Mbali yapadera ndikuti anthu ambiri amapindula ndikugwiritsa ntchito kwawo, ndipo kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo sikutheka kapena sikutheka. Zitsanzo zikuphatikizapo misewu ya anthu onse, chitetezo, kafukufuku wa sayansi, ndi mapulogalamu otseguka. Kupanga zinthu zotere, monga lamulo, sikupindulitsa anthu, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimabweretsa kupanga kwawo kosakwanira (). Nthawi zina, mayiko ndi mabungwe ena (monga mabungwe opereka chithandizo) amatenga zopanga zawo, koma kusowa kwa chidziwitso chonse chokhudza zomwe ogula katundu wa anthu amakonda komanso mavuto ena okhudzana ndi kupanga zisankho zapakati kumapangitsa kuti ndalama zisamagwiritsidwe ntchito moyenera. Zikatero, zingakhale zoyenera kwambiri kupanga dongosolo limene ogula katundu wa boma angakhale ndi mwayi wovotera mwachindunji zosankha zina zomwe angapereke. Komabe, povota molingana ndi mfundo ya "munthu m'modzi - voti imodzi", mavoti a onse omwe atenga nawo mbali ndi ofanana ndipo sangathe kuwonetsa kufunika kwa izi kapena njirayo kwa iwo, zomwe zingayambitsenso kupanga zinthu zaboma.
(kapena ndalama za CLR) zidaperekedwa mu 2018 pantchitoyi ngati njira yothetsera mavuto omwe atchulidwa pakupereka ndalama kwa katundu wa boma. Njirayi ikuphatikiza ubwino wa njira za msika ndi utsogoleri wa demokalase, koma zimakhala zovuta kwambiri ku zovuta zawo. Zimazikidwa pa lingaliro (zofananiza) momwe anthu amapereka zopereka mwachindunji kumapulojekiti osiyanasiyana omwe amawaona ngati opindulitsa pagulu, ndipo wopereka wamkulu (mwachitsanzo, maziko achifundo) amadzipereka kuti awonjezere kuchuluka kwa chopereka chilichonse (mwachitsanzo, kuwirikiza kawiri). Izi zimapereka chilimbikitso chowonjezereka chotenga nawo mbali ndikulola wopereka ndalama kuti agawane bwino ndalama popanda kukhala ndi ukadaulo m'dera lomwe akuthandizidwa.
Chodabwitsa cha quadratic financing ndikuti kuwerengera ndalama zowonjezera kumachitika mofanana ndi kuwerengera zotsatira pamene . Kuvota kwamtunduwu kukutanthauza kuti otenga nawo mbali atha kugula mavoti ndikugawa ku zosankha zosiyanasiyana, ndipo mtengo wogula umakwera molingana ndi kuchuluka kwa mavoti ogulidwa:
Izi zimathandiza ophunzira kufotokoza mphamvu zomwe amakonda, zomwe sizingatheke ndi voti ya munthu mmodzi-voti imodzi. Ndipo nthawi yomweyo, njira iyi siyimapereka chikoka chosayenera kwa omwe ali ndi zinthu zambiri, monga momwe zimachitikira povota molingana ndi mfundo yofananira (yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri ).
Ndi quadratic financing, chopereka chilichonse cha omwe akutenga nawo mbali ku projekiti chimatengedwa ngati kugula mavoti kuti agawidwe ndalama mokomera polojekitiyi kuchokera ku thumba la ndalama zofananira. Tiyerekeze kuti wophunzirayo adapereka ndalama zothandizira ntchitoyi mu kuchuluka kwa . Kenako kulemera kwa mawu ake adzakhala wofanana ndi masikweya a kukula kwa chopereka chake:
Gwirizanitsani mtengo wandalama , zomwe polojekiti idzalandira , kenako kuwerengeredwa potengera kuchuluka kwa mavoti a polojekitiyi pakati pa onse omwe atenga nawo mbali:
Ngati, chifukwa cha kuwerengera mavoti, ndalama zonse zomwe zaperekedwa zimaposa bajeti yokhazikika , ndiye kuchuluka kwa ndalama zothandizira polojekiti iliyonse kumasinthidwa malinga ndi gawo lake pama projekiti onse:
Olemba ntchitoyo akuwonetsa kuti njira yotereyi imatsimikizira kuti chuma chaboma chili ndi ndalama zokwanira. Ngakhale zopereka zing'onozing'ono, ngati ziperekedwa ndi anthu ambiri, zimabweretsa ndalama zambiri zofananira (izi ndizofanana ndi katundu wa boma), pamene zopereka zazikulu zochokera kwa opereka ochepa zimabweretsa ndalama zochepa zofananira (chotsatira ichi. zikuwonetsa kuti zabwinozo ndi zachinsinsi).
Kuti mudziwe momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito makinawo, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito chowerengera: .
Gitcoin
Kwa nthawi yoyamba, njira yopezera ndalama za quadratic idayesedwa koyambirira kwa 2019 ngati gawo la pulogalamuyi. pa nsanja ya Gitcoin, yomwe imagwira ntchito pothandizira mapulojekiti otseguka. MU ndalama 132 opereka anapereka ndalama cryptocurrency kwa chitukuko cha 26 chilengedwe ntchito zomangamanga . Zopereka zonse zinali $13242, zowonjezeredwa ndi $25000 kuchokera ku thumba lofananira lopangidwa ndi opereka angapo akuluakulu. Pambuyo pake, kutenga nawo mbali mu pulogalamuyi kunali kotseguka kwa aliyense, ndipo njira zama projekiti zomwe zikugwera pansi pa tanthauzo la zinthu zapagulu la Ethereum zachilengedwe zidakulitsidwa, ndipo magawano m'magulu monga "teknoloji" ndi "media" adawonekera. Pofika Julayi 2020, zachitika kale , pamene ntchito zoposa 700 analandira okwana ndalama zoposa $2 miliyoni, ndi Ndalama zoperekedwa zinali madola 4.7.
Pulogalamu ya Gitcoin Grants yasonyeza kuti njira yothandizira ndalama za quadratic imagwira ntchito molingana ndi zomanga zamaganizo ndipo imapereka ndalama zogulira katundu wa anthu malinga ndi zomwe anthu ammudzi amakonda. Komabe, makinawa, monga machitidwe ambiri ovotera pakompyuta, amakhala pachiwopsezo chazovuta zina zomwe opanga nsanja amayenera kuthana nazo panthawi yoyeserera:
- . Kuti achite izi, wowukirayo amatha kulembetsa maakaunti angapo ndipo, povota kuchokera kwa aliyense wa iwo, amagawanso ndalama kuchokera ku thumba lofananira m'malo mwake.
- Chiphuphu. Kupereka ziphuphu kwa ogwiritsa ntchito, ndikofunikira kuti athe kuwongolera kutsata kwawo ndi mgwirizano, zomwe zimakhala zotheka chifukwa cha kutseguka kwa zochitika zonse pagulu la Ethereum blockchain. Mofanana ndi kuwukira kwa Sybil, ogwiritsa ntchito ziphuphu angagwiritsidwe ntchito kugawanso ndalama kuchokera ku thumba lachiwongola dzanja mokomera wowukirayo, malinga ngati phindu la kugawanso likuposa mtengo wa chiphuphu.
Kuti mupewe kuwukira kwa Sybil, akaunti ya GitHub imafunika pakulembetsa wogwiritsa ntchito, komanso kutsimikizira nambala yafoni kudzera pa SMS kwaganiziridwanso. Kuyesera pa ziphuphu kunatsatiridwa kudzera mu malonda ogula mavoti pa malo ochezera a pa Intaneti komanso kudzera muzochita pa blockchain (magulu a opereka ndalama omwe amalandila malipiro kuchokera kumalo omwewo adadziwika). Komabe, izi sizikutsimikizira chitetezo chathunthu, ndipo ngati pali zolimbikitsa zachuma zokwanira, owukira amatha kuzilambalala, kotero opanga akuyang'ana njira zina zomwe zingatheke.
Kuphatikiza apo, vuto lidabuka pakuwongolera mndandanda wama projekiti omwe amalandira ndalama. Nthawi zina, zopempha zandalama zidachokera kumapulojekiti omwe sanali katundu wa boma kapena omwe sanalowe m'magulu oyenerera a polojekiti. Pakhalanso zochitika pomwe achiwembu adayika zofunsira m'malo mwa ntchito zina. Njira yotsimikizira pamanja olandila ndalama idagwira ntchito bwino pamapulogalamu ochepa, koma mphamvu yake imachepa pomwe pulogalamu ya Gitcoin Grants ikukula kutchuka. Vuto lina la nsanja ya Gitcoin ndi centralization, zomwe zikutanthauza kufunikira kokhulupirira oyang'anira ake potengera kulondola kwa mavoti awo.
clr.fund
Cholinga cha polojekiti pakali pano ikukonzedwa, ndikupanga thumba la ndalama zotetezedwa ndi scalable quadratic pogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya Gitcoin Grants. Ndalamayi idzagwira ntchito pansi pazikhulupiliro zochepa kwa oyang'anira ake ndipo idzayendetsedwa m'njira yogawidwa. Kuti muchite izi, kuwerengera ndalama zoperekedwa, kuwerengera ndalama zofananira ndi kugawa ndalama ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito . Kugula mavoti kudzakhala kovuta pogwiritsa ntchito kuvota mwachinsinsi ndi kuthekera kosintha mavoti, kulembetsa kwa ogwiritsa ntchito kudzachitidwa kudzera mu njira yotsimikizira anthu, ndipo kaundula wa olandira ndalama adzayendetsedwa ndi anthu ammudzi ndikukhala ndi mkangano wokhazikika. njira yothetsera.
Kuvota kwachinsinsi
Zinsinsi zovota povota pogwiritsa ntchito blockchain yapagulu zitha kusungidwa pogwiritsa ntchito ma protocol , zomwe zimakulolani kuti muwone kulondola kwa masamu pa data yobisika popanda kuwulula deta iyi. Mu clr.fund, ndalama za zopereka zidzabisika ndipo dongosolo lidzagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa ndalama zofananira. pansi pa dzina (Minimum Anti-Collusion Infrastructure, zomangamanga zochepa kuti zithetse kusagwirizana). Zimalola mavoti achinsinsi a quadratic ndikuteteza ovota ku ziphuphu ndi kukakamiza, malinga ngati kukonza mavoti ndi kuwerengera zotsatira kumachitidwa ndi munthu wodalirika wotchedwa coordinator. Dongosololi lapangidwa kuti wogwirizanitsa athe kuthandizira chiphuphu chifukwa ali ndi luso lotha kufotokoza mavoti, koma sangachotse kapena kusintha mavoti, ndipo sanganamizire zotsatira za mavoti.
Njirayi imayamba ndi ogwiritsa ntchito kupanga awiri makiyi ndi kulembetsa mu mgwirizano wanzeru wa MACI, kujambula kiyi yawo yapagulu. Kuvota kumayamba, pomwe ogwiritsa ntchito amatha kulemba mitundu iwiri ya mauthenga obisika mu mgwirizano wanzeru: mauthenga omwe ali ndi mawu ndi mauthenga omwe amasintha makiyi. Mauthenga amasaina ndi kiyi ya wogwiritsa ntchito kenako amasiyidwa pogwiritsa ntchito kiyi ina yopangidwa ndi protocol kuchokera pa kiyi yapadera ya nthawi imodzi ya wogwiritsa ntchito komanso kiyi yapagulu ya wogwirizanitsa m'njira yoti wogwirizanitsa yekha kapena wogwiritsa ntchitoyo azitha kuzilemba. Ngati wowukirayo ayesa kupereka chiphuphu kwa wogwiritsa ntchito, angamufunse kuti atumize uthenga ndi liwu ndikupereka zomwe zili mu uthengawo limodzi ndi kiyi yanthawi imodzi, yomwe wowukirayo amapezanso uthenga wobisika ndikutsimikizira powona zomwe zachitika. mu blockchain yomwe idatumizidwadi. Komabe, asanatumize voti, wogwiritsa ntchitoyo amatha kutumiza mwachinsinsi uthenga wosintha makiyi a EdDSA ndikusaina uthenga wamawu ndi fungulo lakale, ndikuletsa. Popeza wogwiritsa ntchito sangathe kutsimikizira kuti fungulo silinalowe m'malo, wowukirayo sangakhale ndi chidaliro kuti voti yomukomera idzawerengedwa, ndipo izi zimapangitsa kuti ziphuphu zikhale zopanda phindu.
Kuvota kukamalizidwa, wogwirizira amachotsa mauthengawo, amawerengera mavoti ndikutsimikizira maumboni awiri osadziwa zambiri kudzera mu mgwirizano wanzeru: umboni wa kukonza uthenga wolondola komanso umboni wowerengera mavoti olondola. Pamapeto pa ndondomekoyi, zotsatira za voti zimasindikizidwa, koma mavoti a munthu aliyense amasungidwa mwachinsinsi.
Chitsimikizo cha anthu
Ngakhale chizindikiritso chodalirika cha ogwiritsa ntchito pamanetiweki omwe adagawidwa akadali vuto losathetsedwa, kuti tipewe kuwukira kwa Sybil ndikokwanira kusokoneza chiwopsezocho kotero kuti mtengo wake umakhala wokwera kuposa mapindu omwe angakhale nawo. Njira imodzi yotere ndi njira yozindikiritsa anthu , yomwe imagwira ntchito ngati malo ochezera a pa Intaneti pomwe ogwiritsa ntchito amatha kupanga mbiri ndikulumikizana wina ndi mnzake posankha mulingo wawo wokhulupirira. M'dongosolo lino, wogwiritsa ntchito aliyense amapatsidwa chizindikiritso chapadera, chidziwitso chokhudza maubwenzi omwe ndi zizindikiritso zina amalembedwa , yomwe imasungidwa ndi ma node apakompyuta a netiweki ya BrightID ndikuyanjanitsidwa pakati pawo. Palibe chidziwitso chaumwini chomwe chimasungidwa mu database, koma chimangosamutsidwa pakati pa ogwiritsa ntchito polumikizana, kotero dongosolo lingagwiritsidwe ntchito mosadziwika. Ma node apakompyuta a netiweki ya BrightID amasanthula ma graph ndipo, pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana, yesetsani kusiyanitsa ogwiritsa ntchito enieni ndi abodza. Kusintha kokhazikika kumagwiritsa ntchito algorithm , yomwe pa chizindikiritso chilichonse imawerengetsera mavoti omwe akuwonetsa kuthekera kuti wogwiritsa ntchito wapadera akugwirizana nawo. Komabe, njira zozindikiritsira zitha kusiyanasiyana, ndipo ngati kuli kofunikira, opanga mapulogalamu amatha kuphatikiza zotsatira zopezeka m'malo osiyanasiyana, kapena kuyendetsa mfundo zawo zomwe zingagwiritse ntchito ma aligorivimu omwe ali oyenera kwa ogwiritsa ntchito.
Kuthetsa Mikangano
Kutenga nawo gawo pazachuma cha quadratic kudzatsegulidwa, koma chifukwa cha izi, ma projekiti adzafunika kulembetsa mu registry yapadera. Kuti awonjezerepo, oimira polojekiti adzayenera kupanga ndalama, zomwe angathe kuzichotsa pakapita nthawi. Ngati pulojekiti siyikukwaniritsa zofunikira zolembetsa, wogwiritsa ntchito aliyense atha kutsutsa kuwonjezera kwake. Kuchotsedwa kwa pulojekiti ku registry kudzaganiziridwa ndi arbitrators mu decentralized ndipo ngati chigamulo chabwino, wogwiritsa ntchito yemwe adanena za kuphwanya adzalandira gawo la ndalamazo ngati mphotho. Njira yotereyi idzapangitsa kuti kaundula wa katundu wa boma azidzilamulira okha.
Dongosolo lidzagwiritsidwa ntchito kuthetsa mikangano , yomangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito makontrakitala anzeru. Mmenemo, aliyense akhoza kukhala woweruza, ndipo chilungamo cha zisankho zomwe zapangidwa zimatheka mothandizidwa ndi zolimbikitsa zachuma. Mkangano ukayambika, dongosolo limasankha oweruza angapo pochita maere. Oweruza amawunikanso umboni womwe waperekedwa ndikuvotera imodzi mwamaphwando omwe akugwiritsa ntchito : Mavoti amaponyedwa mwachinsinsi ndipo amawululidwa pokhapokha kuvota kutha. Oweruza amene ali ochuluka amalandira malipiro, ndipo amene ali ochepa amalipira chindapusa. Chifukwa chosadziΕ΅ika bwino kwa oweruza ndi kubisala mavoti, mgwirizano pakati pa otsutsana ndizovuta ndipo amakakamizika kuyembekezera zochita za wina ndi mzake ndikusankha njira yomwe ena angasankhe, mwinamwake iwo akhoza kutaya ndalama. Zimaganiziridwa kuti chisankho ichi () chidzakhala chigamulo cholungama kwambiri, chifukwa m'mikhalidwe ya kusowa chidziwitso, kusankha koyenera kudzakhala kupanga chisankho chozikidwa pa malingaliro odziwika bwino okhudza chilungamo. Ngati mmodzi wa maphwando pa mkanganowo sakugwirizana ndi chigamulo chomwe chaperekedwa, ndiye kuti zodandaula zimakonzedwa, pomwe oweruza ambiri amasankhidwa motsatizana.
Autonomous ecosystems
Mayankho aukadaulo omwe atchulidwa akuyenera kupangitsa kuti makinawo asadalire kwambiri olamulira ndikutsimikizira kuti akugwira ntchito modalirika ndi ndalama zochepa zogawidwa. Pomwe luso laukadaulo likupita patsogolo, zida zina zitha kusinthidwa kuti zitetezedwe bwino pakugula mavoti ndi kuwukira kwina, ndipo cholinga chachikulu chimakhala thumba la ndalama la quadratic funding.
M'machitidwe omwe alipo monga Gitcoin Grants, kupanga zinthu zapagulu kumathandizidwa ndi opereka ndalama zazikulu, koma ndalama zingabwere kuchokera kuzinthu zina. Mu ma cryptocurrencies, mwachitsanzo ΠΈ , ndalama za inflationary financing zimagwiritsidwa ntchito: gawo la mphotho ya kutumizidwa ku gulu lachitukuko kuti lithandizire ntchito yawo yowonjezera pakukonzanso zomangamanga. Ngati njira yopezera ndalama za quadratic idapangidwa yomwe imagwira ntchito modalirika komanso yosafuna kuwongolera pakati, ndiye kuti gawo la mphothoyo likhoza kutumizidwa kwa iwo kuti ligawidwe motsatira ndi anthu ammudzi. Mwanjira imeneyi, chilengedwe chodziyimira pawokha chidzapangidwa, pomwe kupanga zinthu zapagulu kudzakhala njira yodzithandizira yokha ndipo sizitengera zofuna za othandizira ndi mabungwe oyang'anira.
Source: www.habr.com