Ndiloleni ndiyambe kunena kuti sindine anti-vaxxer konse, mosiyana. Koma katemera ndi wosiyana ndi katemera, makamaka masiku ano komanso kachilombo kodziwika bwino. Ndiye kodi tili ndi chiyani lero?
Katemera wa Gamaleevsky Sputnik V. Katemera wochititsa chidwi komanso wamakono kwambiri, chithandizo chokha cha majini mu mawonekedwe ake oyera chili patsogolo. Ndizosadabwitsa kuti khama, nthawi ndi ndalama zambiri zidayikidwa pano. Ndilo lokhalo lothekera mβdziko lathu. Ubwino wake wodziwikiratu: kuyankha kwakukulu kwa chitetezo chamthupi (kuphatikiza ma antibodies, tili ndi chitetezo cham'manja) chokhala ndi zotsatira zochepa. Koma pali kusiyana komwe, pazifukwa zina, kumakambidwa kwambiri, pang'ono, ndipo ndithudi osati muzofalitsa, koma m'mabuku apadera azachipatala. Tsopano ndifotokoza zomwe ndikunena.
Katemerayu ndi adenovirus wosinthidwa chibadwa, kapena m'malo awiri adenoviruses (serotypes 5 ndi 26), omwe amalowetsedwa m'thupi pakadutsa milungu itatu. Jini ya protein ya coronavirus imapangidwa mumtundu uliwonse. Kwenikweni, awa ndi "makina" omwe ntchito yawo ndi kubweretsa "wokwera" wofunikira komwe akupita. Kenako chilichonse chimayenda monga momwe chilengedwe chimafunira: adenovirus amatulutsa jini ya coronavirus m'maselo, amatsegula pamenepo ndikuyamba kupanga mapuloteni "okwera" komanso ake. Zidutswa za mapuloteniwa zimawululidwa ndi cell yomwe ili ndi kachilomboka, potero imaphunzitsa ma T-lymphocyte. Pambuyo pa "maselo a fakitale" awonongedwa, mapuloteni a tizilombo (omwe ndi mapuloteni, osati ma virioni okonzeka kupatsira maselo atsopano, monga matenda) amalowa m'magazi, motero amalimbikitsa kupanga ma antibodies. Sizingatheke kudwala, chitetezo chokwanira chimapangidwa, ndipo zonse zikuwoneka bwino. Koma zotsatira za katemerayu ndikukula kwa chitetezo chamthupi ku zigawo za adenoviral za vector yokha. Chifukwa cha kubwereza mobwerezabwereza, "galimoto yokhala ndi wokwera" sidzakhala ndi nthawi yopita ku selo, koma idzawonongedwa mwamsanga ndi ma antibodies omwe amapangidwa chifukwa cha "mnzako" wam'mbuyo. Zikuoneka kuti Satellite V ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kamodzi kokha. Ndipo izi sizingodzaza ndi mfundo yakuti katemera sangathenso kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazolinga zake - mphamvu ya chitetezo cha coronavirus sichidziwika kwa aliyense, ndipo zikuwoneka kuti pali matenda obwerezabwereza, koma ndi ochepa. Kuletsa kwa moyo wonse pamtundu uliwonse wa adenovector gene therapy, kuphatikiza chithandizo cha oncology chomwe chingafunike mtsogolo, ndichowopsa. Zonsezi zikupangidwa mwachangu, ndipo pambuyo pa "kuyesa kwakukulu" kotereku, zinthu zikuyenda mwachangu. Koma kachiwiri, mankhwalawa angakhale othandiza kapena sangakhale othandiza, koma chitetezo ku kachilomboka chikufunika masiku ano. Choncho, apa aliyense amadzisankhira zomwe zili zofunika kwambiri kwa iye. Katemerayu adakhala wabwinobwino, woyenera kwa okalamba. Koma ndikanakhala achichepere (iwo ali ndi mwaΕ΅i uliwonse wogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala a majini mβtsogolo), ndikadalingalira kaΕ΅irikaΕ΅iri za izo.
Ndinamva za chitukuko cha mtundu wa Sputnik-Lite, kwa iwo omwe amateteza chitetezo chawo (chiwerengero). Uyu adzakhala katemera wa gawo limodzi lopangidwa kutengera serotype imodzi yokha. Njira iyi ndiyabwino, koma kutulutsidwa kwake sikunakonzedwe mpaka Disembala 2021.
Katemera winanso wa ku Russia: EpiVacCorona wochokera ku Vector center (wopangidwa kuchokera ku ma viral protein) ndi katemera wa virion wa ku Chumakov center (wopangidwa kuchokera ku kachilomboka) ali kale panjira. Onse a iwo amapangidwa mwachikale. Pali lingaliro kuti ndichifukwa chake akuyenera kulephera, komanso chifukwa sayambitsa chitetezo cha T-cell, chomwe sichiri chozizira masiku ano. Tsopano pang'ono za aliyense, popeza zambiri za iwo sizikudziwikabe. Zikuwoneka kuti PR yawo ndi yoti, kapena mwina ndi chinsinsi chankhondo.
Katemera wa Chumakov whole-virion ndi wapamwamba kwambiri, womwe anthu achifundo adakulira nawo. Pano, kachilombo kathunthu kakugwiritsidwa ntchito, komwe kumapanga chitetezo chodalirika, popeza chimapereka ma antigen athunthu. Koma kachilomboka kamafa, kotero kuti chitetezo cha mthupi chidzakhala antibody, koma chidzakhala champhamvu, ndipo zotsatira zake zidzakhala zamphamvu. Ndizovuta pang'ono, koma panthawi ya mliri ndizoyenera, makamaka kwa athanzi, osimidwa komanso olimba mtima. Pazinthu zonse zomwe mungasankhe, ndingakonde chifukwa cha njira yomveka yopangira chitetezo chokwanira. Koma pakali pano zili mβmaganizo basi. Ilibe dzina panobe. Koma kupanga kwakukulu kukukonzekera mu Marichi. Dikirani muwone.
Katemera wachitatu waku Russia ndi EpiVacCorona wochokera ku Vector center. Ilibe gawo lachilengedwe la kachilomboka, koma mapuloteni ake opangidwa, kuti asakakamize maselo athu kugwira ntchito ndikupsinjika konse. Katemera ndi wofatsa, wopanda mavuto, komanso wopanda immunogenicity wabwino. Katemera wa peptide omwe amatulutsa chitetezo chokhalitsa komanso chokhalitsa sanapangidwebe. Choncho, pofuna kupititsa patsogolo chitetezo cha mthupi, ma adjuvants amagwiritsidwa ntchito mwa iwo. Apa pali aluminiyamu hydroxide. Sindikudziwa ngati izi ndi zabwino kapena zoipa, koma amakhulupirira kuti "zosakaniza" zochepa zomwe zili mu katemera, zimakhala bwino. Koma ndi katemera wa Vector, mosiyana ndi Sputnik V, ndizotheka kutemera anthu osawerengeka. Inayesedwanso kwa okalamba (65+) ndi ana (14-17), komanso anthu omwe ali ndi matenda aakulu. Akuyesera kugawa chitumbuwacho. Ponena za ana, ndikuvomereza, koma ponena za achikulire, sindiri wotsimikiza. Tsopano akufunika mwachangu chitetezo chodalirika. Katemerayu amayenera kuti ayambe kugwiritsidwa ntchito kumayambiriro kwa chaka. Ndikudabwa ngati ilipo kale kwinakwake?
Chabwino, ndi katemera wamkulu wakunja, tikanakhala kuti popanda iwo? Zopangidwa pamaziko aukadaulo wa adenovector: Chinese CanSino Biological. Anapangidwa kuchokera ku 5th serotype ya adenovirus, yomwe imakhala yofala kwambiri mwa anthu. Amakhulupirira kuti 30% ya anthu ali kale ndi chitetezo chokwanira, choncho katemera sangakhale wothandiza kwambiri kwa iwo. American Johnson & Johnson - kutengera serotype 26. Mtundu uwu ndi wocheperako, komabe pali kuthekera. Chifukwa chake, Sputnik adatenga nsanja zonse ziwiri nthawi imodzi, kutsimikizira! Katemera waku Britain-Swedish AstraZeneca/oxford. Panopa ndi olamulidwa kwambiri padziko lapansi. Pafupifupi 3 biliyoni mlingo walamulidwa kale. Amapangidwa pamaziko a chimpanzi adenovirus. Izi, ndithudi, zimapereka chitsimikizo cha 100% kuti chitetezo cha mthupi cha munthu sichinakumanepo ndi kachilomboka kale ndipo sichidzakumananso nacho, koma zoovirus pakachitika masinthidwe amatha kutulutsa zotsatira zosayembekezereka m'thupi la munthu, lomwe palokha. ndi zowopsa mwanjira ina.
Zotsogola ziwiri zapadziko lonse lapansi zapangidwa kutengera matekinoloje a mRNA: Pfizer BioNTech ndi Moderna. Ichi ndi njira yatsopano, yomwe pakadali pano ndiyomwe ili pachimake pa pharmacology. Izi zisanachitike, palibe katemera wa mRNA analipo. Ukadaulowu ndi wofanana ndi ukadaulo wa vector, koma wosiyana. Palibe gawo lachitatu la ma virus, ndipo "makina" ndi lipid nanoparticle yopangidwa mwaluso, yomwe imalowa mosavuta m'maselo athu, ndipo "wokwera" ndi jini yemweyo kapena mRNA yomwe imasunga mapuloteni a coronavirus. Pamenepa, maselo omwe mRNA amalowera sawonongeka, ndipo mapuloteni amangotuluka mwakachetechete, ndikupanga chitetezo chabwino cha T-cell ndi antibody. Chilichonse chikuwoneka bwino, koma palinso ma nuances. Choyamba, ndi polyethylene glycol, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kukhazikitsira mRNA pamodzi ndi kutentha kochepa (mpaka -70), yomwe palokha ndi allergen ndipo ingayambitse mavuto aakulu, kuphatikizapo anaphylactic shock. Ndipo chachiwiri, awa ndi malo osayembekezeka kwambiri a "okwera" athu. Ndipo ngati chandamale cha adenovirus ndi ma cell enieni, nthawi zambiri ma cell a chapamwamba kupuma thirakiti, pomwe jini ya coronavirus imaperekedwa mu katemera wa adenovector, ndiye komwe coronavirus mRNA idzaperekedwa ndi lipid nanoparticles - ndi Mulungu yekha akudziwa. Ndipo izi zikhoza kukhala malo osiyana kwambiri omwe adzayeneranso kugwira ntchito: mitsempha ya magazi, mafupa, mitsempha, ndi zina zotero. , Intaneti yonse yadzaza ndi zotsatira za Pfizer. Koma katemerayu sachotsedwa ntchito. Nanga bwanji ngati mukuyenda pang'ono ndi nkhope yopotoka? Izi sizikufanana ndi njira yovuta ya Covid, sichoncho? Koma ma antibodies ku "makina" awa samapangidwa, koma kwa "wokwera". Kawirikawiri, pali chinachake choyenera kuganizira.
Katemera waku America Novavax amapangidwa kutengera mapuloteni ophatikizananso. Katemerayu ali ndi chiwerengero chachiwiri chokwera kwambiri cha mlingo padziko lonse lapansi. Ndiye chinsinsi chake ndi chiyani? Ndipo muukadaulo wina wapadera wa "kusonkhanitsa" mapuloteni ophatikizananso kukhala ma nanoparticles, chifukwa chomwe immunogenicity ya protein imachulukira, komanso mu adjuvant yoyambirira ya Matrix-M. Chabwino, ndizo zonse pakadali pano.
Sinovac ndi katemera wina wopangidwa ku China. Ndilo-virion, lomwe limafotokoza kutchuka kwake. Zosungirako zokhazikika komanso njira yomveka yopangira chitetezo chamthupi chingapangitse kupezeka m'maiko ambiri. Malingana ndi zotsatira za magawo awiri oyambirira a kuyezetsa, adatengedwa kuti ndi imodzi mwazinthu zodalirika kwambiri, koma muzotsatira zapakati pa gawo lachitatu, katemera adawonetsa 50% yokha yogwira ntchito. Ndikudabwa ngati izi zitha kudaliridwa?
Mwanjira iyi. Chinthu chimodzi ndi chodziwikiratu kuti palibe katemera wangwiro padziko lapansi pano, koma posachedwa chisankho china chiyenera kupangidwa. Mulimonsemo, ndikukhumba aliyense wathanzi ndi chitetezo chokwanira!
Source: www.habr.com