Kubernetes atenga dziko lapansi. Liti ndipo motani?

Poyembekezera DevOpsConf Vitaly Khabarov anafunsidwa Wotchedwa Dmitry Stolyarov (distol), wotsogolera luso komanso woyambitsa nawo kampani ya Flant. Vitaly adafunsa Dmitry zomwe Flant amachita, za Kubernetes, chitukuko cha chilengedwe, chithandizo. Tidakambirana chifukwa chake Kubernetes ikufunika komanso ngati ikufunika nkomwe. Komanso za ma microservices, Amazon AWS, njira ya "Ndikhala ndi mwayi" ku DevOps, tsogolo la Kubernetes palokha, bwanji, liti lidzalanda dziko lapansi, ziyembekezo za DevOps ndi zomwe mainjiniya ayenera kukonzekera mu chowala komanso chamtsogolo chosavuta komanso ma neural network.

Kuyankhulana koyambirira mverani ngati podcast pa DevOps Deflop - podcast ya Chirasha yokhudza DevOps, ndipo m'munsimu muli malembawo.

Apa ndi pansipa akufunsa mafunso Vitaly Khabarov injiniya wochokera ku Express42.

Za "Flant"

- Hello Dima. Ndiwe technical director"Pansi" komanso woyambitsa wake. Chonde tiuzeni zomwe kampaniyo imachita ndi zomwe muli momwemo?

Dmitry: Kuchokera kunja zikuwoneka ngati ndife anyamata omwe timayendayenda ndikuyika Kubernetes kwa aliyense ndikuchita nawo kanthu. Koma si zoona. Tinayamba ngati kampani yomwe imagwira ntchito ndi Linux, koma kwa nthawi yayitali kwambiri ntchito yathu yayikulu yakhala ikugwira ntchito zopanga komanso zolemetsa zambiri. Nthawi zambiri timamanga maziko onse kuyambira pachiyambi ndiyeno timawayang'anira kwa nthawi yayitali. Choncho, ntchito yaikulu yomwe "Flant" imachita, yomwe imalandira ndalama, ndiyo kutenga udindo ndi kukhazikitsa turnkey kupanga.




Ine, monga mkulu wa zaumisiri ndi m'modzi mwa omwe adayambitsa kampaniyo, ndimakhala usana ndi usiku ndikuyesa kudziwa momwe ndingawonjezere kupezeka kwa kupanga, kuchepetsa ntchito yake, kupanga moyo wa oyang'anira kukhala wosavuta, komanso moyo wa omanga kukhala wosangalatsa. .

About Kubernetes

- Posachedwapa ndakhala ndikuwona malipoti ambiri ochokera ku Flant ndi zolemba za Kubernetes. Munafika bwanji kumeneko?

Dmitry: Ndalankhula kale za izi nthawi zambiri, koma sindikudandaula kuzibwereza konse. Ndikuganiza kuti ndibwino kubwereza mutuwu chifukwa pali chisokonezo pakati pa zomwe zimayambitsa ndi zotsatira zake.

Tinafunikiradi chida. Tinakumana ndi mavuto ambiri, kuvutika, kuwagonjetsa ndi ndodo zosiyanasiyana ndipo tinamva kufunika kwa chida. Tinadutsa njira zosiyanasiyana, tinamanga njinga zathu, ndipo tinaphunzira zambiri. Pang'onopang'ono tidafika pomwe tidayamba kugwiritsa ntchito Docker pafupifupi itangowonekera - chakumapeto kwa 2013. Pa nthawi ya maonekedwe ake, tinali odziwa zambiri ndi zotengera, ife tinali titalemba kale analogue "Docker" - zina mwa ndodo zathu Python. Kubwera kwa Docker, zidakhala zotheka kutaya ndodo ndikugwiritsa ntchito yankho lodalirika komanso lothandizidwa ndi anthu.

Ndi Kubernetes nkhaniyi ndi yofanana. Pofika nthawi yomwe idayamba kukulirakulira - kwa ife iyi ndi mtundu 1.2 - tinali kale ndi ndodo zambiri pa Shell ndi Chef, zomwe mwanjira ina tidayesa kuyimba ndi Docker. Tinkayang'ana mozama kwa Rancher ndi mayankho ena osiyanasiyana, koma Kubernetes adawonekera, momwe zonse zimagwiritsidwira ntchito monga momwe tikanachitira kapenanso bwino. Palibe chodandaula.

Inde, pali mtundu wina wa kupanda ungwiro pano, pali mtundu wina wa kupanda ungwiro kumeneko - pali zolakwa zambiri, ndipo 1.2 nthawi zambiri ndi yowopsya, koma ... Kubernetes ali ngati nyumba yomwe ikumangidwa - mumayang'ana polojekiti ndikumvetsa. kuti zikhala bwino. Ngati nyumbayi tsopano ili ndi maziko ndi zipinda ziwiri, ndiye kuti mukumvetsa kuti ndi bwino kuti musasunthirebe, koma palibe mavuto otere ndi mapulogalamu - mutha kugwiritsa ntchito kale.

Tidalibe mphindi pomwe tidaganiza zogwiritsa ntchito Kubernetes kapena ayi. Tinali kuyembekezera nthawi yayitali isanawonekere, ndipo kuyesera kupanga analogue tokha.

About Kubernetes

- Kodi mumakhudzidwa mwachindunji ndikukula kwa Kubernetes komweko?

Dmitry: Mediocre. M'malo mwake, timachita nawo ntchito yopititsa patsogolo chilengedwe. Timatumiza zopempha zingapo: ku Prometheus, kwa ogwira ntchito osiyanasiyana, ku Helm - ku chilengedwe. Tsoka ilo, sindingathe kutsata zonse zomwe timachita ndipo ndikhoza kukhala ndikulakwitsa, koma palibe dziwe limodzi lochokera kwa ife kupita pachimake.

- Nthawi yomweyo, kodi mumapanga zida zanu zambiri kuzungulira Kubernetes?

Dmitry: Njira ndi iyi: timapita ndikukakokera zopempha ku chilichonse chomwe chilipo kale. Ngati zopempha zokoka sizikuvomerezedwa pamenepo, timangowafooketsa tokha ndikukhala mpaka atavomerezedwa ndi zomanga zathu. Kenako, ikafika kumtunda, timabwerera kumtundu wakumtunda.

Mwachitsanzo, tili ndi woyendetsa Prometheus, yemwe tidasinthiratu kupita kumtunda kwa msonkhano wathu mwina 5 kale. Tikufuna mawonekedwe amtundu wina, tatumiza pempho lachikoka, tiyenera kulitulutsa mawa, koma sitikufuna kudikirira kuti litulutsidwe kumtunda. Chifukwa chake, timadzisonkhanitsa tokha, kutulutsa msonkhano wathu ndi mawonekedwe athu, omwe timafunikira pazifukwa zina, kumagulu athu onse. Kenako, mwachitsanzo, amatitembenuzira kumtunda ndi mawu akuti: “Anyamata, tiyeni tichitepo mlandu wamba,” ife, kapena munthu wina, timaumaliza, ndipo m’kupita kwa nthaŵi umaphatikizananso.

Timayesetsa kukulitsa chilichonse chomwe chilipo. Zinthu zambiri zomwe palibe, zomwe sizinapangike, kapena zidapangidwa, koma sizinakhale ndi nthawi yoti zitheke - tikuchita. Osati chifukwa timakonda njira kapena kumanga njinga ngati makampani, koma chifukwa chakuti tikufuna chida ichi. Funso limafunsidwa kawirikawiri, chifukwa chiyani tinachita izi kapena chinthucho? Yankho ndi losavuta - inde, chifukwa tinayenera kupita patsogolo, kuthetsa vuto linalake, ndipo tinathetsa ndi tula iyi.

Njirayo nthawi zonse imakhala ngati iyi: timafufuza mosamala kwambiri ndipo, ngati sitipeza njira yothetsera trolleybus kuchokera ku buledi wa buledi, timapanga tokha mkate ndi trolleybus yathu.

Zida za Flanta

- Ndikudziwa kuti Flant tsopano ili ndi ogwiritsa ntchito addon, oyendetsa zipolopolo, ndi zida za dapp / werf. Monga ndikudziwira, ichi ndi chida chomwecho mu incarnations osiyana. Ndikumvetsetsanso kuti pali zida zambiri zosiyana mkati mwa Flaunt. Izi ndi Zow?

Dmitry: Tili ndi zambiri pa GitHub. Kuchokera pazomwe ndikukumbukira tsopano, tili ndi mapu - gulu la Grafana lomwe aliyense wakumana nalo. Zimatchulidwa pafupifupi m'nkhani yachiwiri iliyonse yokhudza kuwunika kwa Kubernetes pa Medium. Ndikosatheka kufotokoza mwachidule kuti mapu ndi chiyani - pamafunika nkhani yosiyana, koma ndizofunikira kwambiri pakuwunika pakapita nthawi, chifukwa ku Kubernetes nthawi zambiri timafunikira kuwonetsa nthawi. Tilinso ndi LogHouse - ichi ndi chinthu chozikidwa pa ClickHouse ndi matsenga akuda otolera zipika ku Kubernetes.

Zambiri zothandiza! Ndipo padzakhala zambiri, chifukwa njira zingapo zamkati zidzatulutsidwa chaka chino. Mwa zazikulu kwambiri zozikidwa pa opareshoni ya addon, pali gulu la ma addon a Kubernetes, ala momwe mungayikitsire woyang'anira sert - chida choyang'anira ziphaso, momwe mungayikitsire Prometheus ndi gulu lazinthu - izi ndi pafupifupi makumi awiri osiyana. ma binaries omwe amatumiza deta ndikusonkhanitsa china chake, ku Prometheus iyi ili ndi zithunzi ndi zidziwitso zodabwitsa kwambiri. Zonsezi ndi gulu la ma addons a Kubernetes, omwe amaikidwa m'magulu, ndipo amachoka ku zosavuta kupita kuzizira, zovuta, zodziwikiratu, momwe nkhani zambiri zathetsedwa kale. Inde, timachita zambiri.

Kukula kwa Ecosystem

"Zikuwoneka kwa ine kuti izi ndizothandiza kwambiri pakupanga chidachi komanso njira zake zogwiritsira ntchito." Kodi mungayerekeze kuti ndi ndaninso amene angathandizire pa chitukuko cha chilengedwe?

Dmitry: Ku Russia, mwamakampani omwe amagwira ntchito pamsika wathu, palibe amene ali pafupi. Zoonadi, izi ndizomveka, chifukwa pali osewera akuluakulu monga Mail ndi Yandex - akuchitanso chinachake ndi Kubernetes, koma ngakhale samayandikira zopereka zamakampani padziko lonse lapansi omwe amachita zambiri kuposa ife. Ndizovuta kufananiza Flant, yomwe ili ndi antchito a 80, ndi Red Hat, yomwe ili ndi akatswiri a 300 pa Kubernetes yekha, ngati sindikulakwitsa. Ndizovuta kuyerekeza. Tili ndi anthu 6 mu dipatimenti ya RnD, kuphatikiza ine, omwe amadula zida zathu zonse. Anthu 6 motsutsana ndi mainjiniya 300 a Red Hat - ndizovuta kufananiza.

- Komabe, ngakhale anthu 6 awa angachite chinthu chothandiza komanso chodetsa nkhawa, akakumana ndi vuto lothandiza ndikupereka yankho kwa anthu ammudzi - nkhani yosangalatsa. Ndikumvetsetsa kuti m'makampani akuluakulu aukadaulo, komwe ali ndi gulu lawo lachitukuko la Kubernetes ndi gulu lothandizira, makamaka, zida zomwezo zitha kupangidwa. Ichi ndi chitsanzo kwa iwo chomwe chingapangidwe ndikuperekedwa kwa anthu ammudzi, kupereka chilimbikitso kwa anthu onse omwe amagwiritsa ntchito Kubernetes.

Dmitry: Izi mwina ndi gawo la ophatikiza, mawonekedwe ake. Tili ndi ntchito zambiri ndipo timawona zochitika zosiyanasiyana. Kwa ife, njira yayikulu yopangira phindu lowonjezera ndikusanthula milanduyi, kupeza zofanana ndikuzipanga kukhala zotsika mtengo momwe tingathere. Tikugwira ntchitoyi mwachangu. Zimakhala zovuta kuti ndilankhule za Russia ndi dziko lapansi, koma tili ndi akatswiri pafupifupi 40 a DevOps mu kampani yomwe amagwira ntchito ku Kubernetes. Sindikuganiza kuti ku Russia kuli makampani ambiri omwe ali ndi akatswiri ofananirako omwe amamvetsetsa Kubernetes, ngati alipo.

Ndimamvetsetsa chilichonse chokhudza injiniya wa DevOps, aliyense amamvetsetsa chilichonse ndipo amazolowera kuyimbira mainjiniya a DevOps DevOps mainjiniya, sitikambirana izi. Mainjiniya onse 40 odabwitsawa a DevOps amakumana ndi kuthana ndi mavuto tsiku lililonse, timangosanthula izi ndikuyesera kupanga zonse. Timamvetsetsa kuti ngati chikhalabe mkati mwathu, ndiye kuti mu chaka chimodzi kapena ziwiri chidacho chidzakhala chopanda ntchito, chifukwa kwinakwake m'deralo Tula wokonzeka adzawonekera. Palibe chifukwa chopezera izi mkati - ndikungotaya mphamvu ndi nthawi kukhala dev/null. Ndipo sitikumva chisoni nazo konse. Timasindikiza zonse mosangalala kwambiri ndikumvetsetsa kuti ziyenera kusindikizidwa, kukonzedwa, kukwezedwa, kukwezedwa, kuti anthu azigwiritse ntchito ndikuwonjezera zomwe akumana nazo - ndiye zonse zimakula ndikukhala moyo. Kenako pakatha zaka ziwiri chidacho sichilowa mu zinyalala. Sizomvetsa chisoni kupitiriza kuthira mphamvu, chifukwa zikuwonekeratu kuti wina akugwiritsa ntchito chida chanu, ndipo patapita zaka ziwiri aliyense akugwiritsa ntchito.

Ili ndi gawo la njira zathu zazikulu ndi dapp/werf. Sindikukumbukira kuti tidayamba liti kupanga, zikuwoneka ngati zaka 3 zapitazo. Poyamba, zinali pa chipolopolo. Unali umboni wapamwamba kwambiri wamalingaliro, tidathetsa ena mwamavuto athu - zidayenda! Koma pali mavuto ndi chipolopolo, sizingatheke kukulitsa, kupanga pulogalamu pa chipolopolo ndi ntchito ina. Tinali ndi chizoloŵezi cholemba mu Ruby, motero, tinapanganso chinachake mu Ruby, tinakula, tinakula, tinakula, ndipo tinathamangira kuti anthu ammudzi, gulu lomwe silinena kuti "tikufuna kapena sitikufuna, ” akutembenuzira mphuno yake kwa Ruby, ndi zoseketsa bwanji? Tidazindikira kuti tiyenera kulemba zonse izi mu Go kuti tingokwaniritsa mfundo yoyamba pamndandanda: Chida cha DevOps chiyenera kukhala chosasintha. Kukhala Go kapena ayi sikofunikira kwambiri, koma binary yolembedwa mu Go ndiyabwinoko.

Tidawononga mphamvu zathu, ndikulembanso dapp mu Go ndikuyitcha kuti werf. Dapp sichikuthandizidwanso, sichikupangidwa, chikuyenda mumtundu wina waposachedwa, koma pali njira yokwezera mtheradi pamwamba, ndipo mutha kuyitsatira.

Chifukwa chiyani dapp idapangidwa?

- Kodi mungatiuze mwachidule chifukwa chake dapp inalengedwa, ndi mavuto otani omwe amathetsa?

Dmitry: Chifukwa choyamba chiri mumsonkhano. Poyambirira, tinali ndi zovuta zazikulu pakumanga pomwe Docker analibe luso la magawo angapo, kotero tidapanga masitepe ambiri tokha. Kenako tinali ndi zovuta zambiri pakuyeretsa chithunzicho. Aliyense amene amachita CI / CD, posakhalitsa, akukumana ndi vuto kuti pali gulu la zithunzi zosonkhanitsidwa, muyenera kuyeretsa mwanjira ina zomwe sizikufunika ndikusiya zomwe zikufunika.

Chifukwa chachiwiri ndi kutumiza. Inde, pali Helm, koma imathetsa mavuto ena okha. Zosangalatsa, zidalembedwa kuti "Helm ndiye Woyang'anira Phukusi la Kubernetes." Ndendende zomwe "the". Palinso mawu akuti "Package Manager" - kuyembekezera mwachizolowezi kuchokera kwa Package Manager? Timati: "Package Manager - ikani phukusili!" ndipo tikuyembekeza kuti atiuze kuti: "Phukusi laperekedwa."

Ndizosangalatsa kuti timati: "Helm, ikani phukusi," ndipo atayankha kuti adayiyika, zikuwoneka kuti wangoyambitsa kumene - adawonetsa Kubernetes: "Yambitsani chinthu ichi!", Ndipo ngati chinayamba kapena ayi. , kaya ikugwira ntchito kapena ayi, Helm sathetsa nkhaniyi nkomwe.

Zikuoneka kuti Helm ndi preprocessor chabe zolemba zomwe zimanyamula deta mu Kubernetes.

Koma monga gawo la kutumizidwa kulikonse, tikufuna kudziwa ngati pulogalamuyo yatulutsidwa kuti ipangidwe kapena ayi? Kutulutsidwa ku prod kumatanthauza kuti pulogalamuyo yasamukira kumeneko, mtundu watsopano watumizidwa, ndipo mwina sunagwere pamenepo ndikuyankha molondola. Helm sathetsa vutoli mwanjira iliyonse. Kuti muthane ndi vutoli, muyenera kuchita khama kwambiri, chifukwa muyenera kupereka Kubernetes lamulo loti litulutse ndikuwunika zomwe zikuchitika kumeneko - kaya idatumizidwa kapena kutulutsidwa. Ndipo palinso ntchito zambiri zokhudzana ndi kutumiza, kuyeretsa, ndi kusonkhanitsa.

Mapulani

Chaka chino tiyamba chitukuko chapafupi. Tikufuna kukwaniritsa zomwe zinali ku Vagrant - tidalemba "vagrant up" ndipo tidatumiza makina enieni. Tikufuna kufika pomwe pali pulojekiti ku Git, timalemba "werf mmwamba" pamenepo, ndipo imabweretsa kopi yakomweko ya polojekitiyi, yomwe idayikidwa mu mini-Kub yakomweko, ndi zolemba zonse zomwe zikuyenera chitukuko zikugwirizana. . Kutengera chilankhulo chachitukuko, izi zimachitika mosiyana, komabe, kuti chitukuko chakumaloko chitheke mosavuta pansi pa mafayilo okwera.

Gawo lotsatira kwa ife ndi khazikitsani ndalama zothandizira opanga. Kuti mutumize mwachangu pulojekiti kwanuko ndi chida chimodzi, ipangitseni, ikankhireni ku Git, ndipo idzayambanso ku siteji kapena kuyesa, kutengera mapaipi, kenako gwiritsani ntchito chida chomwecho kupita kupanga. Mgwirizano uwu, mgwirizano, kubwereketsa kwa zomangamanga kuchokera kumadera akumaloko kupita ku malonda ndi mfundo yofunika kwambiri kwa ife. Koma izi siziri mu werf pano - tikungokonzekera kuchita.

Koma njira yopita ku dapp/werf yakhala yofanana ndi Kubernetes pachiyambi. Tinakumana ndi mavuto, kuwathetsa ndi ma workarounds - tidapeza njira zothetsera tokha pachipolopolo, pa chilichonse. Kenako anayesa kuwongola njira zogwirira ntchitozi, kuziphatikiza ndikuziphatikiza kukhala ma binaries pankhaniyi, zomwe timangogawana.

Palinso njira ina yowonera nkhani yonseyi, ndi mafananidwe.

Kubernetes ndi chimango chagalimoto chokhala ndi injini. Palibe zitseko, galasi, wailesi, mtengo wa Khrisimasi - palibe konse. Chimango ndi injini basi. Ndipo pali Helm - ichi ndi chiwongolero. Kuzizira - pali chiwongolero, koma muyenera pini chiwongolero, chiwongolero, gearbox ndi mawilo, ndipo popanda iwo simungathe kuchita.

Pankhani ya werf, ichi ndi gawo lina la Kubernetes. Pokhapokha mu mtundu wa alpha wa werf, mwachitsanzo, Helm imapangidwa mkati mwa werf, chifukwa tatopa kuchita tokha. Pali zifukwa zambiri zochitira izi, ndikuwuzani mwatsatanetsatane chifukwa chomwe tidapangira helm yonse pamodzi ndi tiller mkati mwa werf. pa lipoti la RIT ++.

Tsopano werf ndi gawo lophatikizika kwambiri. Timapeza chiwongolero chomalizidwa, pini yowongolera - sindine bwino pamagalimoto, koma ichi ndi chipika chachikulu chomwe chimathetsa kale mavuto osiyanasiyana. Sitiyenera kudutsa m'kabukhuli tokha, sankhani gawo limodzi m'malo mwa linzake, ganizirani momwe tingawawonongere limodzi. Timapeza chophatikizira chokonzekera chomwe chimathetsa mavuto ambiri nthawi imodzi. Koma mkati mwake amapangidwa kuchokera kuzinthu zotseguka zomwezo, amagwiritsabe ntchito Docker posonkhana, Helm pazinthu zina, ndipo pali malaibulale ena angapo. Ichi ndi chida Integrated kupeza ozizira CI/CD m'bokosi mwamsanga ndi conveniently.

Kodi Kubernetes ndizovuta kusamalira?

- Mumalankhula za zomwe mudayamba kugwiritsa ntchito Kubernetes, iyi ndi chimango chanu, injini, komanso kuti mutha kupachika zinthu zosiyanasiyana pa iyo: thupi, chiwongolero, zomangira, mipando. Funso likubuka - ndizovuta bwanji thandizo la Kubernetes kwa inu? Muli ndi zokumana nazo zambiri, mumagwiritsa ntchito nthawi ndi zinthu zingati pothandizira Kubernetes kudzipatula ku china chilichonse?

Dmitry: Ili ndi funso lovuta kwambiri ndipo kuti tiyankhe, tiyenera kumvetsetsa kuti thandizo ndi chiyani komanso zomwe tikufuna kuchokera kwa Kubernetes. Mwina mukhoza kuwulula?

- Monga momwe ndikudziwira komanso momwe ndikuwonera, tsopano magulu ambiri akufuna kuyesa Kubernetes. Aliyense amadzipangira yekha, amaika pa mawondo awo. Ndimaona kuti anthu samvetsa nthawi zonse zovuta za dongosolo lino.

Dmitry: Zili choncho.

- Ndizovuta bwanji kutenga ndikuyika Kubernetes kuyambira poyambira kuti ikonzekere?

Dmitry: Mukuganiza kuti ndizovuta bwanji kuika mtima? Ndikumvetsa kuti ili ndi funso losokoneza. Kugwiritsa ntchito scalpel ndikusalakwitsa sikovuta. Ngati akukuuzani kumene kudula ndi kumene kusoka, ndiye ndondomeko palokha si zovuta. Zimakhala zovuta kutsimikizira nthawi ndi nthawi kuti zonse ziyenda bwino.

Kuyika Kubernetes ndikupangitsa kuti igwire ntchito ndikosavuta: chick! - yakhazikitsidwa, pali njira zambiri zoyikapo. Koma kodi chimachitika n’chiyani pakabuka mavuto?

Mafunso nthawi zonse amabuka - ndi chiyani chomwe sitinaganizirebe? Kodi sitinachitepo chiyani? Ndi magawo ati a Linux kernel omwe sanatchulidwe molakwika? Ambuye, tidawatchulanso?! Ndi zigawo ziti za Kubernetes zomwe tapereka ndipo zomwe sitinapereke? Mafunso masauzande ambiri amabuka, ndipo kuti muwayankhe, muyenera kukhala zaka 15-20 mumakampani awa.

Ndili ndi chitsanzo chaposachedwa pamutuwu chomwe chitha kuwulula tanthauzo la vuto "Kodi Kubernetes ndizovuta kusunga?" Kale tidaganizira mozama ngati tingayesetse kugwiritsa ntchito Cilium ngati network ku Kubernetes.

Ndiloleni ndifotokoze chimene Kiliyamu ali. Kubernetes ali ndi machitidwe osiyanasiyana osiyanasiyana ochezera pa intaneti, ndipo imodzi mwazo ndi yabwino kwambiri - Cilium. Kodi tanthauzo lake ndi lotani? Mu kernel, nthawi ina m'mbuyomu zinakhala zotheka kulemba mbedza za kernel, zomwe mwanjira ina zimasokoneza ma network ndi ma subsystems ena, ndikukulolani kuti mulambalale zingwe zazikulu mu kernel.

Linux kernel m'mbiri yakale imakhala ndi ip rout, overfilter, milatho ndi zinthu zambiri zakale zomwe zili ndi zaka 15, 20, 30. Kawirikawiri, amagwira ntchito, zonse ndi zabwino, koma tsopano adawunjika ziwiya, ndipo zikuwoneka ngati nsanja ya njerwa 15 pamwamba pa mzake, ndipo mumayima pa mwendo umodzi - kumverera kwachilendo. Dongosololi lakhala likukula kale ndi ma nuances ambiri, monga zowonjezera m'thupi. Nthawi zina pamakhala zovuta zogwirira ntchito, mwachitsanzo.

Pali BPF yodabwitsa komanso luso lolemba mbedza za kernel - anyamatawo adalemba mbedza zawo za kernel. Phukusili limabwera mu kernel ya Linux, amazitulutsa pomwe akulowetsamo, kuzikonza okha monga momwe ziyenera kukhalira popanda milatho, popanda TCP, popanda IP stack - mwachidule, kudutsa zonse zomwe zalembedwa mu Linux kernel, kenako kulavulira. izo mu chidebe.

Chinachitika ndi chiyani? Kuchita bwino kwambiri, mawonekedwe abwino - zabwino zokha! Koma timayang'ana izi ndikuwona kuti pamakina aliwonse pali pulogalamu yomwe imalumikizana ndi Kubernetes API ndipo, kutengera deta yomwe imalandira kuchokera ku API iyi, imapanga kachidindo ka C ndikuphatikiza ma binaries omwe amalowetsa mu kernel kuti ndowe izi zigwire ntchito. mu danga la kernel.

Kodi chimachitika ndi chiyani ngati china chake chalakwika? Sitikudziwa. Kuti mumvetse izi, muyenera kuwerenga code yonseyi, kumvetsetsa malingaliro onse, ndipo ndizodabwitsa kuti ndizovuta bwanji. Koma, kumbali ina, pali milatho iyi, zosefera ukonde, ip rout - sindinawerenge magwero awo, komanso ainjiniya 40 omwe amagwira ntchito kukampani yathu. Mwina ndi ochepa okha amene amamvetsa mbali zina.

Ndipo kusiyana kwake ndi kotani? Zikuoneka kuti pali ip rout, Linux kernel, ndipo pali chida chatsopano - chimapanga kusiyana kotani, sitikumvetsa chimodzi kapena chimzake. Koma tikuopa kugwiritsa ntchito chinthu chatsopano - chifukwa chiyani? Chifukwa ngati chidacho chili ndi zaka 30, ndiye kuti m'zaka 30 nsikidzi zonse zapezeka, zolakwa zonse zapondedwa ndipo simukusowa kudziwa zonse - zimagwira ntchito ngati bokosi lakuda ndipo nthawi zonse zimagwira ntchito. Aliyense amadziwa kuti ndi screwdriver iti yomwe ingatsatike pamalo pomwe, tcpdump iyenera kuthamanga nthawi yanji. Aliyense amadziwa zida zowunikira bwino ndipo amamvetsetsa momwe zidazi zimagwirira ntchito mu Linux kernel - osati momwe zimagwirira ntchito, koma momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito.

Ndipo Cilium wozizira kwambiri alibe zaka 30, sanakalambabe. Kubernetes ali ndi vuto lomwelo, koperani. Cilium imeneyo imayikidwa mwangwiro, kuti Kubernetes imayikidwa mwangwiro, koma pamene chinachake chikulakwika pakupanga, kodi mumatha kumvetsa mwamsanga muzochitika zovuta zomwe zalakwika?

Tikanena kuti ndizovuta kusunga Kubernetes - ayi, ndizosavuta, ndipo inde, ndizovuta kwambiri. Kubernetes imagwira ntchito bwino yokha, koma ndi ma nuances biliyoni.

Za njira "Ndikhala ndi mwayi".

- Kodi pali makampani omwe ma nuances awa ali pafupi kutsimikizika kuti awonekere? Tiyerekeze kuti Yandex imasamutsa mautumiki onse ku Kubernetes mwadzidzidzi, padzakhala katundu wambiri kumeneko.

Dmitry: Ayi, uku sikukambirana za katundu, koma za zinthu zosavuta. Mwachitsanzo, tili ndi Kubernetes, tidatumiza ntchito kumeneko. Mukudziwa bwanji kuti ikugwira ntchito? Palibe chida chokonzekera kuti mumvetsetse kuti kugwiritsa ntchito sikukugwa. Palibe makina okonzeka omwe amatumiza zidziwitso; muyenera kukonza zidziwitso izi ndi ndandanda iliyonse. Ndipo tikukonza Kubernetes.

Ndili ndi Ubuntu 16.04. Mutha kunena kuti iyi ndi mtundu wakale, koma tikadali pamenepo chifukwa ndi LTS. Pali systemd, nuance yake ndikuti sikuyeretsa magulu a C. Kubernetes amayambitsa ma pod, amapanga magulu a C, kenako amachotsa ma pod, ndipo mwanjira ina - sindikukumbukira zambiri, pepani - magawo a systemd amakhalabe. Izi zimapangitsa kuti pakapita nthawi, galimoto iliyonse imayamba kuchepa kwambiri. Ili siliri funso lokhudza kuchuluka. Ngati ma pod okhazikika akhazikitsidwa, mwachitsanzo, ngati pali Cron Job yomwe imapanga ma pods nthawi zonse, ndiye kuti makina omwe ali ndi Ubuntu 16.04 ayamba kuchepa pakatha sabata. Padzakhala kuchuluka kwa katundu wambiri nthawi zonse chifukwa chakuti gulu la C-magulu apangidwa. Ili ndiye vuto lomwe munthu aliyense amene amangoyika Ubuntu 16 ndi Kubernetes pamwamba adzakumana nazo.

Tinene kuti mwanjira ina amasintha systemd kapena china chake, koma mu Linux kernel mpaka 4.16 ndizoseketsa - mukachotsa magulu a C, amadumphira mu kernel ndipo samachotsedwa. Choncho, patatha mwezi umodzi mukugwira ntchito pamakina awa, sizingakhale zotheka kuyang'ana ziwerengero zokumbukira zamoto. Timachotsa fayilo, ndikuyiyika mu pulogalamuyi, ndipo fayilo imodzi imagudubuza kwa masekondi 15, chifukwa kernel imatenga nthawi yaitali kuti iwerengere magulu a C miliyoni mkati mwake, omwe amawoneka ngati achotsedwa, koma ayi - akutuluka. .

Palinso tinthu tating'onoting'ono totere pano ndi apo. Iyi si nkhani yomwe makampani akuluakulu nthawi zina amatha kukumana ndi katundu wolemetsa - ayi, ndi nkhani ya tsiku ndi tsiku. Anthu amatha kukhala motere kwa miyezi yambiri - adayika Kubernetes, adatumiza pulogalamuyi - ikuwoneka kuti ikugwira ntchito. Kwa anthu ambiri izi ndi zachilendo. Sadzadziwa ngakhale kuti pulogalamuyi idzagwa pazifukwa zina, sadzalandira chenjezo, koma kwa iwo izi ndizochitika. M'mbuyomu, tinkakhala pamakina osayang'anira, tsopano tidasamukira ku Kubernetes, komanso popanda kuyang'anira - pali kusiyana kotani?

Funso ndiloti tikamayenda pa ayezi, sitidziwa makulidwe ake pokhapokha titamuyeza pasadakhale. Anthu ambiri amayenda ndipo samadandaula, chifukwa adayendapo kale.

Kuchokera kumalingaliro anga, nuance ndi zovuta zogwiritsira ntchito dongosolo lililonse ndikuwonetsetsa kuti makulidwe a ayezi ndi okwanira kuthetsa mavuto athu. Izi ndi zomwe tikukamba.

Mu IT, zikuwoneka kwa ine, pali njira zambiri "Ndikhala ndi mwayi". Anthu ambiri amaika mapulogalamu ndi kugwiritsa ntchito malaibulale a mapulogalamu ndi chiyembekezo kuti apeza mwayi. Kawirikawiri, anthu ambiri amakhala ndi mwayi. Mwina ndi chifukwa chake zimagwira ntchito.

- Kuchokera pakuwunika kwanga kopanda chiyembekezo, zikuwoneka ngati izi: zoopsa zikachuluka, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito kuyenera kugwira ntchito, ndiye kuti thandizo likufunika kuchokera ku Flaunt, mwina kuchokera ku Red Hat, kapena mukufunikira gulu lanu lamkati lodzipereka makamaka kwa Kubernetes, lomwe lakonzeka. kuchikoka.

Dmitry: Mwalingaliro, izi ziri choncho. Kulowa munkhani ya Kubernetes kwa gulu laling'ono nokha kumaphatikizapo zoopsa zingapo.

Kodi tikufuna zotengera?

- Kodi mungatiuze momwe Kubernetes akufalikira ku Russia?

Dmitry: Ndilibe deta iyi, ndipo sindikudziwa kuti wina aliyense ali nayo. Timati: "Kubernetes, Kubernetes," koma pali njira ina yowonera nkhaniyi. Sindikudziwanso kuti zotengera zafalikira bwanji, koma ndikudziwa chiwerengero kuchokera ku malipoti a pa intaneti kuti 70% ya zotengera zimakonzedwa ndi Kubernetes. Zinali gwero lodalirika la zitsanzo zazikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.

Ndiye funso lina - kodi tifunika zotengera? Kumverera kwanga ndekha komanso udindo wonse wa kampani ya Flant ndikuti Kubernetes ndiye mulingo wamba.

Sipadzakhala china koma Kubernetes.

Izi ndizosintha kwambiri pankhani ya kasamalidwe ka zomangamanga. Mtheradi basi - ndi zimenezo, palibenso Ansible, Chef, makina enieni, Terraform. Sindikunena za njira zamafamu akale. Kubernetes ndiwosintha kwathunthu, ndipo tsopano zidzakhala monga chonchi.

Zikuwonekeratu kuti kwa ena zimatengera zaka zingapo, ndipo kwa ena zaka makumi angapo, kuti azindikire izi. Sindikukayika kuti sipadzakhala china koma Kubernetes ndi mawonekedwe atsopanowa: sitikuwononganso makina ogwiritsira ntchito, koma ntchito zomangamanga monga code, osati ndi code, koma ndi yml - zomangamanga zomwe zafotokozedwa momveka bwino. Ndikumva kuti zidzakhala chonchi nthawi zonse.

- Ndiko kuti, makampani omwe sanasinthebe ku Kubernetes adzasinthiratu kapena kuiwalika. Ndakumvetsa bwino?

Dmitry: Izinso sizowona kwathunthu. Mwachitsanzo, ngati tili ndi ntchito yoyendetsa seva ya DNS, ndiye kuti imatha kuyendetsedwa pa FreeBSD 4.10 ndipo imatha kugwira ntchito bwino kwa zaka 20. Ingogwirani ntchito ndipo ndi momwemo. Mwina m'zaka 20 chinachake chidzafunika kusinthidwa kamodzi. Ngati tikukamba za mapulogalamu mumtundu umene tinayambitsa ndipo imagwira ntchito kwa zaka zambiri popanda zosintha, popanda kusintha, ndiye kuti, sipadzakhala Kubernetes. Iye sakufunika kumeneko.

Chilichonse chokhudzana ndi CI / CD - kulikonse kumene Kutumiza Kopitirira kumafunika, komwe mukufunikira kusintha matembenuzidwe, pangani zosintha, kulikonse kumene mukufunikira kuti mupange kulekerera zolakwika - Kubernetes kokha.

Za microservices

- Apa ndili ndi dissonance pang'ono. Kuti mugwire ntchito ndi Kubernetes, muyenera thandizo lakunja kapena lamkati - iyi ndiye mfundo yoyamba. Kachiwiri, pamene tikungoyamba kumene chitukuko, ndife oyambira pang'ono, tilibe kalikonse, chitukuko cha Kubernetes kapena zomangamanga za microservice nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovuta komanso sizikhala zolondola nthawi zonse. Ndili ndi chidwi ndi malingaliro anu - kodi oyambitsa amafunika kuyamba kulembera Kubernetes kuyambira pachiyambi, kapena angalembebe monolith, kenako ndikubwera ku Kubernetes?

Dmitry: Funso labwino. Ndikulankhula za microservices "Microservices: Size Matters." Nthawi zambiri ndakumanapo ndi anthu akuyesa kukhomera misomali pogwiritsa ntchito maikulosikopu. Njira yokhayo ndiyolondola; ife tokha timapanga mapulogalamu athu amkati motere. Koma pamene muchita zimenezi, muyenera kumvetsetsa bwino lomwe zimene mukuchita. Mawu omwe ndimadana nawo kwambiri paza microservices ndi "micro." M'mbiri, mawu awa adayambira pamenepo, ndipo pazifukwa zina anthu amaganiza kuti yaying'ono ndi yaying'ono kwambiri, yochepera milimita, ngati micrometer. Izi ndi zolakwika.

Mwachitsanzo, pali monolith yomwe inalembedwa ndi anthu 300, ndipo aliyense amene adachita nawo chitukuko amamvetsetsa kuti pali mavuto, ndipo ayenera kuthyoledwa kukhala tizidutswa tating'ono - pafupifupi zidutswa 10, zomwe zinalembedwa ndi anthu 30. mu mtundu wocheperako. Izi ndi zofunika, zofunika komanso ozizira. Koma pamene chiyambi chimabwera kwa ife, kumene 3 anyamata ozizira kwambiri komanso aluso analemba 60 microservices pa mawondo awo, nthawi iliyonse ndimayang'ana Corvalol.

Zikuwoneka kwa ine kuti izi zanenedwa kale kambirimbiri - tili ndi monolith yogawidwa mwanjira ina. Izi sizolungamitsidwa mwachuma, ndizovuta kwambiri muzonse. Ndangowona izi nthawi zambiri zomwe zimandipweteka kwambiri, choncho ndikupitiriza kulankhula za izo.

Ku funso loyambirira, pali mkangano pakati pa mfundo yakuti, kumbali imodzi, Kubernetes ndi woopsa kugwiritsa ntchito, chifukwa sizidziwika bwino zomwe zingawonongeke kapena zosagwira ntchito, kumbali inayo, zikuwonekeratu kuti zonse zimapita kumeneko. ndipo palibe chilichonse koma Kubernetes chidzakhalapo . Yankhani - yesani kuchuluka kwa phindu lomwe likubwera, kuchuluka kwa ntchito zomwe mungathe kuzithetsa. Izi zili mbali imodzi ya sikelo. Kumbali ina, pali zoopsa zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi nthawi yopuma kapena kuchepa kwa nthawi yoyankha, mlingo wa kupezeka - ndi kuchepa kwa zizindikiro za ntchito.

Izi ndi izi - mwina timayenda mwachangu, ndipo Kubernetes amatilola kuchita zinthu zambiri mwachangu komanso bwino, kapena timagwiritsa ntchito njira zodalirika, zoyesedwa nthawi, koma kusuntha pang'onopang'ono. Ichi ndi chisankho chomwe kampani iliyonse iyenera kupanga. Mutha kuganiza ngati njira ya m'nkhalango - mukamayenda kwa nthawi yoyamba, mutha kukumana ndi njoka, nyalugwe kapena mbira, ndipo mutayenda ka 10, mwaponda njira, ndikuchotsa. nthambi ndi kuyenda mosavuta. Nthawi iliyonse njirayo imakula. Ndiye ndi msewu wa phula, ndipo kenako boulevard wokongola.

Kubernetes sakuyima. Funso kachiwiri: Kubernetes, mbali imodzi, ndi 4-5 binaries, kumbali ina, ndi chilengedwe chonse. Iyi ndi makina ogwiritsira ntchito omwe tili nawo pamakina athu. Ichi ndi chiyani? Ubuntu kapena Curios? Izi ndi Linux kernel, mulu wa zigawo zina. Zinthu zonsezi apa, njoka yapoizoni inaponyedwa kunja kwa msewu, ndipo mpanda unamangidwa pamenepo. Kubernetes ikukula mwachangu komanso mwamphamvu, ndipo kuchuluka kwa zoopsa, kuchuluka kwa zosadziwika kumachepera mwezi uliwonse ndipo, molingana, masikelo awa akuyambiranso.

Poyankha funso la zomwe oyambitsa ayenera kuchita, ndinganene - bwerani ku Flaunt, kulipira ma ruble 150 ndikupeza ntchito yosavuta ya DevOps. Ngati ndinu oyambitsa pang'ono ndi opanga ochepa, izi zimagwira ntchito. M'malo molemba ntchito ma DevOps anu, omwe adzafunika kuphunzira kuthana ndi mavuto anu ndikulipira malipiro panthawiyi, mudzapeza njira yothetsera mavuto onse. Inde, pali zovuta zina. Ife, monga kunja, sitingathe kukhudzidwa kwambiri ndikuyankha mwamsanga kusintha. Koma tili ndi ukadaulo wambiri komanso machitidwe okonzekera. Tikutsimikizira kuti muzochitika zilizonse tidzazindikira mwachangu ndikuukitsa Kubernetes aliyense kwa akufa.

Ndimalimbikitsa kwambiri kutumizirana mabizinesi oyambira ndikukhazikitsa mabizinesi mpaka kukula komwe mungapatulire gulu la anthu 10 kuti ligwire ntchito, chifukwa apo ayi palibe chifukwa. Ndizomveka kutulutsa izi.

Za Amazon ndi Google

- Kodi wolandila kuchokera ku yankho lochokera ku Amazon kapena Google angatengedwe ngati gwero lakunja?

Dmitry: Inde, izi zimathetsa nkhani zingapo. Koma palinso ma nuances. Muyenerabe kumvetsetsa momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, pali zinthu zing'onozing'ono zikwizikwi mu ntchito ya Amazon AWS: The Load Balancer iyenera kutenthedwa kapena pempho liyenera kulembedwa pasadakhale kuti "anyamata, tidzalandira magalimoto, titenthetseni Load Balancer kwa ife!" Muyenera kudziwa ma nuances awa.

Mukatembenukira kwa anthu omwe amachita izi, mumapeza pafupifupi zinthu zonse zomwe zatsekedwa. Tsopano tili ndi mainjiniya 40, pakutha kwa chaka mwina padzakhala 60 - takumana ndi zinthu zonsezi. Ngakhale titakumananso ndi vutoli pa projekiti ina, timafunsana mwachangu ndikudziwa momwe tingathetsere.

Mwinamwake yankho ndilo - ndithudi, nkhani yochititsa chidwi imapangitsa gawo lina kukhala losavuta. Funso ndilakuti ndinu okonzeka kukhulupilira omwe akukhala nawo komanso ngati athetsa mavuto anu. Amazon ndi Google achita bwino. Kwa milandu yathu yonse - ndendende. Tilibenso zokumana nazo zabwino. Mitambo ina yonse yomwe tidayesa kugwira nayo imapanga mavuto ambiri - Ager, ndi chilichonse chomwe chili ku Russia, ndi mitundu yonse ya OpenStack pakukhazikitsa kosiyana: Headster, Overage - chilichonse chomwe mukufuna. Zonse zimabweretsa mavuto omwe simukufuna kuthetsa.

Chifukwa chake, yankho ndi inde, koma, kwenikweni, palibe mayankho okhwima okhwima.

Ndani akufuna Kubernetes?

- Ndipo komabe, ndani akufunikira Kubernetes? Ndani ayenera kusintha kale ku Kubernetes, yemwe ndi kasitomala wamba wa Flaunt yemwe amabwera makamaka kwa Kubernetes?

Dmitry: Ili ndi funso lochititsa chidwi, chifukwa pakali pano, pambuyo pa Kubernetes, anthu ambiri amabwera kwa ife: "Anyamata, tikudziwa kuti mukuchita Kubernetes, tichitireni ife!" Timawayankha kuti: "Abwanamkubwa, sitichita Kubernetes, timapanga zinthu ndi chilichonse chokhudzana ndi izi." Chifukwa pakadali pano ndizosatheka kupanga chinthu popanda kuchita CI/CD yonse ndi nkhani yonseyi. Aliyense wachoka pagawo lomwe tili ndi chitukuko mwachitukuko, kenako kudyeredwa masuku pamutu.

Makasitomala athu amayembekeza zinthu zosiyanasiyana, koma aliyense akuyembekezera chozizwitsa china kuti ali ndi mavuto ena, ndipo tsopano - kudumpha! - Kubernetes adzawathetsa. Anthu amakhulupirira zozizwitsa. M'maganizo mwawo amamvetsetsa kuti sipadzakhala chozizwitsa, koma m'miyoyo yawo akuyembekeza - bwanji ngati Kubernetes uyu tsopano adzathetsa chirichonse kwa ife, amalankhula zambiri za izo! Mwadzidzidzi iye tsopano - kuyetsemula! - ndi chipolopolo chasiliva, yetsemula! - ndipo tili ndi 100% uptime, onse opanga amatha kumasula chilichonse chomwe chimapangidwa nthawi 50, ndipo sichikuwonongeka. Ambiri, chozizwitsa!

Anthu oterowo akabwera kwa ife, timawauza kuti: “Pepani, koma palibe chozizwitsa.” Kuti mukhale wathanzi, muyenera kudya bwino komanso kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi. Kuti mukhale ndi chinthu chodalirika, chiyenera kupangidwa modalirika. Kuti mukhale ndi CI/CD yabwino, muyenera kuyipanga motere. Imeneyo ndi ntchito yambiri yofunika kuchitidwa.

Kuyankha funso la yemwe akufunika Kubernetes - palibe amene amafunikira Kubernetes.

Anthu ena ali ndi malingaliro olakwika kuti amafunikira Kubernetes. Anthu amafunikira, amafunikira kwambiri kuti asiye kuganiza, kuphunzira, komanso kukhala ndi chidwi ndi zovuta zonse za zomangamanga ndi zovuta zogwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu awo. Amafuna kuti mapulogalamu azingogwira ntchito ndikungotumiza. Kwa iwo, Kubernetes ndi chiyembekezo choti asiya kumva nkhani yakuti "tinagona pamenepo," kapena "sitingathe kutulutsa," kapena china.

Woyang'anira zaukadaulo nthawi zambiri amabwera kwa ife. Amamufunsa zinthu ziwiri: mbali imodzi, tipatseni mawonekedwe, kumbali ina, kukhazikika. Tikukulangizani kuti mutengere nokha ndikuchita. Chipolopolo cha siliva, kapena m'malo mwa siliva, ndikuti mudzasiya kuganizira za mavutowa ndikuwononga nthawi. Mudzakhala ndi anthu apadera omwe atseke nkhaniyi.

Mawu omwe ife kapena wina aliyense amafunikira Kubernetes sizolondola.

Oyang'anira amafunikira Kubernetes, chifukwa ndi chidole chosangalatsa kwambiri chomwe mungasewere nacho ndikuchita nacho. Tinene zoona - aliyense amakonda zoseweretsa. Tonse ndife ana kwinakwake, ndipo tikawona watsopano, timafuna kusewera. Kwa ena, izi zakhumudwitsidwa, mwachitsanzo, muulamuliro, chifukwa adasewera kale mokwanira ndipo atopa kale mpaka sakufuna. Koma izi sizinatayike kwathunthu kwa aliyense. Mwachitsanzo, ngati ndatopa ndi zoseweretsa m'munda wa kayendetsedwe ka machitidwe ndi DevOps kwa nthawi yaitali, ndiye kuti ndimakondabe zoseweretsa, ndimagulabe zatsopano. Anthu onse, mwanjira ina, amafunabe zoseweretsa zamtundu wina.

Palibe chifukwa chosewera ndi kupanga. Chilichonse chomwe ndimalimbikitsa kuti ndisachite komanso zomwe ndikuwona tsopano: "O, chidole chatsopano!" — anathamanga kukagula, nakagula, nati: “Tiyeni tipite nayo kusukulu tsopano ndi kukasonyeza kwa mabwenzi athu onse.” Osachita izi. Ndipepesa, ana anga akukula, nthawi zonse ndimawona chinachake mwa ana, ndikuchiwona mwa ine ndekha, ndiyeno ndikuchifotokozera ena.

Yankho lomaliza ndilakuti: simukufuna Kubernetes. Muyenera kuthetsa mavuto anu.

Zomwe mungakwaniritse ndi:

• prod sichigwa;
• ngakhale atayesa kugwa, timadziwiratu, ndipo tikhoza kuikapo kanthu;
• titha kuzisintha pa liwiro lomwe bizinesi yathu ikufuna, ndipo titha kuzichita mosavuta; sizitibweretsera mavuto.

Pali zofunika ziwiri zenizeni: kudalirika ndi mphamvu / kusinthasintha kwa kutulutsa. Aliyense amene pakali pano akupanga ma projekiti amtundu wa IT, mosasamala kanthu za mtundu wabizinesi - wofewa kuti achepetse dziko lapansi, komanso amene akumvetsetsa izi, ayenera kuthana ndi zosowazi. Kubernetes ndi njira yoyenera, kumvetsetsa bwino komanso chidziwitso chokwanira kumakupatsani mwayi wothana nawo.

About serverless

- Ngati muyang'ana patsogolo pang'ono m'tsogolomu, ndiye kuyesa kuthetsa vuto la kusowa kwa mutu ndi zowonongeka, ndi liwiro la kutulutsa ndi liwiro la kusintha kwa ntchito, njira zatsopano zimawonekera, mwachitsanzo, zopanda seva. Kodi mukuwona kuthekera kulikonse ndipo, tinene, chowopsa cha Kubernetes ndi mayankho ofanana?

Dmitry: Apa tikuyenera kunenanso kuti sindine wamasomphenya amene amayang'ana kutsogolo ndikuti - zidzakhala chonchi! Ngakhale ndinangochita zomwezo. Ndimayang'ana mapazi anga ndikuwona mulu wamavuto pamenepo, mwachitsanzo, momwe ma transistors amagwirira ntchito pakompyuta. Ndizoseketsa, chabwino? Tikukumana ndi zolakwika mu CPU.

Pangani seva kukhala yodalirika, yotsika mtengo, yothandiza komanso yosavuta, kuthetsa mavuto onse azachilengedwe. Pano ndikuvomerezana ndi Elon Musk kuti dziko lachiwiri likufunika kuti lipange kulekerera zolakwika kwa anthu. Ngakhale sindikudziwa zomwe akunena, ndikumvetsa kuti sindine wokonzeka kuwulukira ku Mars ndekha ndipo sizidzachitika mawa.

Popanda seva zikuwonekeratu kuti ichi ndi chinthu cholondola, monga kulekerera zolakwika kwa anthu - kukhala ndi mapulaneti awiri kuli bwino kuposa limodzi. Koma bwanji tsopano? Kutumiza ulendo umodzi si vuto ngati mulimbikira kwambiri. Kutumiza maulendo angapo ndikukhazikitsa anthu masauzande angapo kumeneko, ndikuganiza, ndikowonanso. Koma kuti zikhale zolekerera zolakwika kotero kuti theka la anthu amakhala kumeneko, zikuwoneka kwa ine tsopano zosatheka, osaganiziridwa.

Ndili ndi seva imodzi imodzi: chinthucho ndichabwino, koma chili kutali ndi zovuta za 2019. Chatsala pang'ono 2030 - tiyeni tikhale moyo kuti tiwone. Sindikukayika kuti tidzakhala ndi moyo, tidzakhaladi moyo (kubwereza tisanagone), koma tsopano tiyenera kuthetsa mavuto ena. Zili ngati kukhulupirira nthano ya pony Rainbow. Inde, magawo angapo a milandu amathetsedwa, ndipo amathetsedwa mwangwiro, koma mwachidwi, opanda seva ndi utawaleza ... Kwa ine, mutuwu ndi wakutali kwambiri komanso wosamvetsetseka. Sindinakonzekere kuyankhula. Mu 2019, simungathe kulemba pulogalamu imodzi yopanda seva.

Momwe Kubernetes adzasinthira

- Pamene tikuyandikira tsogolo lodabwitsali, mukuganiza kuti Kubernetes ndi chilengedwe chozungulira icho zichitika bwanji?

Dmitry: Ndaziganizira kwambiri izi ndipo ndili ndi yankho lomveka bwino. Yoyamba ndi yokhazikika - pambuyo pa zonse, zopanda malire ndizosavuta kuchita. Kubernetes poyambirira adayika ndalama zambiri mu izi, zonse zidayamba nazo. Stateless imagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri ku Kubernetes, palibe chodandaula. Pali zovuta zambiri, kapena kani, ma nuances. Chilichonse chomwe chilipo chimagwira ntchito bwino kwa ife, koma ndife. Zitenga zaka zingapo kuti izi zigwire ntchito kwa aliyense. Ichi si chizindikiro chowerengedwa, koma kumverera kwanga kuchokera kumutu wanga.

Mwachidule, statefull iyenera - ndipo idzakhala - ikukula mwamphamvu kwambiri, chifukwa mapulogalamu athu onse amasunga; palibe ntchito zopanda malire. Ichi ndi chinyengo; nthawi zonse mumafunika mtundu wa database ndi zina. Statefull ikukhudza kuwongola zonse zomwe zingatheke, kukonza zolakwika zonse, kukonza mavuto onse omwe akukumana nawo pano - tiyeni tizitcha kutengera.

Mlingo wa zosadziwika, mlingo wa mavuto osathetsedwa, mlingo wa mwayi wokumana ndi chinachake udzatsika kwambiri. Iyi ndi nkhani yofunika. Ndipo ogwiritsira ntchito - chirichonse chokhudzana ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa ndondomeko ya kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake bokosi. Izi zimangothetsa ululu womwe tikufuna nkhokwe, koma sitikufuna kuyipereka, kapena tikufuna Kubernetes, koma sitikufuna kuitsogolera.

Nkhani iyi ya chitukuko cha ogwiritsira ntchito mwanjira ina idzakhala yofunika m'zaka zingapo zikubwerazi.

Ndikuganiza kuti kumasuka kwa ntchito kuyenera kuwonjezeka kwambiri - bokosilo lidzakhala lakuda kwambiri, lodalirika kwambiri, lokhala ndi ziboda zambiri komanso zosavuta.

Nthawi ina ndinamvetsera kuyankhulana kwakale ndi Isaac Asimov kuchokera ku 80s pa YouTube pa Saturday Night Live - pulogalamu ngati Urgant, yosangalatsa chabe. Anamufunsa za tsogolo la makompyuta. Iye ananena kuti tsogolo n’losavuta ngati mmene wailesi ija. Wolandira wailesi poyamba anali chinthu chovuta. Kuti mugwire mafunde, mumayenera kutembenuza ziboliboli kwa mphindi 15, kutembenuza skewers ndikudziwa momwe zonse zimagwirira ntchito, kumvetsetsa fizikiki ya kufalitsa mafunde a wailesi. Chotsatira chake chinali chakuti pawailesi panangotsala choboda chimodzi chokha.

Tsopano mu 2019 wailesi yanji? M'galimoto, wolandira wailesi amapeza mafunde onse ndi mayina a masiteshoni. Fiziki ya njirayi sinasinthe m'zaka 100, koma kumasuka kwakugwiritsa ntchito kwasintha. Tsopano, osati tsopano, kale mu 1980, pamene panali kuyankhulana ndi Azimov, aliyense anagwiritsa ntchito wailesi ndipo palibe amene ankaganiza mmene ntchito. Zinagwira ntchito nthawi zonse - ndizoperekedwa.

Azimov ndiye adanena kuti zidzakhala chimodzimodzi ndi makompyuta - kumasuka ntchito kudzawonjezeka. Ngakhale kuti mu 1980 munaphunzitsidwa kukanikiza mabatani pa kompyuta, sizidzakhala choncho m’tsogolo.

Ndikumva kuti ndi Kubernetes komanso ndi zomangamanga padzakhalanso kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa kugwiritsa ntchito mosavuta. Izi, mwa lingaliro langa, ndizodziwikiratu - zimagona pamtunda.

Zoyenera kuchita ndi mainjiniya?

- Nanga chidzachitika ndi chiyani kwa mainjiniya ndi oyang'anira dongosolo omwe amathandizira Kubernetes?

Dmitry: Kodi chinachitika ndi chiyani kwa accountant pambuyo pa kubwera kwa 1C? Za zomwezo. Izi zisanachitike, adawerengera papepala - tsopano mu pulogalamu. Kuchuluka kwa ntchito kwawonjezeka ndi maulamuliro akuluakulu, koma ntchito yokha sinathe. Ngati m'mbuyomu zidatengera mainjiniya 10 kuti awononge babu, tsopano imodzi ikwanira.

Kuchuluka kwa mapulogalamu ndi chiwerengero cha ntchito, zikuwoneka kwa ine, tsopano zikukula mofulumira kuposa momwe DevOps yatsopano ikuwonekera ndipo mphamvu ikuwonjezeka. Pali kuchepa kwenikweni pamsika pakali pano ndipo zikhala nthawi yayitali. Pambuyo pake, chirichonse chidzabwerera ku mtundu wina wachibadwa, momwe mphamvu ya ntchito idzakulirakulira, padzakhala zambiri zopanda seva, neuron idzamangiriridwa ku Kubernetes, yomwe idzasankha zonse zomwe zikufunikira, ndipo kawirikawiri chitani chilichonse chokha, monga chiyenera - munthuyo amangochokapo osasokoneza.

Koma wina adzafunikabe kupanga zosankha. N'zoonekeratu kuti mlingo wa ziyeneretso ndi ukatswiri wa munthu uyu ndi apamwamba. Masiku ano, mu dipatimenti yowerengera ndalama, simusowa antchito 10 osunga mabuku kuti manja awo asatope. Sikofunikira. Zolemba zambiri zimasinthidwa zokha ndikuzindikiridwa ndi kasamalidwe ka zikalata zamagetsi. Mmodzi wowerengera wamkulu wanzeru ndi wokwanira, yemwe ali ndi luso lochulukirapo, womvetsetsa bwino.

Kawirikawiri, iyi ndiyo njira yopitira m'mafakitale onse. Ndizofanana ndi magalimoto: m'mbuyomu, galimoto idabwera ndi makaniko ndi madalaivala atatu. Masiku ano, kuyendetsa galimoto ndi njira yosavuta yomwe tonse timachita nawo tsiku lililonse. Palibe amene amaganiza kuti galimoto ndi chinthu chovuta.

DevOps kapena uinjiniya wamakina sizidzatha - ntchito zapamwamba komanso magwiridwe antchito zidzawonjezeka.

- Ndinamvanso lingaliro losangalatsa kuti ntchitoyi idzawonjezeka.

Dmitry: Zoonadi, zana limodzi! Chifukwa kuchuluka kwa mapulogalamu omwe timalemba kumakula nthawi zonse. Chiwerengero cha zovuta zomwe timathetsa ndi mapulogalamu chikukulirakulirabe. Kuchuluka kwa ntchito kukukulirakulira. Tsopano msika wa DevOps watenthedwa kwambiri. Izi zitha kuwoneka muzoyembekeza za malipiro. Mwanjira yabwino, osalowa mwatsatanetsatane, payenera kukhala achichepere omwe akufuna X, apakatikati omwe akufuna 1,5X, ndi akulu omwe akufuna 2X. Ndipo tsopano, ngati muyang'ana pa msika wa malipiro a Moscow DevOps, wamng'ono akufuna kuchokera ku X mpaka 3X ndipo wamkulu akufuna kuchokera ku X mpaka 3X.

Palibe amene akudziwa kuti ndi ndalama zingati. Mulingo wamalipiro umayesedwa ndi chidaliro chanu - misala yathunthu, kunena zoona, msika wotentha kwambiri.

Zachidziwikire, izi zisintha posachedwa - machulukidwe ena akuyenera kuchitika. Izi sizili choncho ndi chitukuko cha mapulogalamu - ngakhale kuti aliyense amafunikira opanga mapulogalamu, ndipo aliyense amafunikira omanga abwino, msika umamvetsetsa kuti ndi ndani yemwe ali woyenera - makampaniwa adakhazikika. Izi sizili choncho ndi DevOps masiku ano.

- Kuchokera pa zomwe ndinamva, ndinatsimikiza kuti woyang'anira dongosolo lamakono sayenera kudandaula kwambiri, koma ndi nthawi yokonzanso luso lake ndikukonzekera kuti mawa padzakhala ntchito yambiri, koma idzakhala yoyenerera kwambiri.

Dmitry: zana limodzi. Mwambiri, tikukhala mu 2019 ndipo malamulo amoyo ndi awa: kuphunzira kwa moyo wonse - timaphunzira m'moyo wathu wonse. Zikuwoneka kwa ine kuti tsopano aliyense akudziwa kale ndipo akumva izi, koma sikokwanira kudziwa - muyenera kuchita. Tsiku lililonse tiyenera kusintha. Ngati sitichita izi, ndiye kuti posachedwa tidzachotsedwa pambali pa ntchitoyo.

Konzekerani kutembenuka kwakuthwa kwa madigiri 180. Sindikuletsa kuti china chake chisinthe kwambiri, china chatsopano chimapangidwa - chimachitika. Hop! - ndipo tsopano tikuchita mosiyana. Ndikofunika kukonzekera izi osati kudandaula. Zitha kuchitika kuti mawa chilichonse chomwe ndingachite chidzakhala chosafunikira - palibe, ndaphunzira moyo wanga wonse ndipo ndili wokonzeka kuphunzira china. Si vuto. Palibe chifukwa choopa chitetezo cha ntchito, koma muyenera kukhala okonzeka nthawi zonse kuphunzira zatsopano.

Zofuna ndi mphindi yotsatsa

- Kodi muli ndi zomwe mukufuna?

Dmitry: Inde, ndili ndi zofuna zingapo.

Choyamba ndi mercantile - lembetsani YouTube. Okondedwa owerenga, pitani ku YouTube ndikulembetsa ku njira yathu. Pakangotha ​​​​mwezi umodzi tiyamba kukulitsa ntchito zamavidiyo. Tidzakhala ndi maphunziro ambiri okhudza Kubernetes, otseguka komanso osiyanasiyana: kuyambira pazinthu zenizeni, mpaka kuma labotale, mpaka kuzinthu zozama zaukadaulo komanso momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito Kubernetes mlingo wa mfundo ndi machitidwe.

Chokhumba chachiwiri cha mercantile - kupita ku GitHub ndi kuika nyenyezi chifukwa ife timadya pa izo. Ngati simutipatsa nyenyezi, sitidzakhala ndi chakudya. Zili ngati mana mumasewera apakompyuta. Timachita chinachake, timachita, timayesa, wina akunena kuti izi ndi njinga zoopsa, munthu kuti chirichonse chiri cholakwika, koma timapitiriza ndikuchita moona mtima. Timawona vuto, kulithetsa ndikugawana zomwe takumana nazo. Chifukwa chake, tipatseni ife nyenyezi, siidzachoka kwa inu, koma idzafika kwa ife, chifukwa timadya izo.

Chachitatu, chofunikira, ndipo sichikhalanso chofuna kuchita malonda - kusiya kukhulupirira nthano. Ndinu akatswiri. DevOps ndi ntchito yovuta kwambiri komanso yodalirika. Siyani kusewera kuntchito. Lolani kuti ikudindireni ndipo mumvetsetsa. Tayerekezani kuti mwabwera kuchipatala, ndipo dotolo akukuyesani. Ndikumvetsa kuti izi zikhoza kukhala zokhumudwitsa kwa wina, koma, mwinamwake, izi siziri za inu, koma za wina. Uzani enanso kuti asiye. Izi zimawononga moyo wa tonsefe - ambiri amayamba kuchitira ma opaleshoni, ma admins ndi DevOps ngati ma dude omwe athyolanso china chake. Izi zinali "zosweka" nthawi zambiri chifukwa chakuti tinapita kukasewera, ndipo sitinayang'ane ndi chidziwitso chozizira kuti ndi momwe zilili, ndi momwe zimakhalira.

Izi sizikutanthauza kuti musayese. Tiyenera kuyesa, timachita tokha. Kunena zowona, ife tokha nthawi zina timasewera masewera - izi, ndithudi, ndi zoipa kwambiri, koma palibe munthu amene ali mlendo kwa ife. Tiyeni tinene kuti chaka cha 2019 ndi chaka cha zoyeserera mozama, zolingaliridwa bwino, osati masewera opanga. Mwina ndi choncho.

- Zikomo kwambiri!

Dmitry: Zikomo, Vitaly, chifukwa cha nthawi komanso kuyankhulana. Okondedwa owerenga, zikomo kwambiri ngati mwafika pano mwadzidzidzi. Ndikukhulupirira kuti tabweretsani malingaliro angapo.

Mu kuyankhulana, wotchedwa Dmitry anakhudza nkhani ya werf. Tsopano uwu ndi mpeni wapadziko lonse wa Swiss womwe umathetsa pafupifupi mavuto onse. Koma sizinali choncho nthawi zonse. Yambani DevOpsConf  pa chikondwerero RIT++ Wotchedwa Dmitry Stolyarov adzakuuzani za chida ichi mwatsatanetsatane. mu lipoti "werf ndiye chida chathu cha CI / CD ku Kubernetes" padzakhala chirichonse: mavuto ndi zobisika zobisika za Kubernetes, zosankha zothetsera mavutowa ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwamakono kwa werf mwatsatanetsatane. Lowani nafe pa Meyi 27 ndi 28, tidzapanga zida zabwino kwambiri.

Source: www.habr.com