Mukamayenda paulendo wamalonda kapena patchuthi, kodi munayamba mwadzifunsapo kuti ndi zotetezeka bwanji m'dziko lamakono la ziwopsezo za digito? Ndege zina zamakono zimatchedwa makompyuta okhala ndi mapiko, mlingo wa kulowa kwa teknoloji ya makompyuta ndi wapamwamba kwambiri. Kodi amadziteteza bwanji ku ma hacks? Kodi oyendetsa ndege angachite chiyani pamenepa? Ndi machitidwe ena ati omwe angakhale pachiwopsezo? Woyendetsa ndege, woyendetsa ndege wa Boeing 737 wokhala ndi maola opitilira 10, adalankhula za izi panjira yake ya MenTour Pilot.
Chifukwa chake, kuwononga machitidwe a ndege. Mβzaka zaposachedwapa, vuto limeneli lakhala lofulumira kwambiri. Ndege zikamachulukirachulukira pamakompyuta komanso kuchuluka kwa data pakati pawo ndi ntchito zapansi kumachulukirachulukira, mwayi wa owukira omwe amayesa kuwukira mosiyanasiyana ukuwonjezeka. Opanga ndege akhala akudziwa za izi kwa zaka zambiri, koma m'mbuyomu chidziwitsochi sichinaperekedwe makamaka kwa ife, oyendetsa ndege. Komabe, zikuwoneka kuti nkhanizi zinali kuthetsedwabe pamlingo wamakampani.
Wamva chani pamenepo?..
Kubwerera ku 2015, dipatimenti yachitetezo yaku US ku United States idasindikiza lipoti loti adatha kusokoneza makina awo a Boeing 757 pomwe anali pansi. Kuberako kumaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito zida zomwe zimapezeka kwambiri zomwe zitha kuyendetsedwa kale ndi chitetezo. Kulowako kudatheka kudzera munjira yolumikizirana ndi wailesi. Mwachilengedwe, sananene kuti ndi machitidwe ati omwe adatha kuthyolako. Mβmalo mwake, sananene kalikonse, kupatulapo kuti anatha kupeza njira yopita ku ndegeyo.
Komanso mu 2017, panali uthenga wochokera kwa wobera wodziyimira pawokha Ruben Santamarta. Iye ananena kuti pomanga kanjira kakangβono ka transceiver ndi kuika mlongoti pabwalo pake, anatha kuloΕ΅a mβzosangalatsa za ndege zowuluka pamwamba pake.
Zonsezi zikutifikitsa ku mfundo yakuti pali ngozi ina. Nanga akuba angapeze chiyani ndipo sangafikire chiyani? Kuti timvetse izi, choyamba tiyeni timvetsetse mmene makompyuta a ndege amagwirira ntchito. Chinthu choyamba choyenera kukumbukira ndi chakuti ndege zamakono kwambiri ndizonso makompyuta. Makompyuta apabwalo amachita pafupifupi ntchito zonse, kuyambira paziwongolero (zowongolera, ma slats, zotchingira ...) mpaka kutumiza zidziwitso zaulendo.
Koma ziyenera kumveka kuti opanga ndege amadziwa bwino za mapangidwe a ndege zamakono, choncho apanga cybersecurity mu mapangidwe awo. Choncho, machitidwe omwe mumapeza kuchokera kumbuyo kwa mpando kutsogolo ndi machitidwe omwe amayendetsa ndege ndi osiyana. Iwo ali olekanitsidwa mwakuthupi, olekanitsidwa mwadongosolo, amagwiritsa ntchito machitidwe osiyanasiyana, zilankhulo zosiyanasiyana zamapulogalamu - kawirikawiri, kwenikweni. Izi zimachitidwa kuti asasiye mwayi uliwonse wopeza njira zowongolera kudzera muzosangalatsa zapa board. Choncho izi sizingakhale zovuta pa ndege zamakono. Boeing, Airbus, Embraer akudziwa bwino za chiwopsezochi ndipo akugwira ntchito mosalekeza kuti akhale patsogolo pa obera.
Zolemba za omasulira: panali malipoti oti opanga Boeing 787 amafunabe kuphatikiza machitidwewa ndikupanga kupatukana kwenikweni kwa maukonde. Izi zitha kupulumutsa kulemera (ma seva omwe ali pa bolodi) ndikuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa zingwe. Komabe, olamulira anakana kuvomereza lingaliro limeneli ndipo anakakamiza βmwamboβ wa kulekana kwakuthupi kuti usungidwe.
Chithunzi chonse chikuwoneka choyipa pang'ono ngati titenga mitundu yonse ya ndege. Moyo wautumiki wa ndegeyo umafika zaka 20-30. Ndipo ngati tiyang'ana mmbuyo pa zamakono zamakono zaka 20-30 zapitazo, zidzakhala zosiyana kwambiri. Zili ngati kuwona ma dinosaurs akuyenda mozungulira. Kotero pa ndege monga 737 yomwe ndimawulukira, kapena Airbus 320, ndithudi padzakhala makina apakompyuta omwe sanapangidwe bwino kuti athe kupirira ma hackers ndi ma cyber-attack. Koma pali mbali yowala - iwo sanali ngati makompyuta ndi ophatikizidwa monga makina amakono. Chifukwa chake machitidwe omwe tawayika pa 737 (sindingathe kuyankhula za Airbus, chifukwa sindimawadziwa) amapangidwa makamaka kuti atumize deta yoyendera kwa ife. Tilibe . Pa 737s yathu helm idakali yolumikizidwa ndi malo owongolera. Chifukwa chake inde, zitha kukhala zotheka kuti oukira asokoneze kusinthidwa kwa data mumayendedwe athu oyenda, mwachitsanzo, koma titha kuzindikira izi mwachangu kwambiri.
Timawongolera ndege osati potengera GPS yomwe ili pa bolodi, timagwiritsanso ntchito njira zanthawi zonse zoyendetsera ndege, timafanizira nthawi zonse zomwe zimachokera kumadera osiyanasiyana. Kuphatikiza pa GPS, awa ndi ma beacons oyambira pansi komanso mtunda wopita kwawo. Tili ndi dongosolo lomwe limatchedwa IRS. Kwenikweni, awa ndi ma laser gyroscopes omwe amalandira deta mu nthawi yeniyeni ndikuyiyerekeza ndi GPS. Kotero ngati mwadzidzidzi chinachake sichikuyenda bwino ndi imodzi mwa machitidwe omwe alipo kuti awononge, tidzawona mofulumira kwambiri ndikusintha kwa wina.
Machitidwe apakati
Kodi ndi zolinga zina ziti zomwe mungaganizire? Choyambirira komanso chodziwikiratu ndi njira yosangalatsa yapaulendo. M'ma ndege ena, mumagula mwayi wopeza Wi-Fi, kuyitanitsa chakudya, ndi zina. Komanso, Wi-Fi yokha yomwe ili m'bwalo imatha kukhala chandamale cha omwe akuwukira; pankhaniyi, itha kufananizidwa ndi malo aliwonse apagulu. Mwinamwake mukudziwa kuti ngati mumagwiritsa ntchito maukonde a anthu popanda VPN, n'zotheka kupeza deta yanu - deta yanu, zithunzi, mawu achinsinsi osungidwa a Wi-Fi, komanso mapepala achinsinsi, deta ya banki, ndi zina zotero. Sizidzakhala zovuta kuti odziwa hacker kuti adziwe izi.
Zosangalatsa zomwe zimamangidwanso ndizosiyana pankhaniyi, chifukwa ... ndi gulu lodziyimira pawokha la zigawo za Hardware. Ndipo makompyuta awa, ndikufuna ndikukumbutseninso, samalumikizidwa kapena kulumikizana ndi machitidwe owongolera ndege. Komabe, izi sizikutanthauza kuti kubera pulogalamu ya zosangalatsa sikungabweretse mavuto aakulu. Mwachitsanzo, wowukira atha kutumiza zidziwitso kwa onse omwe ali m'nyumbamo, kudziwitsa, mwachitsanzo, kuti ndegeyo yalandidwa. Izi zipangitsa mantha. Kapena zidziwitso zamavuto a ndege, kapena zina zilizonse zabodza. Zidzakhaladi zododometsa ndi zowopsya, koma sizidzakhala zowopsa mwanjira iliyonse. Popeza kuthekera koteroko kulipo, opanga amachita zonse zomwe angathe pokhazikitsa ma firewall ndi ma protocol ofunikira kuti apewe zovuta zotere.
Chifukwa chake, mwina omwe ali pachiwopsezo kwambiri ndi makina osangalatsa a ndege ndi Wi-Fi. Komabe, Wi-Fi nthawi zambiri imaperekedwa ndi wogwiritsa ntchito kunja, osati ndi ndege yokha. Ndipo ndi iye amene amasamalira cybersecurity ya ntchito yomwe amapereka.
Chotsatira chomwe chimabwera m'maganizo mwanga ndi mapiritsi oyendetsa ndege. Nditangoyamba kuwuluka, mabuku athu onse anali mapepala. Mwachitsanzo, bukhu lothandizira lomwe lili ndi malamulo onse, njira zoyenera, buku loyendetsa maulendo ndi maulendo mumlengalenga ngati tingawaiwale, kuyendera ndi kuyandikira ma chart m'dera la ndege, mapu a ndege - chirichonse chinali mu mawonekedwe a pepala. Ndipo ngati china chake chasintha, muyenera kupeza tsamba loyenera, kuling'amba, ndikusintha ndikusintha, lembani kuti lasinthidwa. Kawirikawiri, ntchito zambiri. Kotero pamene tinayamba kupeza mapepala oyendetsa ndege, zinali zodabwitsa basi. Ndi kudina kamodzi, zonsezi zitha kutsitsidwa mwachangu, ndi zosintha zaposachedwa, nthawi iliyonse. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, zinali zotheka kulandira zolosera za nyengo, mapulani atsopano a ndege - chirichonse chikhoza kutumizidwa ku piritsi.
Koma. Nthawi iliyonse mukalumikiza penapake, pali kuthekera kwa kulowetsedwa kwa gulu lachitatu. Oyendetsa ndege akudziwa zomwe zikuchitika, monganso akuluakulu oyendetsa ndege. Nβchifukwa chake sitiloledwa kuchita chilichonse pakompyuta. Tiyenera kukhala ndi mapulani apandege (chofunikirachi chimasiyana ndi ndege, komabe), ndipo tiyenera kukhala ndi zosunga zobwezeretsera. Kuphatikiza apo, sitiloledwa kukhazikitsa china chilichonse kupatula zovomerezeka ndi zovomerezeka zandege pa piritsi yanu. Ndege zina zimagwiritsa ntchito ma iPad, ena amagwiritsa ntchito zida zodzipatulira (zonse zili ndi zabwino ndi zoyipa). Mulimonsemo, zonsezi zimayendetsedwa mosamalitsa, ndipo oyendetsa ndege sangathe mwanjira iliyonse kusokoneza magwiridwe antchito a mapiritsi. Ichi ndi choyamba. Chachiwiri, sitiloledwa kuwalumikiza ku chilichonse tili mumlengalenga. Ife (osachepera pa ndege yanga) sitingathe kulumikizana ndi Wi-Fi yapamtunda ikanyamuka. Sitingathe ngakhale kugwiritsa ntchito GPS yomangidwa ndi iPad. Tikangotseka zitseko, timasintha mapiritsi kuti tigwirizane ndi ndege, ndipo kuyambira nthawi imeneyo sikuyenera kukhala ndi zosankha zosokoneza ntchito yawo.
Ngati wina asokoneza kapena kusokoneza maukonde onse a ndege, tidzaziwona titalumikiza pansi. Ndiyeno tikhoza kupita ku chipinda cha ogwira ntchito pabwalo la ndege, kusindikiza zojambula zamapepala ndikuzidalira panthawi ya ndege. Ngati china chake chikachitika pa piritsi limodzi, tili ndi lachiwiri. Zikafika poipa kwambiri, ngati mapiritsi onsewa sagwira ntchito, tili ndi data yonse yofunikira pakuthawirako pamakompyuta apabwalo. Monga mukuonera, nkhaniyi imagwiritsa ntchito reinsurance katatu pothetsa vuto lomwelo.
Zotsatira zomwe zingatheke ndizoyang'anira ndi kuyang'anira pa bolodi. Mwachitsanzo, kayendedwe ka kayendedwe ka ndege ndi kayendedwe ka ndege zomwe tazitchula kale. Apanso, sindinganene chilichonse chokhudza opanga ena, kokha za 737, zomwe ndimawuluka ndekha. Ndipo iye, kuchokera pa kompyuta - ndi navigation Navigation yomwe ili, monga momwe dzinalo likusonyezera, zambiri zoyendayenda, zolemba zapadziko lapansi. Akhoza kusintha zina. Mwachitsanzo, pokonza mapulogalamu apakompyuta ndi injiniya, fayilo yosinthidwa kapena yowonongeka ikhoza kukwezedwa. Koma izi zibwera mwachangu, chifukwa ... ndege nthawi zonse imadzifufuza. Mwachitsanzo, ngati injini yalephera, timaiona. Pankhaniyi, ife, ndithudi, sitinyamuka ndikupempha mainjiniya kuti afufuze.
Ngati pali kulephera kulikonse, tidzalandira chizindikiro chochenjeza kuti deta kapena zizindikiro zina sizikugwirizana. Ndege nthawi zonse imadutsa magwero osiyanasiyana. Chifukwa chake ngati mutanyamuka zikuwoneka kuti nkhokweyo ndi yolakwika kapena yowonongeka, tidzadziwa nthawi yomweyo ndikusinthira kuzomwe zimatchedwa njira zoyendera.
Machitidwe apansi ndi ntchito
Chotsatira ndikuwongolera kayendedwe ka ndege ndi ma eyapoti. Ntchito zowongolera zimakhazikitsidwa pansi, ndipo kuwakhadzula kudzakhala kosavuta kuposa kuwononga ndege yomwe ikuyenda mlengalenga. Ngati owukira, mwachitsanzo, achepetsa mphamvu kapena kuzimitsa radar ya navigation tower, ndizotheka kusinthana ndi zomwe zimatchedwa mayendedwe oyenda komanso kupatukana kwa ndege. Iyi ndi njira yocheperako poyendetsa ndege kupita ku eyapoti, kotero m'madoko otanganidwa ngati London kapena Los Angeles zitha kukhala vuto lalikulu. Koma ogwira ntchito pansi adzatha kusonkhanitsa ndege kuti zikhale "zosungira" pamtunda wa 1000-foot. (pafupifupi mamita 300), ndipo mbali imodzi ikadutsa mfundo inayake, tsogolerani ina kuti ifike. Ndipo motere bwalo la ndege lidzadzazidwa ndi njira, osati mothandizidwa ndi radar.
Ngati mawayilesi agunda, pali njira yosunga zobwezeretsera. Komanso mafupipafupi apadera apadziko lonse lapansi, omwe amathanso kupezeka. Kapenanso ndegeyo ingasamutsidwe ku gulu lina loyang'anira kayendetsedwe ka ndege, lomwe lidzayang'anira njirayo. Pali redundancy mu dongosolo ndi mfundo zina ndi machitidwe omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati wina akuwukiridwa.
Zomwezo zikugwiranso ntchito ku eyapoti. Ngati bwalo la ndege liwukiridwa ndipo owukirawo aletsa, tinene, kayendedwe ka ndege kapena magetsi oyendetsa ndege kapena china chilichonse pabwalo la ndege, tidzazindikira nthawi yomweyo. Mwachitsanzo, ngati sitingathe kulankhulana nawo kapena kukonza zida zothandizira panyanja, tidzawona kuti pali vuto, ndipo chiwonetsero chathu chachikulu cha ndege chidzawonetsa mbendera zapadera zomwe zida zogwiritsira ntchito zida sizikugwira ntchito, kapena kayendedwe ka kayendedwe kake kakugwira ntchito. momwemo tidzangochotsa njirayo. Choncho mkhalidwe umenewu subweretsa ngozi. Zoonadi, ifenso tidzakwiya, monga inu, ngati tifika kumalo osiyana ndi kumene tinali kuwulukira. Pali kuperewera kokwanira komwe kumapangidwira mudongosolo; ndegeyo ili ndi nkhokwe zamafuta okwanira. Ndipo ngati gulu la owononga silinawononge dziko lonse kapena dera, zomwe ziri zovuta kwambiri kuchita, sipadzakhala ngozi kwa ndege.
Chinanso?
Izi mwina ndi zonse zomwe zimabwera m'maganizo mwanga zokhudzana ndi ziwonetsero zomwe zingatheke. Panali lipoti lochokera kwa katswiri wa pa intaneti wa FBI yemwe adanena kuti amatha kugwiritsa ntchito makompyuta oyendetsa ndege pogwiritsa ntchito zosangalatsa. Ananena kuti adatha "kuwuluka" ndegeyo pang'ono (mawu ake, osati anga), koma izi sizinatsimikizidwe ndipo palibe mlandu womwe unaperekedwa kwa munthuyo. Ngati akanachitadi izi (sindikumvetsa chifukwa chake wina angachite izi ali m'ndege imodzi), angaimbidwe mlandu woika miyoyo ya anthu pachiswe. Izi zimandipangitsa kukhulupirira kuti izi ndi zabodza komanso zabodza. Ndipo, monga ndanenera kale, malinga ndi opanga, palibe njira yakuthupi yolumikizira kuchokera pamasewera osangalatsa a pa bolodi kupita ku dongosolo lolamulira.
Ndipo monga ndidanenera pachiyambi, ngati ife, oyendetsa ndege, tawona kuti imodzi mwa machitidwe, mwachitsanzo, kuyenda, kumapereka deta yolakwika, tidzakhala tikusintha kugwiritsa ntchito magwero ena a deta - zizindikiro, laser gyroscopes, ndi zina zotero. Ngati malo owongolera sayankha, pali zosankha mu 737 yomweyo. Woyendetsa ndegeyo akhoza kuyimitsidwa mosavuta, momwemo makompyuta sayenera kukhudza khalidwe la ndege mwanjira iliyonse. Ndipo ngakhale ma hydraulics atalephera, ndege imatha kuyendetsedwa ngati Tsesna yayikulu mothandizidwa ndi zingwe zolumikizidwa ndi chiwongolero. Chifukwa chake nthawi zonse timakhala ndi zosankha zowongolera ndege ngati ndegeyo siyikuwonongeka mwadongosolo.
Pomaliza, kubera ndege kudzera pa GPS, mawayilesi, ndi zina. zotheka, koma zingafune kuchuluka kwa ntchito, kukonzekera kochuluka, kugwirizana, ndi zida zambiri. Ndipo musaiwale kuti, malingana ndi kutalika, ndegeyo imayenda mofulumira kuchokera ku 300 mpaka 850 km / h.
Kodi mumadziwa chiyani za ma vector omwe angawononge ndege? Osayiwala kupanga nawo ndemanga.
Zotsatsa zina π
Zikomo chifukwa chokhala nafe. Kodi mumakonda zolemba zathu? Mukufuna kuwona zambiri zosangalatsa? Tithandizeni potipatsa oda kapena kulimbikitsa anzathu, , ma analogi apadera a ma seva olowera, omwe adakupangirani inu: (ikupezeka ndi RAID1 ndi RAID10, mpaka 24 cores mpaka 40GB DDR4).
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Source: www.habr.com