Nayi kuwunika kokondera, kopanda pake komanso kosagwirizana ndi machitidwe a Ubuntu Linux 20.04 ndi mitundu yake isanu yovomerezeka. Ngati muli ndi chidwi ndi mitundu ya kernel, glibc, snapd ndi kupezeka kwa gawo loyesera wayland, awa simalo anu. Ngati ino ndi nthawi yanu yoyamba kumva za Linux ndipo mukufuna kumvetsetsa momwe munthu yemwe wakhala akugwiritsa ntchito Ubuntu kwa zaka zisanu ndi zitatu amaganizira za izi, ndiye kuti awa ndi malo anu. Ngati mukungofuna kuwonera china chake chomwe sichili chovuta kwambiri, chododometsa pang'ono komanso chokhala ndi zithunzi, ndiye kuti nanunso muli malo awa. Ngati zikuwoneka kwa inu kuti pali zolakwika zambiri, zosiyidwa ndi kupotoza pansi pa kudula ndipo pali kusowa kwathunthu kwa malingaliro - mwinamwake izi ziri choncho, koma izi ndizopanda ukadaulo komanso kukondera.
Choyamba, mawu oyamba achidule a mutuwo. Makina ogwiritsira ntchito omwe alipo: , ndi Linux. Aliyense wamva za Windows, ndipo aliyense wagwiritsa ntchito. Pafupifupi aliyense adamvapo za Makosi, koma si onse omwe adazigwiritsa ntchito. Sikuti aliyense wamvapo za Linux, ndipo okhawo olimba mtima ndi olimba mtima adagwiritsa ntchito.
Pali ma Linux ambiri. Windows ndi imodzi, MacOS ndi imodzi. Zachidziwikire, ali ndi mitundu: XNUMX, eyiti, khumi kapena High Sierra, Mojave, Catalina. Koma kwenikweni, iyi ndi dongosolo limodzi, lomwe limapangidwa nthawi zonse ndi kampani imodzi. Pali mazana a Linux, ndipo amapangidwa ndi anthu ndi makampani osiyanasiyana.
Chifukwa chiyani pali ma Linux ambiri? Linux palokha si makina ogwiritsira ntchito, koma kernel, ndiko kuti, gawo lofunika kwambiri. Popanda kernel, palibe chomwe chimagwira ntchito, koma kernel palokha ndiyothandiza pang'ono kwa ogwiritsa ntchito wamba. Muyenera kuwonjezera gulu la zigawo zina ku kernel, ndipo kuti zonsezi zikhale ndi mawindo okongola, zithunzi ndi zithunzi pa desktop, muyeneranso kukoka zomwe zimatchedwa. chipolopolo chojambula. Pakatikati amapangidwa ndi anthu ena, zida zowonjezera ndi anthu ena, ndi chipolopolo chojambula ndi ena. Pali zigawo zambiri ndi zipolopolo, ndipo zimatha kusakanikirana m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Chotsatira chake, anthu achinayi akuwonekera omwe amaika zonse pamodzi ndikukonzekera machitidwe opangira okha mwa mawonekedwe ake. Mwanjira ina - zida zogawa Linux. Munthu m'modzi akhoza kupanga zida zogawira, kotero pali zida zambiri zogawira. Mwa njira, "Makina ogwiritsira ntchito aku Russia" ndi magawo a Linux, ndipo kuchokera ku Russian pali zithunzi zotopetsa zapakompyuta, mapulogalamu apadera, kuphatikiza zida zotsimikizika zogwirira ntchito ndi zinsinsi za boma ndi zinsinsi zina.
Popeza pali magawo ambiri, ndizovuta kusankha, ndipo izi zimakhala mutu wina kwa aliyense amene adaganiza zoika pachiwopsezo ndikuyesa kusiya Windows (kapena MacOS). Kuphatikiza apo, kumavuto ambiri monga: "o, Linux ndizovuta," "ndi za opanga mapulogalamu," "Sindingapambane," "Ndikuwopa mzere wolamula." Kuphatikiza apo, monga mwachizolowezi, opanga ndi ogwiritsa ntchito magawo osiyanasiyana amangokhalira kukangana za Linux yomwe ili yozizira.
Kugawa kwa Linux kukulimbana ndi gulu logwirizana motsutsana ndi hegemony ya Microsoft. Wolemba chithunzi choyambirira ndi S. Yolkin, ndipo zinthu zomwe zikusowa zinamalizidwa ndi wolemba nkhaniyo
Ndinaganiza zosintha makina opangira pa kompyuta yanga ndikuyamba kusankha. Nthawi ina ndinkasangalala chonchi - ndidatsitsa magawo a Linux ndikuyesa. Koma zimenezo zinali kale kwambiri. Linux yasintha kuyambira pamenepo, kotero sizingawapweteke kuyesanso.
Mwa mazana angapo, ndinatenga zisanu ndi chimodzi. Zonse ndi zosiyanasiyana . Ubuntu ndi imodzi mwamagawidwe otchuka kwambiri. Kutengera Ubuntu, adapanga gulu la magawo ena (inde, inde, akuchulukiranso motere: kuchokera ku Linux wina amasonkhanitsidwa, pamaziko ake - chachitatu, kenako chachinayi, ndi zina zotero mpaka palibe chatsopano. Zithunzi za desktop). Ndidagwiritsa ntchito imodzi mwamagawidwe awa (mwa njira, Russian - wotchedwa), kotero ndinayamba kuyesa Ubuntu ndi mitundu yake yovomerezeka. Zisanu ndi ziwiri. Mwa zisanu ndi ziwirizi, simuyenera kuwonera ziwiri, chifukwa chimodzi mwa izo , ndi zina za . Tiyeni tiwone zisanu zotsalazo kuphatikiza zoyambirira. Zachidziwikire, ndizokhazikika komanso zokhala ndi ndemanga zambiri.
Ubuntu
Ubuntu ndiye choyambirira. Mu slang - "vanilla Ubuntu", kuchokera vanila - muyezo, wopanda mawonekedwe apadera. Zogawa zisanu zotsalazo zimakhazikitsidwa pa izo ndipo zimasiyana mu chipolopolo chojambula: desktop, windows, panel ndi mabatani. Ubuntu womwewo umawoneka ngati MacOS, gulu lokhalo siliri pansi, koma kumanzere (koma mutha kuyisuntha pansi). Kuti zonse ziri mu Chingerezi - ndinali waulesi kwambiri kuti ndisinthe; Ndipotu, palinso Chirasha kumeneko.
Ubuntu atangoyamba kumene
Mphaka wowombera ndi maso ake kwenikweni . Zofanana ndi amphaka, koma kwenikweni ndi za banja losiyana. Amakhala ku Madagascar. Mtundu uliwonse wa Ubuntu uli ndi dzina lake: nyama ndi mtundu wina wa adjective. Mtundu wa 20.04 umatchedwa Focal Fossa. Kuyikirako ndikokhazikika m'lingaliro la "pakati", ndipo Fossa amakumbutsanso - Pulogalamu yaulere komanso yotseguka, pulogalamu yaulere yotseguka. Kotero mu chithunzichi Fossa ikuyang'ana pa chinachake.
Poyang'ana koyamba mawonekedwe ake ndi abwino, koma amawonongeka mukayamba kugwira ntchito. Ngati simukuwona gulu lomwe lili ndi mazenera otseguka, monga mu Windows, ndiye kuti zonse zili zolondola: palibe gulu lotere. Ndipo pali zithunzi zogwiritsa ntchito zomwe zikuwonetsedwa, ndi chinthu china - Zochita, zomwe ndizofanana ndi mndandanda wa mapulogalamu otseguka pa Android.
Timaphunzira kusinthana pakati windows mu Ubuntu: kokerani mbewa kupita ku Zochita, dinani, lozani pazenera, dinaninso. Mukuona kuphweka kwake?
Zikuwoneka zochititsa chidwi, makamaka ndi zojambula zokongola zosalala, koma ponena za zosavuta sizili bwino kwambiri. Zingakhale zabwino ngati zonse zomwe ndikanatha kuchita ndikumvetsera nyimbo ndikuwonera mafilimu popanda kusiya osatsegula - koma ndikufunika kusintha nthawi zonse pakati pa mapulogalamu, ndipo mawindo a 10 amatsegulidwa nthawi yomweyo si zachilendo. Tsopano ganizirani: nthawi iliyonse yomwe mukufuna kukokera mbewa kwinakwake, dinani chinachake, kukoka kwinakwake (ndikuyang'ana pawindo lomwe mukufuna osati ndi mutu, koma ndi chithunzi chaching'ono), dinani kachiwiri ... Kawirikawiri, patatha ola limodzi. nthawi yomweyo mudzafuna kutaya dongosolo ili ndipo osabwereranso kwa ilo. Mutha kugwiritsa ntchito ma Alt-Tabs kuti musinthe windows, koma izi ndichinyengo.
Mwa njira, zikuwoneka ngati Android pazifukwa. Mu 2011, anthu ena anzeru amene anachita , anaona iPad ndipo ndinaganiza kuti: βIli ndiye tsogolo. Tiyeni tipange mawonekedwe kuti akhale ngati a Apple komanso kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito pa piritsi. Ndiye mapiritsi onse adzakhala ndi zithunzi chipolopolo wathu, tili mu chokoleti, ndi " Zotsatira zake, mapiritsi a Android ali ndi I-Axis, ndipo ngakhale Microsoft idachoka pamenepo. Windows ndi yamoyo, koma mawonekedwe abwino a Ubuntu ndi opotoka. Ndipo, zowona, okonda kwambiri okha omwe amagwiritsa ntchito Ubuntu pamapiritsi (ndinena nthawi yomweyo - sindinayese nkomwe). Mwinamwake tifunika kubwezeretsa chirichonse, koma pazaka khumi khama lalikulu ndi ndalama zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito mu mawonekedwe awa kuti apitirize kupangidwa. Chabwino, ndinganene chiyani ... Ngakhale akadali wokongola. Pazosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito, zikuwoneka ngati mutha kukhazikitsa zowonjezera zomwe zingabwezeretse gulu labwinobwino ndi windows. Koma sindikufuna kuyesa nawo.
Komanso ndidapitanso kukawona kugwiritsa ntchito zida - Ubunta amadya gigabyte ya RAM atangoyamba kuyambiranso. Zili ngati Windows. Ayi zikomo. Zina zonse zikuwoneka ngati dongosolo labwinobwino.
Kubunta
Ngati Ubuntu akuwoneka ngati MacOS, ndiye - ku Windu. Dziwoneni nokha.
Kubunta atangotsitsa. Dzina la code ndi Focal Fossa, koma chithunzicho ndi chosiyana
Apa, mwamwayi, palibe zoyesera kupanga dongosolo la piritsi, koma pali kuyesa kupanga malo ogwirira ntchito amtundu wapakompyuta. Malo apakompyuta amatchedwa KDE - osafunsa chomwe chimayimira. M'mawu amodzi - "zovala nsapato". Chifukwa chake "K" m'dzina la opareshoni. Nthawi zambiri amakonda chilembo "K": ngati chikugwira ntchito, amawonjezera dzina la pulogalamuyo kumayambiriro; ngati sichigwira ntchito, zilibe kanthu, amawonjezera kumapeto kwa dzina. Pang'ono ndi pang'ono adzajambula pa baji.
Kodi zikukumbutsani za Windu?
Mtundu wamtundu ndi wofanana ndi "khumi", ndipo ngakhale "ding" pamene chidziwitso chikuwoneka chimodzimodzi ... Moona mtima, osati Kubunta, koma mtundu wina wa Windubunta. Kuyesera "kutchetcha" pansi pa Windows kumapita kutali kotero kuti mutha kusintha mabatani monga mu Windows - komabe, pazifukwa zina, monga Windows 95 (onani chithunzi chazithunzi pansi kumanzere). Zoonadi, dongosololi likhoza "kusinthidwa", chifukwa chirichonse mu Linux ndi chosinthika, ndiyeno sichidzawoneka ngati Windows, koma muyenera kuyang'anabe zoikamo. Inde, ngati mutatsegula mawindo ndi mabatani kuchokera ku 95, ndiye kuti dongosololi lidzawonongabe zinthu monga 2020. Zoona, ndizochepa kwambiri pankhaniyi: kukumbukira 400 MB pambuyo potsegula si kanthu. Sindimayembekezera nkomwe. Panali mphekesera zosalekeza kuti "sneakers" anali ochedwa komanso anjala yamphamvu. Koma sizikuwoneka. Apo ayi, ndi Ubunta yemweyo, chifukwa mwaukadaulo ndi dongosolo lomwelo. Mwina mapulogalamu ena ndi osiyana, koma Firefox ndi Libra Office aliponso.
Ubunta Mate
ndikuyesa kukonzanso Ubuntu monga zinalili 2011 isanachitike. Ndiko kuti, mpaka choyambirira adaganiza zopanga dongosolo la mapiritsi ndikuchita zomwe ndawonetsa pamwambapa. Kenako anthu ena anzeru omwe sanafune kusiya adatenga kachidindo kakale kachigoba kazithunzi ndikuyamba kuwongolera ndikuchithandizira. Ndimakumbukira bwino kuti ndidayang'ana ntchito yawo ngati kuyesa kupanga Zombies ndikuganiza: "Chabwino, pulojekitiyi mwachiwonekere siyingatheke, idzazungulira kwa zaka zingapo ndikutseka." Koma apa - yakhala yamoyo ndipo ili bwino kwa zaka pafupifupi khumi, imaphatikizidwanso m'mitundu yovomerezeka ya Ubuntu. Zimachitika. Komabe, kulakalaka za classics sikungatheke.
Inde, pali mitundu iwiri! Ngati chilichonse, mapanelo ndi mikwingwirima iwiriyi pamwamba ndi pansi
Mate ndi MATE, dzina la chipolopolo chobiriwirachi. Mate ndi , chomera chotere cha ku South America, ndicho chifukwa chake ndi chobiriwira. Ndipo mwamuna ndi mnzako, choncho amalozera βubwenziβ. Mwamuna samawoneka ngati kalikonse - ngakhale Windu kapena MaKos. Zikuwoneka ngati zokha, kapena m'malo mwake, ngati lingaliro loyambirira kuchokera ku Linux ya 90s ndi XNUMXs: kuti musapange gulu limodzi lokhala ndi mazenera ndi zithunzi, koma ziwiri: imodzi yokhala ndi windows, inayo ndi zithunzi. Chabwino, izo zinatheka. Mwa njira, mutha kuwona makona anayi ena pakona yakumanja yakumanja - ichi ndi chosinthira pakompyuta. Mu Windows, chinthu choterocho posachedwapa chinawonekera, mu Linux chakhalapo kuyambira kalekale. Monga, mutha kutsegula china chake pabizinesi pakompyuta imodzi, kenako sinthani ku desktop ina ndikukhala pa VKontakte pamenepo. Zowona, sindinagwiritsepo ntchito pakompyuta imodzi.
Ngati mutsegula mawindo ambiri, zidzawoneka chonchi
Kupanda kutero, ndi Ubuntu womwewo, komanso pakugwiritsa ntchito zida ndi liwiro - monga choyambirira. Imadyanso mosavuta gigabyte ya kukumbukira pambuyo potsitsa. Sindikuganiza kuti ndikupepesa, komabe ndikukhumudwitsa mwanjira ina.
Ubunta-Baji
anachita zosatheka: kukhala ofanana kwambiri ndi MaKos kuposa Ubuntu. Badji ndi dzina , kuti mwina mwake. Ngakhale mwina munangoganiza nokha.
MacOS Ubuntu-Badji yaulere mutangotsitsa
Ndikufotokoza momwe chozizwitsa ichi chinawonekera. Pamene mu 2011 anthu ena anzeru adaganiza zopanga Ubuntu pa piritsi ... inde, inde, ndipamene zonse zinayambanso :) Kotero, pamene ena omwe sanagwirizane nawo adayesa kupanga Zombies (monga momwe zinakhalira, bwino kwambiri), ena adasankha. kupanga m'malo mwa Zombies Mwachikhazikitso Munthu Watsopano adzakhala ndi chipolopolo chatsopano chojambula, chomwe mwachidziwitso chosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito chidzakhala chofanana ndi chakale komanso popanda kupangidwira mapiritsi, koma zonse zidzakhala zabwino, zapamwamba, komanso zamakono. patsogolo. Tinachita ndipo tinapeza zofanana ndi MaKos. Nthawi yomweyo, omwe adapanga Ubuntu woyambirira adachitanso ndipo adapeza zofanana ndi MaKOS. Koma Badji, m'malingaliro anga, ndi ofanana pang'ono: pambuyo pake, gulu lomwe lili ndi zithunzi lili pansipa, osati kumbali. Izi, komabe, sizipangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta: momwemonso, sindikumvetsetsa momwe ndingasinthire pakati pa windows, sindinamvetsetse komwe ndingadina.
Mwinamwake mukuwona kachinthu kakang'ono, kakang'ono pansi pa chithunzi choyenera? Izi zikutanthauza kuti pulogalamuyo ikuyenda
Nthawi zambiri, pankhani ya kusavuta komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu, zimasiyana pang'ono ndi zoyambirira - gigabyte yomweyo, monga mukuwonera, komanso mavuto omwewo ndi "kudzipereka nsembe chifukwa cha kukongola." Komanso, dongosololi liyenera kukhala ndi vuto linanso: Baji akadali chinthu chodziwika kwambiri kuposa Ubuntu, kotero mwayi woti ukhoza kusinthidwa mosavuta ndi zomwe mumakonda ndikuwongolera ngati china chake sichikuyenda bwino.
Lubunta
- Uwu ndi Ubuntu wamakompyuta osauka omwe ali ndi mphamvu zochepa. "L" amatanthauza Zochepa, ndiye kuti, wopepuka. Chabwino, sindingatchule 400 MB ya RAM nditatsegula kwathunthu "chopepuka," koma chabwino, tiyeni titenge mawu athu.
Atakwezedwa, adatenga selfie ...
Komanso ofanana ndi Windu ndi sneakers, motero. Sizodabwitsa kuti sneakers amachokera ku luso lomwelo (sindidzapita mwatsatanetsatane, koma mukhoza google "Qt"). Zowona, kuti tipange china chake mwachangu komanso chosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo womwewo (ngakhale sunagwire ntchito ndi "zochepa kwambiri", kutengera kukumbukira kukumbukira), tidayenera kusintha mapulogalamu ndi zida zina ndi ma analogues awo. , zomwe zimawoneka zophweka ndipo motero mofulumira zikugwira ntchito. Kumbali ina, zidawoneka bwino, koma ponena za zowonera, sizinali zabwino kwambiri.
Mawindo akale a sukulu mu mawonekedwe a Windows 95. M'malo mwake, mutha kupanga zokongola kwambiri, koma pamafunika kungoyang'ana pang'ono
Zubunta
- Iyi ndi mtundu wina "wopepuka" wa Ubuntu, koma wokhala ndi chipolopolo china. Chigoba chazithunzi chimatchedwa Xfce (ex-f-si-i!), Ndipo nthawi zina amalemba kuti ili ndi limodzi mwa mayina oyipa kwambiri mu Linux. Mu slang - "khoswe", chifukwa ndicho chizindikiro chake.
Pakona yakumanzere yakumanzere mutha kuwona chithunzi chokhala ndi nkhope ya makoswe - ichi ndiye chizindikiro cha chipolopolo chojambula. Inde, ndipo ndi nyenyezi kumanja, zikuwoneka ngati zinajambulanso nkhope
Kutengera mawonekedwe, ndichinthu pakati pa Windows, MacOS ndi mtundu woyambirira. Ndipotu, socket ikhoza kutumizidwa mosavuta, ndiyeno idzakhala ngati Windows. Pankhani yakuchita bwino pazachuma, zili ngati Lubunta. Ponseponse, iyi ndi dongosolo labwino, lopangidwa mwanjira yachikale - osati yapamwamba kwambiri, koma yoyenera ntchito.
anapezazo
Palibe zomaliza. Kukoma koyera. Kuphatikiza apo palinso ma nuances ambiri omwe ali aukadaulo kwambiri ndipo amadalira omwe adzagwiritse ntchito mapulogalamu ndi kuchuluka kwa momwe akuyabwa kukumba pansi pa hood ya dongosolo, ndiye kuti, pazokonda. Mavoti anga aumwini mwina ndi awa.
- Kubunta
- Zubunta
- Ubuntu
- Ubunta Mate
- Ubunta-Baji
- Lubunta
Ngati mukuyesera mopweteka kulumikiza mlingo wotere ndi zomwe zili m'nkhaniyi ndikumvetsetsa chifukwa chake zili choncho, musayese. Ngati simukuwona zomveka, inde, zonse ndi zolondola, mwina palibe. Monga ndikunena, ndi nkhani ya kukoma. Kumbukirani chithunzi cha Vendecapian kuyambira pachiyambi cha nkhaniyi.
Ndipo musaiwale kuti pali mazana a magawo a Linux. Chifukwa chake mwina mawu omaliza "si Ubuntu konse, kokha ".
Source: www.habr.com