Kuwerenga kwanthawi yayitali za kuwopseza kwachulukidwe kwa cryptocurrencies ndi zovuta za "ulosi wa 2027"

Mphekesera zikupitilirabe kufalikira pamabwalo a cryptocurrency ndi macheza a telegalamu kuti chifukwa chakutsika kwakukulu kwaposachedwa pamlingo wa BTC inali nkhani yoti Google idapeza ukulu wochuluka. Nkhaniyi, idayikidwapo patsamba la NASA ndipo pambuyo pake yofalitsidwa ndi The Financial Times, mwangozi zinagwirizana ndi kugwa kwadzidzidzi kwa mphamvu ya maukonde a Bitcoin. Ambiri ankaganiza kuti izi zangochitika mwangozi ndikupangitsa amalonda kutaya ndalama za Bitcoin. Iwo amanena kuti chifukwa cha zimenezi, “mapurezidenti akufa a ku United States” okwana 1500 anakwera mtengo wa ndalamazo. Mphekeserazo zimakana kufa ndipo zimalimbikitsidwa ndi kukhudzika kwa anthu kuti chitukuko cha quantum computing ndi imfa yotsimikizika ya blockchains ndi cryptocurrencies.

Maziko a mawu oterowo anali ntchito, zomwe zotsatira zake zidagawidwa mu 2017 arxiv.org/abs/1710.10377 gulu la ofufuza omwe adaphunzira vuto la "quantum threat". M'malingaliro awo, ma protocol ambiri a crypto omwe amathandizira kugulitsa m'mabuku ogawidwa ali pachiwopsezo cha makompyuta amphamvu a quantum. Ndinasanthula zambiri zomwe zimafalitsidwa pa intaneti zokhudzana ndi zomwe zimatchedwa. "Chiwopsezo cha kuchuluka kwa blockchains wamba komanso ma cryptocurrencies makamaka. Chotsatira ndi zotsatira za kusanthula ndi kuyerekezera zomwe zilipo kale za kuthekera kwa kuukira kopambana pa Bitcoin.

Mawu ochepa okhudza makompyuta a quantum ndi ukulu wa quantum

Aliyense amene akudziwa kuti quantum kompyuta ndi chiyani, qubit ndi quantum supremacy akhoza kupita ku gawo lotsatira chifukwa sadzapeza chatsopano pano.

Chifukwa chake, kuti mumvetsetse kuwopseza komwe kungabwere kuchokera pamakompyuta a quantum, muyenera kumvetsetsa kuti zida izi ndi chiyani. Makompyuta a quantum ndi makina apakompyuta a analogi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zochitika zakuthupi zomwe zimafotokozedwa ndi quantum mechanics kukonza deta ndikufalitsa zambiri. Ndendende, makompyuta a quantum amagwiritsidwa ntchito powerengera quantum superposition и quantum entanglement.

Chifukwa cha kugwiritsa ntchito zochitika za quantum pamakina apakompyuta, makina apakompyuta amatha kugwira ntchito pawokha makumi ndi masauzande, ndipo mwachidziwitso mamiliyoni ambiri mwachangu kuposa makompyuta akale (kuphatikiza ma supercomputer). Kuchita uku pamawerengedwe ena kumachitika chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito ma qubits (quantum bits).

A qubit (quantum bit kapena quantum discharge) ndiye chinthu chaching'ono kwambiri chomwe chilipo posungira zambiri mu kompyuta ya quantum. Monga pang'ono, qubit imalola

"ma eigenstates awiri, otchulidwa {displaystyle |0rangle }|0rangle ndi {displaystyle |1rangle }|1rangle (Dirac notation), koma akhozanso kukhala m'malo awo apamwamba, ndiko kuti, mu boma {displaystyle A|0rangle +B|1rangle} { displaystyle A|0rangle +B|1rangle }, pomwe {displaystyle A}A ndi {displaystyle B}B ndi manambala ovuta kukhutiritsa mkhalidwewo {displaystyle |A|^{2}+|B|^{2}=1}| |^{2}+|B|^{2}=1.”

(Nielsen M., Chang I. Quantum computing and quantum information)

Ngati tiyerekeza pang'ono, yomwe ili ndi 0 kapena imodzi, yokhala ndi qubit, ndiye kuti pang'ono ndikusintha wamba komwe kumakhala ndi magawo awiri "pa" ndi "kuzimitsa". Poyerekeza kotero, qubit idzakhala chinthu chofanana ndi kuwongolera voliyumu, pomwe "0" imakhala chete, ndipo "1" ndiye voliyumu yokwanira. Woyang'anira amatha kutenga malo aliwonse kuchokera ku ziro kupita kumodzi. Pa nthawi yomweyi, kuti mukhale chitsanzo chokwanira cha qubit, chiyeneranso kutsanzira kugwa kwa ntchito yoweyula, i.e. panthawi yolumikizana ndi izo, mwachitsanzo, kuyang'ana pa izo, wolamulira ayenera kusunthira kumodzi mwa malo ovuta kwambiri, i.e. "0" kapena "1".

M'malo mwake, chilichonse ndizovuta kwambiri, koma ngati simulowa namsongole, ndiye chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito ma superposition ndi kutsekereza, kompyuta ya quantum imatha kusunga ndikugwiritsa ntchito zambiri (pakali pano) zambiri. . Panthawi imodzimodziyo, idzawononga mphamvu zochepa kwambiri pa ntchito kuposa makompyuta akale. Chifukwa chodalira zochitika za quantum mechanics, kufanana kwa mawerengedwe kudzatsimikiziridwa (pamene, kuti mupeze zotsatira zomveka, palibe chifukwa chosanthula mitundu yonse ya machitidwe omwe angakhalepo a dongosolo), zomwe zidzatsimikizira kuti ntchito yowonjezereka kwambiri ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa.

Pakalipano, mitundu ingapo ya makompyuta odalirika a quantum yapangidwa padziko lapansi, koma palibe imodzi mwa izo yomwe yaposa machitidwe a makompyuta apamwamba kwambiri amphamvu kwambiri omwe adapangidwa. Kupanga kompyuta yochuluka ngati imeneyi kungatanthauze kukwaniritsa ukulu wamba. Amakhulupirira kuti kuti mukwaniritse ukulu womwewo, ndikofunikira kupanga kompyuta ya 49-qubit quantum. Inali kompyuta yotereyi yomwe idalengezedwa mu Seputembala patsamba la NASA, m'mabuku omwe adasowa mwachangu koma adapanga phokoso lalikulu.

Zowopsa zongopeka kwa blockchain

Kukula kwa quantum computing ndi quantum information science, komanso kufalitsa mwachangu kwa mutuwu pawailesi yakanema, kwadzutsa mphekesera kuti mphamvu yayikulu yamakompyuta imatha kukhala chiwopsezo pamabuku ogawa, ma cryptocurrencies, makamaka pa intaneti ya Bitcoin. Makanema angapo atolankhani, makamaka zinthu zomwe zimaphimba mitu ya cryptocurrency, chaka chilichonse amafalitsa zidziwitso zomwe makompyuta a quantum posachedwa atha kuwononga blockchains. Olemba a kafukufuku wochokera ku yunivesite ya Cornell mwasayansi adatsimikizira kuthekera kongopeka kwa kuukira kopambana ndi makompyuta a quantum pa intaneti ya Bitcoin. amene adasindikiza izi pa avix.org. Ndi pamaziko a bukuli pomwe nkhani zambiri za "Prophecy 2027" zidapangidwa.

Popanga ndalama za crypto, chimodzi mwa zolinga zazikulu ndikuziteteza ku bodza la data (mwachitsanzo, potsimikizira kulipira). Pakadali pano, kugwiritsa ntchito cryptography ndi registry yogawidwa kumagwirizana bwino ndi ntchitoyi. Deta yamalonda imasungidwa pa blockchain, ndi makope a data omwe amagawidwa pakati pa mamiliyoni a omwe atenga nawo gawo pa intaneti. Pachifukwa ichi, kuti musinthe deta pa intaneti kuti muwongolere malonda (kuba malipiro), ndikofunikira kukopa midadada yonse, ndipo izi sizingatheke popanda kutsimikiziridwa kwa mamiliyoni a ogwiritsa ntchito mlingo wa kusasinthika kwa deta, blockchain imatetezedwa modalirika, kuphatikizapo kuwerengera kwa quantum.

Chikwama cha wogwiritsa ntchito chokha chingakhale chovuta komanso chovuta. Izi zili choncho chifukwa chakuti m'tsogolomu mphamvu ya quantum kompyuta ingakhale yokwanira kuthyola makiyi achinsinsi a 64 ndipo izi ndizomwe zingatheke zenizeni pa chiwopsezo chilichonse chochokera ku quantum computing.

Za zenizeni za kuwopseza

Choyamba, muyenera kumvetsetsa kuti opanga makompyuta a quantum ali pa nthawi yanji ndipo ndi ati mwa iwo omwe amatha kuthyola makiyi a manambala 64. Mwachitsanzo, Vladimir Gisin, pulofesa wothandizira pa yunivesite ya zachuma pansi pa Boma la Russian Federation, adanena kuti Bitcoin blockchain ikhoza kuthyoledwa m'dziko limene makompyuta a 100-qubit quantum alipo. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, ngakhale kukhalapo kwa kompyuta ya 49-qubit quantum, yomwe imapangidwa ndi Google, sikunatsimikizidwe.

Pakalipano, palibe zoneneratu zodalirika za nthawi yomwe ofufuza adzakwaniritsa ukulu wa quantum, mocheperapo pamene makompyuta a 100-qubit quantum adzawonekera. Kuphatikiza apo, pakadali pano, makina apakompyuta a quantum amatha kuthetsa nthawi yomweyo zovuta zingapo zapadera. Kuwasintha kuti awononge chilichonse kudzatenga zaka, ndipo mwinanso zaka zambiri zachitukuko.

Jeffrey Tucker amakhulupiriranso kuti kuwopseza kwa Bitcoin ndi ma cryptocurrencies ena kuchokera pamakompyuta a quantum ndikokokomeza, ndipo adalungamitsa malingaliro ake. ntchito "Chiwopsezo cha Bitcoin kuchokera ku quantum computing." Mwa zina, Tucker amapeza mfundo zochokera ku ntchito ya quantum physics kuchokera ku yunivesite ya Macquarie ku Sydney, Dr. Gavin Brennen. Wasayansi wa ku Australia akukhulupirira kuti:

"Poganizira kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zamakompyuta zomwe zikupezeka pano, zovuta sizingachitike."

Ndikubwereza malinga ndi forklog.
Brennen amakhulupirira kuti zomangamanga zamakono zili ndi liwiro lachipata la quantum pang'onopang'ono poyerekeza ndi zomwe zimafunika kuti muwononge chinsinsi cha cryptographic.

Ndikofunikiranso kumvetsetsa kuti pakuwunika kuchuluka kwa chiwopsezo cha blockchains, kuphatikiza BTC, ofufuza amagwiritsa ntchito zomwe zachitika pano. Iwo. amawunika kuopsa kwa makiyi omwe alipo lero omwe angasokonezedwe ndi zida zomwe zidzawonekere mu 10, 15, ndipo mwinamwake zaka 50 kuchokera pano.

Kubwerera mu 2017, IBM Director of Data Protection Nev Zunich adanena kuti njira zotetezera ku zoopsa zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi quantum computing ziyenera kupangidwa lero. Mawu awa adamveka, ndipo pano akukonzedwa mwachangu post-quantum cryptography, yomwe yapanga kale njira zotetezera blockchains ku nkhondo za quantum.

Njira zodziwika bwino zotetezera blockchain ku chiwopsezo chambiri chongoyerekeza chinali kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi imodzi. Lamport/Winternitz siginecha ya digito, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito siginecha и nkhuni Merkla.

Co-anayambitsa wa zomangamanga migodi kampani BitCluster SERGEY Arestov ndi wotsimikiza kuti njira alipo atsopano pambuyo quantum cryptography adzakhala negate aliyense khama quantum kuthyolako blockchain mu zaka 50 zotsatira. Crypto-entrepreneur anapereka zitsanzo zamapulojekiti omwe masiku ano amaganizira za zoopsa zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi chitukuko cha makompyuta a quantum:

"Masiku ano pali kale mapulojekiti monga Quantum-Resistant Ledger, yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito Winternitz nthawi imodzi siginecha algorithm ndi Merkle mtengo, komanso quantum-resistant blockchains IOTA ndi ArQit. N’kutheka kuti podzafika nthawi imene pali mfundo zopanga china chake chomwe chingathe kuthyola makiyi a Bitcoin kapena Ether wallet, ndalamazi zidzatetezedwanso ku quantum computing, imodzi mwamaukadaulo odalirika.

Monga chomaliza

Titasanthula zomwe tafotokozazi, titha kunena molimba mtima kuti makompyuta amtundu wamtsogolo sangakhale pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha cryptocurrencies ndi blockchains. Izi ndi zoona kwa machitidwe opangidwa kumene komanso omwe alipo kale. Kuopsa kwa kubedwa kwa ma ledges omwe amagawidwa ndi ndalama zogawidwa kuyenera kuwonedwa ngati zotheka zongoyerekeza (zoyambitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa machitidwe otetezeka) kuposa momwe zingathekere zenizeni.

Mavuto omwe amakulitsa mwayi ndi awa:

• "kuuma" kwa quantum computing ndi kufunikira kosinthira kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito;
• mphamvu zosakwanira zamakompyuta posachedwa ("quantum supremacy" motero sizikutsimikizira kuti kiyi ya manambala 64 ikhoza kusweka);
• kugwiritsa ntchito post-quantum cryptography kuteteza blockchain.

Ndingakhale wokondwa chifukwa cha malingaliro ndi zokambirana zamoyo mu ndemanga ndi kutenga nawo mbali mu kafukufukuyu.

Zofunika!

Katundu wa Crypto, kuphatikiza Bitcoin, ndizovuta kwambiri (mitengo yawo imasintha pafupipafupi komanso kwambiri); kusintha kwamitengo yawo kumakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi malingaliro amsika. Choncho, ndalama iliyonse cryptocurrency ndi ichi ndi chiopsezo chachikulu. Ndingalimbikitse kwambiri kuyika ndalama mu cryptocurrency ndi migodi kwa anthu omwe ali olemera kwambiri kuti ngati ataya ndalama zawo sangamve zotsatira zake. Osayika ndalama zanu zomaliza, ndalama zomwe mwasunga zomaliza, chuma chanu chaching'ono pachilichonse, kuphatikiza ma cryptocurrencies.

Zithunzi zomwe zagwiritsidwa ntchito, komanso zithunzi kuchokera patsamba lino.

Ogwiritsa ntchito olembetsedwa okha ndi omwe angatenge nawo gawo pa kafukufukuyu. Lowani muakauntichonde.

Kodi mukuganiza kuti quantum computing idzakhala chiwopsezo chenicheni ku cryptocurrencies ndi blockchains m'zaka 10?

• inde, wolemba ndi akatswiri amapeputsa liwiro la chitukuko chaukadaulo

• ayi, koma m'zaka 15 adzakhala ndi chiopsezo chachikulu

• ayi, ziyenera kutenga nthawi yayitali

• inde, ntchito zanzeru ndi zokwawa zakhala kale ndi makina apamwamba kwambiri otha kuthyola blockchain iliyonse.

• zovuta kulosera, palibe deta yodalirika yokwanira yoneneratu

Ogwiritsa 98 adavota. Ogwiritsa ntchito 17 adakana.

Source: www.habr.com