingaliro liyenera kulingaliridwa pasadakhale - onetsetsani kuti ndi chikalata chilichonse mumalemba zowerengera zovomerezeka, tsiku lolengedwa komanso, tsiku lomaliza. Sungani metadata iyi.
Chabwino, tazindikira kuti tikufunika kusamutsa mafayilo ...
Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa zifukwa zomvetsa chisoni kwambiri. Anthu ambiri sadziwa kuti maseva apaintaneti amakulolani kuwongolera ubale pakati pa URI ya chinthu ndi malo ake enieni pamafayilo. Ganizirani za danga la URI ngati malo osamveka, okonzedwa bwino. Kenako pangani mapu ku zenizeni zilizonse zomwe mugwiritse ntchito kuti muzindikire. Kenako nenani izi ku seva yapaintaneti. Mutha kulembanso snippet yanu ya seva kuti mukonze.
John sakusunganso fayiloyi, Jane tsopano akusunga.
Kodi dzina la John linali mu URI? Ayi, kodi fayiloyo inali m'ndandanda wake? Chabwino, chabwino.
M'mbuyomu tidagwiritsa ntchito zolemba za CGI pa izi, koma tsopano timagwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya binary.
Pali lingaliro lopenga kuti masamba opangidwa ndi zolembedwa ayenera kukhala mu "cgibin" kapena "cgi". Izi zimawulula zimango momwe mumayendetsera seva yanu yapaintaneti. Mumasintha makinawo (ngakhale mukusunga zomwe zili), ndipo penyani - ma URI anu onse amasintha.
Tengani National Science Foundation (NSF) mwachitsanzo:
Zolemba pa intaneti za NSF
http://www.nsf.gov/cgi-bin/pubsys/browser/odbrowse.pl
Tsamba loyamba loti muyambe kuwona zikalata sizikhala choncho m'zaka zingapo. cgi-bin, oldbrowse ΠΈ pl - zonsezi zimapereka chidziwitso cha momwe timachitira-tsopano. Ngati mugwiritsa ntchito tsambalo posaka chikalata, zotsatira zoyamba zomwe mumapeza ndizoyipanso:
Lipoti la Gulu Logwira Ntchito pa Cryptology ndi Coding Theory
http://www.nsf.gov/cgi-bin/getpub?nsf9814
pa tsamba lolozera zikalata, ngakhale chikalata cha html chokha chikuwoneka bwino kwambiri:
http://www.nsf.gov/pubs/1998/nsf9814/nsf9814.htm
Apa mutu wa pubs/1998 upereka chithandizo chilichonse chamtsogolo chamtsogolo chidziwitso chabwino kuti dongosolo lakale la zolemba za 1998 likugwira ntchito. Ngakhale manambala a zikalata angawoneke mosiyana mu 2098, ndingaganize kuti URI iyi ikadakhala yovomerezeka ndipo sizingasokoneze NSF kapena bungwe lina lililonse lomwe lingasungire zakale.
Sindimaganiza kuti ma URL amayenera kukhala olimbikira - panali ma URN.
Mwina ichi ndi chimodzi mwazotsatira zoyipa kwambiri zamkangano wa URN. Anthu ena amaganiza kuti chifukwa cha kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi dzina lokhazikika, akhoza kukhala osasamala za maulalo olendewera chifukwa "ma URN adzakonza zonsezi." Ngati muli m'modzi mwa anthu awa, ndikuloleni ndikukhumudwitseni.
Ma URN ambiri omwe ndawawona akuwoneka ngati chizindikiritso chaulamuliro chotsatiridwa ndi deti ndi chingwe chomwe mumasankha, kapena chingwe chomwe mwasankha. Izi ndizofanana kwambiri ndi HTTP URI. Mwanjira ina, ngati mukuganiza kuti bungwe lanu litha kupanga ma URN omwe akhalapo nthawi yayitali, tsimikizirani izi powagwiritsa ntchito pa HTTP URIs. Palibe chilichonse mu HTTP chomwe chimapangitsa URI yanu kukhala yosakhazikika. Bungwe lanu lokha. Pangani nkhokwe yomwe imayika zolemba za URN ku dzina la fayilo lomwe lilipo, ndipo lolani seva yapaintaneti igwiritse ntchito kuti itengenso mafayilo.
Ngati mwafika pamenepa, ngati mulibe nthawi, ndalama ndi maulumikizidwe kuti mupange mapulogalamu ena, mutha kunena chowiringula chotsatirachi:
Tinkafuna, koma tinalibe zida zoyenera.
Koma inu mukhoza kumverera ndi izi. Ndikuvomereza kwathunthu. Zomwe muyenera kuchita ndikukakamiza seva yapaintaneti kuti iwonetsere nthawi yomweyo URI yomwe ikupitilira ndikubweza fayilo kulikonse komwe yasungidwa pafayilo yanu yopenga. Mukufuna kusunga ma URI onse mufayilo ngati cheke ndikusunga nkhokwe zatsopano nthawi zonse. Mukufuna kusunga ubale pakati pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi zomasulira za chikalata chomwecho, ndikusunganso mbiri yodziyimira payokha kuti mutsimikizire kuti fayiloyo siyiyipitsidwa ndi cholakwika mwangozi. Ndipo ma seva samangotuluka m'bokosi ndi izi. Mukafuna kupanga chikalata chatsopano, mkonzi wanu amakufunsani kuti mutchule URI.
Muyenera kusintha umwini, kupeza zikalata, chitetezo cha archive level, etc. mu URI space popanda kusintha URI.
Zonse ndi zoipa kwambiri. Koma tidzakonza zinthu. Ku W3C, timagwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe a Jigedit (Jigsaw editing server) omwe amatsata zomasulira, ndipo timayesa zolemba zopanga zolemba. Ngati mukupanga zida, ma seva, ndi makasitomala, tcherani khutu ku vutoli!
Chowiringulachi chimagwiranso ntchito pamasamba ambiri a W3C, kuphatikiza ili: chitani zomwe ndikunena, osati momwe ndikuchitira.
Chifukwa chiyani ndiyenera kusamala?
Mukasintha URI pa seva yanu, simungadziwe kuti ndani adzakhala ndi maulalo ku URI yakale. Izi zitha kukhala maulalo ochokera patsamba lokhazikika. Lembani tsamba lanu. URI iyenera kuti inalembedwa m'mphepete mwa kalata yopita kwa bwenzi.
Munthu akatsatira ulalo ndikusweka, nthawi zambiri amasiya kudalira mwiniwake wa seva. Amakhumudwanso, m'maganizo ndi m'thupi, chifukwa cholephera kukwaniritsa cholinga chake.
Anthu ambiri amadandaula za maulalo osweka nthawi zonse, ndipo ndikuyembekeza kuti kuwonongeka kukuwonekera. Ndikuyembekeza kuti kuwonongeka kwa mbiri kwa wosamalira seva komwe chikalatacho chinasowa ndizoonekeratu.
Ndiye nditani? URI kupanga
Ndi udindo wa webmaster kugawa ma URI omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito zaka 2, zaka 20, zaka 200. Izi zimafuna kulingalira, kulinganiza ndi kutsimikiza mtima.
Ma URI amasintha ngati chidziwitso chilichonse mwa iwo chikusintha. Momwe mumapangira ndizofunika kwambiri. (Kodi, kupanga URI? Kodi ndikufunika kupanga URI? Inde, muyenera kuganizira zimenezo). Kupanga kumatanthawuza kusiya chidziwitso chilichonse mu URI.
Tsiku lomwe chikalatacho chinapangidwa - tsiku lomwe URI idatulutsidwa - ndichinthu chomwe sichidzasintha. Ndizothandiza kwambiri kulekanitsa mafunso omwe amagwiritsa ntchito kachitidwe katsopano kuchokera kwa omwe amagwiritsa ntchito dongosolo lakale. Awa ndi malo abwino kuyamba ndi URI. Ngati chikalatacho chili ndi deti, ngakhale chikalatacho chidzakhala chofunikira m'tsogolomu, ndiye kuti ichi ndi chiyambi chabwino.
Chokhacho ndi tsamba lomwe mwadala ndi "laposachedwa kwambiri", mwachitsanzo la bungwe lonse kapena gawo lalikulu.
http://www.pathfinder.com/money/moneydaily/latest/
Ili ndiye gawo laposachedwa la Money Daily m'magazini ya Money. Chifukwa chachikulu chomwe sichikufunika kukhala ndi tsiku mu URI iyi ndikuti palibe chifukwa chosungira URI yomwe idzakhala yopitilira chipikacho. Lingaliro la Money Daily lidzatha pamene Ndalama zidzasowa. Ngati mukufuna kulumikizana ndi zomwe zili, muyenera kulumikizana nazo padera pazosungidwa zakale:
http://www.pathfinder.com/money/moneydaily/1998/981212.moneyonline.html
(Zikuwoneka bwino. Akuganiza kuti "ndalama" zidzatanthauza chinthu chomwecho m'moyo wonse wa pathfinder.com. Pali "98" yobwerezabwereza ndi ".html" yosafunikira, koma ikuwoneka ngati URI yamphamvu.
Chosiya pambali
Zonse! Kupatula tsiku lopangidwa, kuyika chidziwitso chilichonse mu URI ndikufunsa vuto mwanjira ina.
- Dzina la wolemba. Wolemba akhoza kusintha pamene mitundu yatsopano ikupezeka. Anthu amasiya mabungwe nβkupereka zinthu kwa ena.
- Mutu. Ndizovuta kwambiri. Nthawi zonse zimawoneka bwino poyamba, koma zimasintha modabwitsa mwachangu. Ndilankhula zambiri za izi pansipa.
- Mkhalidwe. Zolemba monga "zakale", "kujambula" ndi zina zotero, osatchula "zaposachedwa" ndi "zozizira", zimawonekera m'mafayilo onse. Zolemba zimasintha mawonekedwe - apo ayi sipangakhale phindu popanga zolemba. Chikalata chaposachedwa chimafunika chizindikiritso chokhazikika, mosasamala kanthu za momwe chikalatacho chilili. Samalani kuti musatchule dzina.
- Kufikira. Ku W3C, tagawa malowa kukhala magawo a antchito, mamembala, ndi anthu. Izi zikumveka bwino, koma zowona, zolemba zimayamba ngati malingaliro amagulu kuchokera kwa ogwira nawo ntchito, amakambidwa ndi mamembala, kenako ndikudziwika kwa anthu. Zingakhale zamanyazi ngati nthawi iliyonse chikalata chitsegulidwa kuti chikambidwe mokulira, maulalo onse akale amasweka! Tsopano tikupita ku code yosavuta ya tsiku.
- Fayilo yowonjezera. Chochitika chodziwika kwambiri. "cgi", ngakhale ".html" idzasintha mtsogolo. Mwina simukugwiritsa ntchito HTML patsamba lino pazaka 20, koma maulalo amasiku ano akuyenera kugwirabe ntchito. Maulalo a Canonical patsamba la W3C sagwiritsa ntchito kuwonjezera ().
- Njira zamapulogalamu. Mu URI, yang'anani "cgi", "exec" ndi mawu ena omwe amafuula "onani mapulogalamu omwe tikugwiritsa ntchito." Kodi pali amene akufuna kugwiritsa ntchito moyo wake wonse kulemba zolemba za Perl CGI? Ayi? Kenako chotsani chowonjezera cha .pl. Werengani buku la seva la momwe mungachitire izi.
- Dzina la disk. Inu! Koma ine ndaziwona izi.
Chifukwa chake chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri patsamba lathu ndichosavuta
http://www.w3.org/1998/12/01/chairs
... lipoti la mphindi za msonkhano wa Amipando a W3C.
Mitu ndi m'magulu mwa mitu
Ndifotokoza mwatsatanetsatane za ngoziyi, chifukwa ndi imodzi mwazinthu zomwe zimakhala zovuta kuzipewa. Nthawi zambiri, mitu imathera mu URI mukamagawa zolemba zanu ndi ntchito yomwe amagwira. Koma kusokonezeka uku kudzasintha pakapita nthawi. Mayina a madera adzasintha. Ku W3C tinkafuna kusintha MarkUP kukhala Markup kenako ku HTML kuti tiwonetse zomwe zili mugawolo. Kuphatikiza apo, nthawi zambiri pamakhala dzina lathyathyathya. Pazaka 100, mukutsimikiza kuti simukufuna kugwiritsanso ntchito chilichonse? M'moyo wathu waufupi takhala tikufuna kugwiritsa ntchito "Mbiri" ndi "Style Sheets" mwachitsanzo.
Imeneyi ndi njira yochititsa chidwi yokonza webusaitiyiβndi njira yochititsa chidwi yokonza chilichonse, kuphatikizapo Webusaiti yonse. Iyi ndi njira yabwino kwambiri yanthawi yayitali koma ili ndi zofooka zazikulu pakanthawi yayitali.
Chifukwa china chagona mu filosofi ya tanthauzo. Liwu lililonse m'chinenerochi lingathe kugwirizanitsa, ndipo munthu aliyense akhoza kukhala ndi lingaliro losiyana la zomwe zikutanthauza. Popeza maubwenzi pakati pa mabungwe ali ngati ukonde kusiyana ndi mtengo, ngakhale iwo omwe amagwirizana ndi intaneti angasankhe choyimira chosiyana cha mtengowo. Izi ndi zomwe ndimayang'ana (kawirikawiri) za kuopsa kwa magulu otsogolera ngati njira yothetsera vutoli.
M'malo mwake, mukamagwiritsa ntchito dzina lamutu mu URI, mukudzipereka kumagulu ena. Mwina mtsogolomu mungakonde njira ina. URI ndiye kuti ikhoza kuswa.
Chifukwa chogwiritsira ntchito gawo la phunzirolo monga gawo la URI ndikuti udindo wa zigawo za URI nthawi zambiri umaperekedwa, ndiyeno muyenera dzina la bungwe la bungwe - dipatimenti, gulu, kapena chirichonse - chomwe chili ndi udindo wa subspace. Iyi ndi URI yomangiriza ku bungwe. Nthawi zambiri zimakhala zotetezeka ngati URI yopitilira (kumanzere) ikutetezedwa ndi tsiku: 1998/pics zitha kutanthauza kwa seva yanu "zomwe tinkatanthauza mu 1998 ndi zithunzi" osati "zomwe mu 1998 tidachita ndi zomwe timatcha tsopano zithunzi."
Osayiwala dzina la domain
Kumbukirani kuti izi sizikugwiranso ntchito panjira mu URI, komanso ku dzina la seva. Ngati muli ndi ma seva osiyana pazinthu zosiyanasiyana, kumbukirani kuti kugawanikaku sikungatheke kusintha popanda kuwononga maulalo ambiri. Zolakwika zina za "pulogalamu yomwe timagwiritsa ntchito masiku ano" ndi mayina a mayina "cgi.pathfinder.com", "chitetezo", "lists.w3.org". Zapangidwa kuti zipangitse kayendetsedwe ka seva kukhala kosavuta. Mosasamala kanthu kuti dera likuyimira kugawanika kwa kampani yanu, chikalata, mlingo wofikira, kapena chitetezo, khalani osamala kwambiri musanagwiritse ntchito mayina oposa amodzi amitundu yambiri. Kumbukirani kuti mutha kubisa ma seva angapo mkati mwa seva imodzi yowoneka pogwiritsa ntchito kuwongolera ndi kuyitanitsa.
O, komanso ganizirani za dzina lanu la domain. Simukufuna kutchedwa soap.com mutasintha mizere yazinthu ndikusiya kupanga sopo (Pepani kwa amene ali ndi soap.com pakadali pano).
Pomaliza
Kusunga URI kwa zaka 2, 20, 200, kapena 2000 mwachiwonekere sikophweka monga momwe kumawonekera. Komabe, pa intaneti, oyang'anira masamba akupanga zisankho zomwe zikupangitsa kuti ntchitoyi ikhale yovuta kwa iwo okha mtsogolo. Nthawi zambiri zimakhala chifukwa chakuti amagwiritsa ntchito zida zomwe ntchito yake ndikupereka malo abwino kwambiri panthawiyi - ndipo palibe amene adawunika zomwe zidzachitike ku maulalo pamene zonse zisintha. Komabe, mfundo apa ndikuti zinthu zambiri, zambiri zimatha kusintha, ndipo ma URI anu akhoza ndipo ayenera kukhalabe chimodzimodzi. Izi ndizotheka kokha mukaganizira momwe mumawapangira.
Onaninso:
Zowonjezera
Momwe mungachotsere mafayilo owonjezera...
...kuchokera ku URI mu seva yamakono yotengera mafayilo?
Ngati mugwiritsa ntchito Apache, mwachitsanzo, mutha kuyikonza kuti mukambirane zomwe zili. Sungani fayilo yowonjezera (monga .png) ku fayilo (mwachitsanzo. mydog.png), koma mutha kulumikizana ndi intaneti popanda izo. Apache ndiye amayang'ana chikwatu cha mafayilo onse okhala ndi dzinalo ndi chowonjezera chilichonse, ndipo amatha kusankha yabwino kwambiri pagulu (mwachitsanzo, GIF ndi PNG). Ndipo palibe chifukwa choyika mafayilo amitundu yosiyanasiyana m'makalata osiyanasiyana, makamaka kufananitsa zinthu sikungagwire ntchito ngati mutatero.
- Konzani seva yanu kuti ikambirane zomwe zili
- Lumikizani ku URI nthawi zonse popanda kuwonjezera
Maulalo okhala ndi zowonjezera adzagwirabe ntchito, koma alepheretsa seva yanu kusankha mtundu wabwino kwambiri womwe ulipo komanso mtsogolo.
(Pamenepo, mydog, mydog.png ΠΈ mydog.gif - zopezeka pa intaneti, mydog ndi chida chamtundu wapadziko lonse lapansi, ndi mydog.png ΠΈ mydog.gif - zothandizira zamtundu wina wazinthu).
Zachidziwikire, ngati mukulemba seva yanu yapaintaneti, ndibwino kugwiritsa ntchito nkhokwe kuti mumange zozindikiritsa zomwe zikupitilira ku mawonekedwe awo apano, ngakhale samalani ndi kukula kopanda malire kwa database.
Bungwe la Manyazi - Nkhani 1: Channel 7
Mβchaka cha 1999, ndinaona kuti sukulu inatsekedwa chifukwa cha chipale chofewa http://www.whdh.com/stormforce/closings.shtml. Musadikire kuti chidziwitsocho chiwoneke pansi pa TV! Ndinalumikizana ndi izo kuchokera patsamba langa. Mkuntho waukulu woyamba wachisanu wa 2000 ufika ndipo ndimayang'ana tsamba. Kwalembedwa pamenepo:,
- Kuyambira.
Palibe chomwe chatsekedwa pakadali pano. Chonde bwererani kukakhala machenjezo anyengo.
Sangakhale namondwe wamphamvu chotero. Ndizoseketsa kuti deti lilibe. Koma ngati mupita patsamba lalikulu la tsambalo, padzakhala batani lalikulu "Masukulu Otsekedwa", omwe amatsogolera patsamba. http://www.whdh.com/stormforce/ ndi mndandanda wautali wa masukulu otsekedwa.
Mwina anasintha dongosolo kuti apeze mndandanda - koma sanafunikire kusintha URI.
Bungwe la Manyazi - Nkhani 2: Microsoft Netmeeting
Ndi kudalira kokulirapo pa intaneti, lingaliro lanzeru lidabwera loti maulalo kutsamba la wopanga akhoza kuphatikizidwa muzofunsira. Izi zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito ndikuzunzidwa kwambiri, koma simungathe kusintha ulalo. Tsiku lina ndinayesa ulalo kuchokera ku Microsoft Netmeeting 2/china kasitomala mu Help/Microsoft pa Web/Free zinthu menyu ndipo analandira 404 cholakwika - palibe yankho la seva anapezeka. Mwina zakonzedwa kale...
Β© 1998
Zolemba m'mbiri: Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 20, pamene izi zinkalembedwa, mawu akuti "kuzizira" anali ovomerezeka, makamaka pakati pa achinyamata, kusonyeza mafashoni, khalidwe, kapena kuyenerera. Mwachangu, njira ya URI nthawi zambiri imasankhidwa kukhala "kuzizira" m'malo mothandiza kapena kukhazikika. Cholemba ichi ndikuyesa kuwongolera mphamvu kumbuyo kwakusaka kozizira.
Source: www.habr.com