kulowa
Nkhaniyi idapangidwira iwo omwe akudziwa bwino za ontology pamlingo woyambira. Ngati simukudziwa bwino za ontologia, ndiye kuti cholinga cha ontologia ndi nkhaniyi makamaka sichidzamveka bwino kwa inu. Ndikukulangizani kuti mudziwe bwino izi musanayambe kuwerenga nkhaniyi (mwinamwake ngakhale nkhani yochokera ku Wikipedia idzakwanira).
Kotero, Ontology - uku ndikulongosola mwatsatanetsatane za gawo linalake lomwe likuganiziridwa. Kufotokozera koteroko kuyenera kuperekedwa m'chinenero chomveka bwino. Pofotokoza za ontologia, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito njira ya IDEF5, yomwe ili ndi zilankhulo ziwiri pazosungira zake:
- IDEF5 chilankhulo chokonzekera. Chilankhulochi ndi chowoneka ndipo chimagwiritsa ntchito zithunzi.
- IDEF5 chilankhulo cha mawu. Chilankhulochi chikuimiridwa ngati malemba olembedwa.
Nkhaniyi ifotokoza njira yoyamba - chilankhulo chokonzekera. Tikambirana za malemba m'nkhani zotsatirazi.
Zinthuzo
M'chinenero chojambula, monga tanenera kale, zinthu zojambulidwa zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Choyamba, tiyenera kuganizira mfundo zikuluzikulu za chinenerochi.
Nthawi zambiri, ontology imagwiritsa ntchito magulu onse komanso zinthu zinazake. Mabungwe a generalized amatchedwa mitundu. Amawonetsedwa ngati bwalo lokhala ndi chizindikiro (dzina la chinthu) mkati mwake:
Mitundu ndi gulu la zitsanzo zamtundu womwe wapatsidwa. Ndiko kuti, maganizo monga "Magalimoto" akhoza kuimira gulu lonse la magalimoto payekha.
Monga makope Mtundu uwu ukhoza kukhala magalimoto enieni, kapena mitundu ina ya zipangizo, kapena mitundu ina. Zonse zimadalira nkhaniyo, nkhaniyo ndi mlingo wake watsatanetsatane. Mwachitsanzo, kwa malo ogulitsa magalimoto, magalimoto enieni monga zinthu zakuthupi adzakhala ofunikira. Kusunga ziwerengero zina pa malonda pa malo ogulitsa magalimoto, zitsanzo zenizeni, ndi zina zotero zidzakhala zofunika.
Mitundu yamtundu uliwonse imasankhidwa mofanana ndi zamoyo zomwezo, zosonyezedwa ndi kadontho pansi pa bwalo:
Komanso, monga gawo la zokambirana za zinthu, ndi bwino kutchula zinthu monga njira.
Ngati mawonedwe ndi zochitika zomwe zimatchedwa static zinthu (osasintha pakapita nthawi), ndiye kuti njira ndi zinthu zosinthika. Izi zikutanthauza kuti zinthu izi zimakhalapo mu nthawi yodziwika bwino.
Mwachitsanzo, tikhoza kutchula chinthu choterocho monga njira yopangira galimoto (popeza tikukamba za iwo). N'zoonekeratu kuti chinthu ichi chilipo panthawi yopanga galimoto yomweyi (nthawi yodziwika bwino). Ndikoyenera kukumbukira kuti tanthauzo ili ndilokhazikika, chifukwa zinthu monga galimoto zimakhalanso ndi moyo wawo wautumiki, moyo wa alumali, kukhalapo, ndi zina zotero. Komabe, tisalowe mu filosofi ndipo mkati mwazinthu zambiri zomwe tingavomereze kuti zochitikazo, ndipo makamaka zamoyo, zimakhalapo kwamuyaya.
Njira zikuwonetsedwa ngati rectangle yokhala ndi chizindikiro (dzina) la ndondomekoyi:
Njira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zosinthira chinthu chimodzi kupita ku chimzake. Izi zidzakambidwa mwatsatanetsatane pansipa.
Kuphatikiza pa njira, ziwembu zotere zimagwiritsa ntchito ogwira ntchito zomveka. Chilichonse apa ndi chosavuta kwa iwo omwe amadziwa zolosera, Boolean algebra kapena mapulogalamu. IDEF5 imagwiritsa ntchito ma opareshoni atatu omveka bwino:
- zomveka NDI (NDI);
- zomveka OR (OR);
- yekha OR (XOR).
Muyezo wa IDEF5 (http://idef.ru/documents/Idef5.pdf - zambiri zambiri zochokera ku gwero lino) zimatanthawuza chithunzi cha ogwiritsira ntchito momveka ngati mawonekedwe ang'onoang'ono (poyerekeza ndi maonekedwe ndi zochitika) ndi chizindikiro mu mawonekedwe a zizindikiro. Komabe, mu mawonekedwe a IDEF5 omwe tikupanga, tachoka pa lamuloli pazifukwa zambiri. Chimodzi mwa izo ndi chizindikiritso chovuta cha ogwira ntchitowa. Chifukwa chake, timagwiritsa ntchito zolemba za ogwiritsa ntchito okhala ndi nambala yozindikiritsa:
Mwina timaliza ndi zinthu apa.
Ubale
Pali maubale pakati pa zinthu, omwe mu ontology amatanthauza malamulo omwe amatsimikizira kugwirizana pakati pa zinthu ndi zomwe ziganizo zatsopano zimatengera.
Nthawi zambiri, maubwenzi amatsimikiziridwa ndi mtundu wa schema womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito mu ontology. Chiwembu ndi gulu la zinthu za ontology ndi maubale pakati pawo. Pali mitundu ikuluikulu iyi:
- Mapangidwe a mapangidwe.
- Classification schemes.
- Zithunzi za kusintha.
- Zojambula zogwira ntchito.
- Mapulani ophatikizana.
Komanso nthawi zina pali mtundu wa chiwembu ngati kukhalapo. schema existential ndi gulu la zinthu popanda maubale. Zithunzi zoterozo zimangosonyeza kuti mβnkhani inayake muli zinthu zinazake.
Chabwino, tsopano, mu dongosolo, za mtundu uliwonse wa chiwembu.
Mapangidwe a mapangidwe
Mtundu uwu wajambula umagwiritsidwa ntchito kuimira kapangidwe ka chinthu, dongosolo, kapangidwe, ndi zina. Chitsanzo chabwino ndi zida zamagalimoto. Mu mawonekedwe ake okulirapo, galimoto imakhala ndi thupi ndi kufalitsa. Nayenso, thupi limagawidwa mu chimango, zitseko ndi mbali zina. Kuwola uku kungapitirire patsogolo - zonse zimadalira mulingo wofunikira watsatanetsatane wantchitoyi. Chitsanzo cha ndondomeko yotereyi:
Maubwenzi ophatikizika amawonetsedwa ngati muvi wokhala ndi muvi kumapeto (mosiyana, mwachitsanzo, ubale wamagulu, pomwe mutuwo uli koyambirira kwa muvi, zambiri pansipa). Maubwenzi oterowo amatha kulembedwa ndi chizindikiro monga momwe zilili pachithunzichi (gawo).
Classification schemes
Mapulani a magulu amapangidwa kuti afotokoze tanthauzo la mitundu, mitundu yawo, ndi zochitika zamitundu. Mwachitsanzo, magalimoto amatha kukhala magalimoto kapena magalimoto. Ndiye kuti, mawonekedwe a "Galimoto" ali ndi zowonera ziwiri. Vaz-2110 ndi chitsanzo chapadera cha subtype "Galimoto Yokwera", ndi GAZ-3307 ndi chitsanzo cha "Truck" subtype:
Maubwenzi mumagulu amagulu (a subspecies kapena zochitika zinazake) ali ndi mawonekedwe a muvi wokhala ndi nsonga kumayambiriro ndipo, monga momwe zimakhalira ndi machitidwe opangira, akhoza kukhala ndi chizindikiro chokhala ndi dzina la chiyanjano.
Kusintha masinthidwe
Mapulani amtunduwu ndi ofunikira kuwonetsa njira zosinthira zinthu kuchokera kudera lina kupita ku lina motengera njira inayake. Mwachitsanzo, pambuyo pojambula utoto wofiira, galimoto yakuda imakhala yofiira:
Ubale wa kusintha umasonyezedwa ndi muvi wokhala ndi mutu kumapeto ndi bwalo pakati. Monga mukuwonera pachithunzichi, njira zimatanthawuza maubwenzi, osati zinthu.
Kuphatikiza pa kusintha wamba komwe kukuwonetsedwa pachithunzichi, pali kusintha kokhwima. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazochitika zomwe kusintha pazochitika zina sizikuwonekera, koma ndikofunikira kuti titsimikize. Mwachitsanzo, kuyika galasi lakumbuyo pagalimoto si ntchito yofunika ngati tilingalira njira yolumikizira magalimoto padziko lonse lapansi. Komabe, nthawi zina ndikofunikira kulekanitsa ntchitoyi:
Kusintha kokhwima kumazindikiridwa mofanana ndi kusintha kwanthawi zonse, kupatulapo pawiri ferrule kumapeto.
Kusintha kokhazikika komanso kokhazikika kumathanso kuzindikirika ngati nthawi yomweyo. Kuti tichite izi, makona atatu amawonjezedwa ku bwalo lapakati. Kusintha pompopompo kumagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati nthawi yosinthira ndi yayifupi kwambiri kotero kuti imakhala yopanda tanthauzo mkati mwa gawo lomwe likuganiziridwa (zosachepera nthawi yofunikira).
Mwachitsanzo, ngati galimoto yawonongeka ngakhale pang'ono, ikhoza kuonedwa kuti yawonongeka ndipo mtengo wake umatsika kwambiri. Komabe, zowonongeka zambiri zimachitika nthawi yomweyo, mosiyana ndi ukalamba ndi kuvala:
Chitsanzo chikuwonetsa kusintha kokhazikika, koma mutha kugwiritsanso ntchito kusintha kwanthawi zonse ngati kusintha kwakanthawi.
Zojambula zogwira ntchito
Zithunzi zoterezi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kusonyeza mapangidwe a mgwirizano pakati pa zinthu. Mwachitsanzo, wokonza magalimoto amayendetsa galimoto, ndipo woyang'anira ntchito zamagalimoto amavomereza zopempha zokonzedwa ndikuzitumiza kwa wokonza magalimoto:
Maubwenzi ogwira ntchito amawonetsedwa ngati mzere wowongoka wopanda nsonga, koma nthawi zina ndi chizindikiro, chomwe ndi dzina la ubale.
Mapulani ophatikizana
Mapulani ophatikizika ndi ophatikizana omwe adakambidwa kale. Zambiri mwazinthu zomwe zili mu njira ya IDEF5 zimaphatikizidwa, chifukwa ma ontologia omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mtundu umodzi wokha ndi osowa.
Mapangidwe onse nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito opangira zomveka. Pogwiritsa ntchito, ndizotheka kukhazikitsa maubwenzi pakati pa zinthu zitatu, zinayi kapena kuposerapo. Wogwiritsa ntchito mwanzeru amatha kufotokoza za gulu lomwe likuchitika kapena lomwe likuchita nawo ubale wina. Mwachitsanzo, mutha kuphatikiza zitsanzo zam'mbuyomu kukhala chimodzi motere:
Pazochitika zinazake, ndondomeko yophatikizika imagwiritsa ntchito ndondomeko yopangira (galasi + galimoto yopanda galasi = galimoto yokhala ndi galasi) ndi ndondomeko yosinthira (galimoto yokhala ndi galasi imakhala galimoto yofiira mothandizidwa ndi utoto wofiira). Komanso, galimoto yokhala ndi kalirole sinafotokozedwe momveka bwino - m'malo mwake, wogwiritsa ntchito momveka NDI akuwonetsedwa.
Pomaliza
M'nkhaniyi, ndayesera kufotokoza zinthu zazikulu ndi maubwenzi mu njira ya IDEF5. Ndinagwiritsa ntchito dera lamagalimoto monga chitsanzo chifukwa zidakhala zosavuta kupanga zithunzi pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo chawo. Komabe, ma IDEF5 schemas atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'gawo lina lililonse lachidziwitso.
Ontology ndi kusanthula kwa chidziwitso cha domain ndi mutu wochulukirapo komanso wotengera nthawi. Komabe, mkati mwa IDEF5, zonse zimakhala zovuta kwambiri; osachepera, zoyambira za mutuwu zimaphunziridwa mophweka. Cholinga cha nkhani yanga ndikukopa omvera atsopano ku vuto la kusanthula chidziwitso, ngakhale kudzera mu chida choyambirira cha IDEF5 ngati chilankhulo chojambula.
Vuto la chilankhulo chojambula ndikuti ndi chithandizo chake sikutheka kupanga maubale ena (axioms) a ontology. Pali chilankhulo cha IDEF5 cha izi. Komabe, poyambira, chilankhulo chojambula chingakhale chothandiza kwambiri popanga zofunikira zoyambira za ontology ndikutanthauzira vector kuti apange ontology yatsatanetsatane muchilankhulo cha IDEF5 kapena chida china chilichonse.
Ndikuyembekeza kuti nkhaniyi idzakhala yothandiza kwa oyamba kumene m'munda uno, mwinamwake ngakhale kwa iwo omwe akhala akulimbana ndi nkhani ya ontological kusanthula kwa nthawi yaitali. Zonse zazikuluzikulu zomwe zili m'nkhaniyi zidamasuliridwa ndikumasuliridwa kuchokera muyeso wa IDEF5, womwe ndidatchulapo kale (). Ndinalimbikitsidwanso ndi buku labwino kwambiri kuchokera kwa olemba ochokera ku NOU INTUIT ().
Source: www.habr.com