Kwa woyang'anira dongosolo la novice: momwe mungapangire dongosolo kuchokera kuchisokonezo

Ndine woyang'anira dongosolo la FirstVDS, ndipo ili ndilolemba lachiyambi choyamba cha maphunziro anga afupiafupi othandiza anzako omwe akuyamba kumene. Akatswiri omwe angoyamba kumene kugwira nawo ntchito yoyang'anira machitidwe amakumana ndi zovuta zingapo. Kuti ndipereke mayankho, ndinayamba kulemba nkhani zotsatizanazi. Zinthu zina m'menemo ndizokhazikika pakuthandizira chithandizo chaukadaulo, koma nthawi zambiri, zitha kukhala zothandiza, ngati si aliyense, ndiye kwa ambiri. Chifukwa chake ndasintha mawu ankhani kuti ndigawane pano.

Zilibe kanthu kuti udindo wanu umatchedwa chiyani - chofunikira ndichakuti mukuchita nawo utsogoleri. Chifukwa chake, tiyeni tiyambe ndi zomwe woyang'anira dongosolo ayenera kuchita. Ntchito yake yayikulu ndikuyika zinthu mwadongosolo, kukonza dongosolo ndikukonzekera kuwonjezereka kwamtsogolo. Popanda woyang'anira dongosolo, seva imakhala yosokoneza. Zipika sizinalembedwe, kapena zinthu zolakwika zimalembedwamo, zothandizira sizigawidwa bwino, disk imadzazidwa ndi zinyalala zamitundu yonse ndipo dongosolo limayamba kufa pang'onopang'ono chifukwa cha chipwirikiti chochuluka. Modekha! Oyang'anira dongosolo mwa munthu wanu amayamba kuthetsa mavuto ndikuchotsa chisokonezo!

Mizati ya System Administration

Komabe, musanayambe kuthetsa mavuto, ndi bwino kuti mudziwe bwino mizati inayi yoyendetsera:

1. Zolemba
2. Templating
3. Kukhathamiritsa
4. Zochita zokha

Izi ndizoyambira. Ngati simupanga kachitidwe kanu pa mfundo izi, sizikhala zothandiza, zosapindulitsa ndipo sizingafanane kwenikweni ndi kayendetsedwe kake. Tiyeni tione chilichonse padera.

Zolemba

Zolemba sizikutanthauza kuwerenga zolembedwa (ngakhale simungathe kuchita popanda izo), komanso kuzisunga.

Momwe mungasungire zolemba:

• Kodi mwakumana ndi vuto latsopano lomwe simunalionepo? Lembani zizindikiro zazikulu, njira za matenda ndi mfundo za kuthetsa.
• Kodi mwapeza njira yatsopano yothanirana ndi vuto lomwe wamba? Lembani kuti musadzachitenso kuti muyambenso mwezi umodzi kuchokera pano.
• Kodi anakuthandizani kupeza funso lomwe simunalimvetse? Lembani mfundo zazikulu ndi malingaliro, jambulani nokha chithunzi.

Lingaliro lalikulu: simuyenera kukhulupirira kwathunthu kukumbukira kwanu mukamaphunzira komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zatsopano.

Ndi mtundu wanji womwe mungapange izi zili ndi inu: ikhoza kukhala dongosolo lomwe lili ndi zolemba, bulogu yanu, fayilo yamawu, cholembera chakuthupi. Chachikulu ndichakuti zolemba zanu zikukwaniritsa zofunikira izi:

1. Musakhale motalika kwambiri. Onetsani mfundo zazikulu, njira ndi zida. Ngati kumvetsetsa vuto kumafuna kudumphira pamakina otsika a kukumbukira ku Linux, musalembenso zomwe mwaphunzira - perekani ulalo kwa izo.
2. Zolembazo zikhale zomveka kwa inu. Ngati mzere race cond.lockup sikukulolani kuti mumvetsetse zomwe mwafotokoza ndi mzerewu - fotokozani. Zolemba zabwino sizitenga theka la ola kuti zimvetse.
3. Kusaka ndi chinthu chabwino kwambiri. Ngati mulemba zolemba za blog, onjezani ma tag; ngati m'kabuku kameneka, sungani zolemba zake zazing'ono ndi zofotokozera. Palibe zolembedwa ngati mutaya nthawi yochulukirapo kufunafuna yankho momwemo momwe mungawonongere funsolo kuyambira poyambira.

Umu ndi momwe zolembedwa zimawonekera: kuyambira zolemba zakale mu notepad (chithunzi pamwambapa), mpaka chidziwitso chokwanira cha ogwiritsa ntchito ambiri chokhala ndi ma tag, kusaka ndi zonse zomwe zingatheke (pansipa).

Sikuti simudzafunikanso kufunafuna mayankho omwewo kawiri, koma kulemba kudzakuthandizani kwambiri pophunzira mitu yatsopano (zolemba!), kumathandizira kangaude wanu (kutha kuzindikira vuto lovuta ndi kuyang'ana kokha), ndipo idzawonjezera dongosolo pazochita zanu. Ngati zolembedwazo zilipo kwa anzanu, zidzawalola kudziwa zomwe mudawunjika pamenepo pomwe mulibe.

Templating

Templating ndi kupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ma templates. Kuti muthane ndi zovuta zambiri, ndikofunikira kupanga template yeniyeni. Ndondomeko yokhazikika ya masitepe iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pozindikira zovuta zambiri. Mukakonza / kuyika / kukhathamiritsa china chake, magwiridwe antchito a chinthuchi akuyenera kuyang'aniridwa pogwiritsa ntchito mindandanda yokhazikika.

Templating ndiye njira yabwino kwambiri yosinthira mayendedwe anu. Pogwiritsa ntchito njira zomwezo kuti muthetse mavuto ambiri, mumapeza zinthu zambiri zabwino. Mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito mindandanda yazakudya kumakupatsani mwayi wozindikira ntchito zonse zomwe zili zofunika pa ntchito yanu ndikutaya kuzindikira kwa magwiridwe antchito osafunikira. Ndipo njira zokhazikika zidzachepetsa kuponyera kosafunikira ndikuchepetsa mwayi wolakwa.

Mfundo yoyamba ndi yakuti ndondomeko ndi mindandanda iyeneranso kulembedwa. Ngati mungodalira kukumbukira, mutha kuphonya cheke kapena ntchito yofunika kwambiri ndikuwononga chilichonse. Mfundo yachiwiri yofunika ndi yakuti machitidwe onse a ma template angathe ndipo ayenera kusinthidwa ngati pakufunika. Palibe ma tempuleti abwino komanso opezeka konsekonse. Ngati pali vuto, koma cheke cha template sichinaulule, izi sizikutanthauza kuti palibe vuto. Komabe, musanayambe kuyesa mavuto ena osayembekezereka, ndikofunikira kuti muyambe kuyesa template mwachangu.

Kukhathamiritsa

Kukhathamiritsa amalankhula zokha. Njira yogwirira ntchito iyenera kukonzedwa momwe mungathere malinga ndi nthawi komanso ndalama zogwirira ntchito. Pali zosankha zambiri: phunzirani njira zazifupi za kiyibodi, mawu achidule, mawu okhazikika, zida zomwe zilipo. Yang'anani momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito zida izi. Ngati muyimba lamulo nthawi 100 patsiku, perekani njira yachidule ya kiyibodi. Ngati mukufuna kulumikizana pafupipafupi ndi ma seva omwewo, lembani dzina lodziwika ndi liwu limodzi lomwe lingakulumikizani pamenepo:

Dzidziwitseni nokha ndi zosankha zosiyanasiyana zomwe zilipo pazida - mwina pali kasitomala wosavuta, DE, woyang'anira bolodi, msakatuli, kasitomala wa imelo, makina ogwiritsira ntchito. Dziwani zida zomwe anzanu ndi anzanu amagwiritsa ntchito - mwina amasankha pazifukwa. Mukakhala ndi zida, phunzirani momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito: phunzirani makiyi, mawu achidule, malangizo ndi zidule.

Gwiritsani ntchito bwino zida zokhazikika - ma coreutils, vim, mawu okhazikika, bash. Kwa atatu otsiriza pali mipukutu yambiri yodabwitsa ndi zolemba. Ndi chithandizo chawo, mutha kuchoka kudera la "Ndimamva ngati nyani yemwe amathyola mtedza ndi laputopu" kupita ku "Ndine nyani yemwe amagwiritsa ntchito laputopu kuti ndidziyitanitse ndekha."

Zodzichitira

Zodzichitira idzasamutsa ntchito zovuta kuchokera m'manja mwathu otopa kupita kumanja osatopa a automation. Ngati ndondomeko ina ikuchitika m’malamulo asanu amtundu umodzi, ndiye bwanji osakulunga malamulo onsewa pafayilo imodzi ndikuitana lamulo limodzi lotsitsa ndi kuchita fayiloyi?

Zodzipangira zokha ndizolemba 80% ndikuwongolera zida zanu (ndi 20% ina kuyesa kuwapangitsa kuti azigwira ntchito momwe ayenera kuchitira). Itha kukhala chowongolera chimodzi chokha kapena chida chachikulu champhamvu zonse chokhala ndi intaneti ndi API. Chofunikira chachikulu apa ndikuti kupanga chida sichiyenera kutenga nthawi komanso khama kuposa kuchuluka kwa nthawi ndi mphamvu zomwe chidacho chidzakupulumutsirani. Ngati mumagwiritsa ntchito maola asanu ndikulemba zolemba zomwe simudzasowanso, chifukwa cha ntchito yomwe ikanakutengerani ola limodzi kapena awiri kuti muyithetse popanda script, izi ndizowonongeka kwambiri. Mukhoza kuthera maola asanu kupanga chida kokha ngati chiwerengero, mtundu wa ntchito ndi nthawi ziloleza, zomwe sizili choncho nthawi zambiri.

Kungopanga zokha sikutanthauza kulemba zolemba zonse. Mwachitsanzo, kuti mupange gulu lazinthu zamtundu womwewo kuchokera pamndandanda, zomwe mukufunikira ndi mzere wanzeru womwe ungachite zomwe ungachite ndi dzanja, kusintha pakati pa windows, ndi milu ya copy-paste.

Kwenikweni, ngati mupanga njira yoyendetsera pazipilala zinayi izi, mutha kukulitsa luso lanu, zokolola ndi ziyeneretso zanu. Komabe, mndandandawu uyenera kuwonjezeredwa ndi chinthu chimodzi, popanda zomwe kugwira ntchito mu IT ndizosatheka - kudziphunzitsa.

Woyang'anira dongosolo kudziphunzitsa

Kuti mukhale okhoza pang'ono m'derali, muyenera kuphunzira nthawi zonse ndikuphunzira zinthu zatsopano. Ngati mulibe chikhumbo chaching'ono choyang'anizana ndi zosadziwika ndikuzilingalira, mudzakakamira mwachangu kwambiri. Mitundu yonse yamayankho atsopano, matekinoloje ndi njira zikuwonekera nthawi zonse mu IT, ndipo ngati simukuziphunzira mwachiphamaso, muli panjira yolephera. Magawo ambiri aukadaulo wazidziwitso amaima pazifukwa zovuta komanso zowoneka bwino. Mwachitsanzo, ntchito network. Maukonde ndi intaneti zili paliponse, mumakumana nazo tsiku lililonse, koma mukangokumba ukadaulo kumbuyo kwawo, mupeza chilango chachikulu komanso chovuta kwambiri, kuphunzira komwe sikumayenda konse paki.

Sindinaphatikizepo chinthu ichi pamndandanda chifukwa ndichofunika kwambiri pa IT nthawi zonse, osati pakuwongolera dongosolo. Mwachibadwa, simungathe kuphunzira zonse nthawi yomweyo-mulibe nthawi yokwanira. Chifukwa chake, pakudziphunzitsa nokha, muyenera kukumbukira milingo yofunikira yachidule.

Simuyenera kudziwa nthawi yomweyo momwe kasamalidwe ka kukumbukira kwamkati kwa chipangizo chilichonse chimagwirira ntchito, komanso momwe chimagwirira ntchito ndi kasamalidwe ka kukumbukira kwa Linux, koma ndikwabwino kudziwa chomwe RAM ndi schematically ndi chifukwa chake ikufunika. Simufunikanso kudziwa momwe mitu ya TCP ndi UDP ilili yosiyana, koma lingakhale lingaliro labwino kumvetsetsa kusiyana koyambira momwe ma protocol amagwirira ntchito. Simufunikanso kudziwa kuti kutsetsereka kwa ma siginecha kumatani, koma zingakhale bwino kudziwa chifukwa chake zotayika zenizeni nthawi zonse zimatengera ma node. Palibe cholakwika ndi kudziwa momwe zinthu zina zimagwirira ntchito pamlingo wina wosafunikira komanso osamvetsetsa magawo onse pomwe palibe chilichonse (mumangopenga).

Komabe, m'munda mwanu, kuganiza pamlingo wofotokozera "chabwino, ichi ndi chinthu chomwe chimakulolani kuwonetsa mawebusayiti" sizabwino kwambiri. Maphunziro otsatirawa adzaperekedwa pakuwunika mwachidule madera akuluakulu omwe woyang'anira dongosolo ayenera kuthana nawo akamagwira ntchito pazigawo zotsika. Ndiyesera kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa chidziwitso chomwe chimawunikiridwa kuti chikhale chocheperako.

10 malamulo a kasamalidwe dongosolo

Choncho, taphunzira mizati inayi ndi maziko. Kodi tingayambe kuthetsa mavuto? Osati pano. Musanachite izi, ndi bwino kudziwiratu zomwe zimatchedwa "zochita zabwino" ndi malamulo a makhalidwe abwino. Popanda iwo, mutha kuvulaza kwambiri kuposa zabwino. Kotero, tiyeni tiyambe:

1. Anzanga ena amakhulupirira kuti lamulo loyamba ndiloti "musavulaze." Koma ndimakonda kutsutsa. Mukayesa kuti musavulaze, simungathe kuchita chilichonse - zochita zambiri zimatha kuwononga. Ndikuganiza kuti lamulo lofunika kwambiri ndi - "panga zosunga zobwezeretsera". Ngakhale mutawononga zina, mutha kubweza nthawi zonse ndipo chilichonse sichikhala choyipa kwambiri.

   Muyenera kusunga nthawi zonse pamene nthawi ndi malo zilola. Muyenera kusungitsa zomwe mungasinthe komanso zomwe mungakhale pachiwopsezo chotaya chifukwa cha zomwe zingawononge. Ndikoyenera kuyang'ana zosunga zobwezeretsera za kukhulupirika komanso kupezeka kwazinthu zonse zofunika. Zosunga zobwezeretsera siziyenera kuchotsedwa nthawi yomweyo mutayang'ana chilichonse, pokhapokha ngati mukufuna kumasula malo a disk. Ngati malo akufunika, bweretsani ku seva yanu ndikuyichotsa pakatha sabata.

2. Lamulo lachiwiri lofunika kwambiri (lomwe ine ndekha nthawi zambiri ndikuphwanya) ndilo "osabisa". Ngati munapanga zosunga zobwezeretsera, lembani komwe, kuti anzanu asamafunefune. Ngati munachita zinthu zosadziwika kapena zovuta, lembani: mudzapita kunyumba, ndipo vutoli likhoza kubwerezedwa kapena kubwera kwa wina, ndipo yankho lanu lidzapezeka pogwiritsa ntchito mawu osakira. Ngakhale mutachita zomwe mukudziwa bwino, anzanu sangatero.
3. Lamulo lachitatu siliyenera kufotokozedwa: "Osachita chinthu chomwe sukudziwa, kuganiza kapena kumvetsetsa". Osatengera malamulo a pa intaneti ngati simukudziwa zomwe amachita, imbani anthu ndi kuwafotokozera kaye. Osagwiritsa ntchito mayankho okonzeka ngati simukumvetsetsa zomwe akuchita. Pitirizani kuchita ma code obfuscated pamlingo wocheperako. Ngati mulibe nthawi yoti mumvetsetse, ndiye kuti mukuchita zolakwika ndipo muyenera kuwerenga mfundo yotsatira.
4. "Mayeso". Zolemba zatsopano, zida, mzere umodzi ndi malamulo ziyenera kuyesedwa pamalo olamulidwa, osati pamakina a kasitomala, ngati pali kuthekera kocheperako kowononga. Ngakhale mutathandizira zonse (ndipo mudatero), nthawi yopuma si chinthu chozizira kwambiri. Pangani seva yosiyana/virtual/chroot pa izi ndikuyesa pamenepo. Kodi pali chilichonse chosweka? Ndiye inu mukhoza kukhazikitsa pa "kumenyana".

   
   

5. "Control". Chepetsani magwiridwe antchito onse omwe simuwongolera. Phukusi limodzi lodalira pamapindikira limatha kukokera pansi theka la dongosolo, ndipo -y mbendera yokhazikitsidwa kuti yum kuchotsa imakupatsani mwayi woyeserera luso lanu lobwezeretsa dongosolo kuyambira zikande. Ngati chochitacho chilibe njira zina zosalamulirika, mfundo yotsatira ndiyosungira yokonzeka.
6. "Chongani". Yang'anani zotsatira za zochita zanu komanso ngati mukuyenera kubwereranso ku zosunga zobwezeretsera. Yang'anani kuti muwone ngati vutolo lathetsedwa. Yang'anani ngati cholakwikacho chapangidwanso komanso pamikhalidwe yotani. Onani zomwe mungathe kuswa ndi zochita zanu. Sikofunikira kudalira ntchito yathu, koma osayang'ana.
7. "Kulankhulana". Ngati simungathe kuthetsa vutoli, funsani anzanu ngati adakumanapo ndi izi. Ngati mukufuna kugwiritsa ntchito chigamulo chotsutsana, fufuzani maganizo a anzanu. Mwina adzapereka yankho labwinoko. Ngati mulibe chidaliro pa zochita zanu, kambiranani ndi anzanu. Ngakhale ili ndi gawo lanu laukatswiri, kuyang'ana mwatsopano momwe zinthu zilili kumatha kumveketsa bwino kwambiri. Musachite manyazi ndi umbuli wanu. Ndi bwino kufunsa funso lopusa, kuoneka ngati chitsiru n’kupeza yankho, kusiyana n’kusafunsa, osapeza yankho n’kudzakhala chitsiru.
8. “Osakana thandizo mopanda nzeru”. Mfundo iyi ndi yosiyana ndi yapitayi. Ngati mukufunsidwa funso lopusa, fotokozani momveka bwino. Amapempha zosatheka - fotokozani kuti sizingatheke ndipo chifukwa chiyani, perekani njira zina. Ngati mulibe nthawi (mulibe nthawi, osati chikhumbo) - kunena kuti muli ndi funso lachangu, ntchito yambiri, koma mudzakonza pambuyo pake. Ngati ogwira nawo ntchito alibe ntchito zachangu, perekani kuti mulumikizane nawo ndikugawa funso.
9. "Pezani mayankho". Kodi m'modzi mwa anzanu ayamba kugwiritsa ntchito njira yatsopano kapena zolemba zatsopano, ndipo mukukumana ndi zotsatira zoyipa za chisankhochi? Nenani. Mwina vuto likhoza kuthetsedwa mu mizere itatu ya code kapena mphindi zisanu zoyenga njirayo. Kodi mwapeza cholakwika mu pulogalamu yanu? Nenani cholakwika. Ngati ingathe kupangidwanso kapena sikuyenera kupangidwanso, imakhala yokhazikika. Fotokozerani zofuna zanu, malingaliro anu ndi kudzudzula kolimbikitsa, ndipo funsani mafunso kuti mukambirane ngati akuwoneka kuti ndi ofunikira.
10. "Pezani mayankho". Tonse ndife opanda ungwiro, monga zisankho zathu, ndipo njira yabwino yoyesera kulondola kwa chisankho chanu ndikubweretsa kuti tikambirane. Ngati mwakonza china chake kwa kasitomala, afunseni kuti ayang'anire ntchitoyo; mwina cholepheretsa mudongosolo sipamene munkafuna. Mwalemba script yothandizira - sonyezani anzanu, mwina apeza njira yosinthira.

Ngati mumagwiritsa ntchito machitidwewa nthawi zonse pa ntchito yanu, mavuto ambiri amatha kukhala mavuto: simudzangochepetsa kuchuluka kwa zolakwa zanu ndi ma fackups, komanso mudzakhala ndi mwayi wokonza zolakwika (mu mtundu wa zosunga zobwezeretsera ndi anzanu omwe angakupangitseni zosunga zobwezeretsera). Komanso - tsatanetsatane waukadaulo, momwe, monga tikudziwira, mdierekezi wagona.

Zida zazikulu zomwe muyenera kuzigwiritsa ntchito kuposa 50% ya nthawiyo ndi grep ndi vim. Ndi chiyani chomwe chingakhale chosavuta? Kusaka mawu ndikusintha mawu. Komabe, grep ndi vim ndi zida zamphamvu zambiri zomwe zimakupatsani mwayi wofufuza ndikusintha zolemba bwino. Ngati notepad ina ya Windows imakupatsani mwayi wongolemba / kufufuta mzere, ndiye kuti mu vim mutha kuchita chilichonse ndi mawu. Ngati simundikhulupirira, imbani lamulo la vimtutor kuchokera ku terminal ndikuyamba kuphunzira. Ponena za grep, mphamvu yake yayikulu ndi mawu okhazikika. Inde, chida chokhacho chimakulolani kuti muyike mikhalidwe yosaka ndi zotulukapo mosavuta, koma popanda RegExp izi sizomveka. Ndipo muyenera kudziwa mawu okhazikika! Osachepera pamlingo woyambira. Poyamba, ndikukulangizani kuti muwone izi видео, imafotokoza zoyambira za mawu okhazikika komanso kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo molumikizana ndi grep. O inde, mukawaphatikiza ndi vim, mumapeza ULTIMATE MPHAMVU kuthekera kochita zinthu zotere ndi zolemba zomwe muyenera kuzilemba ndi zithunzi 18+.

Mwa 50% otsala, 40% amachokera ku zida za coreutils. Kwa ma coreutils mutha kuyang'ana mndandandawo Wikipedia, ndipo bukhu la mndandanda wonse lili pa webusayiti GNU. Zomwe sizikuphatikizidwa mu seti iyi zili muzinthu zothandizira POSIX. Simuyenera kuphunzira makiyi onse pamtima, koma ndizothandiza kudziwa zomwe zida zoyambira zingachite. Simuyenera kuyambiranso gudumu kuchokera ku ndodo. Ine mwanjira ina ndimayenera kusinthira mizere yopumira ndi mipata yotulutsa kuchokera kuzinthu zina, ndipo ubongo wanga wodwala unabala zomanga ngati. sed ':a;N;$!ba;s/n/ /g', mnzanga wina adabwera ndikundichotsa pa console ndi tsache, kenako adathetsa vutolo polemba. tr 'n' ' '.

Ndikukulangizani kuti mukumbukire zomwe chida chilichonse chimachita komanso makiyi a malamulo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pafupipafupi; china chilichonse pali munthu. Khalani omasuka kuyimbira munthu ngati muli ndi chikaiko. Ndipo onetsetsani kuti mwawerenga mwamunayo—ali ndi mfundo zofunika kwambiri zimene mungapeze.

Podziwa zida izi, mudzatha kuthetsa bwino gawo lalikulu lamavuto omwe mungakumane nawo pochita. M'maphunziro otsatirawa, tiwona nthawi yoti tigwiritse ntchito zidazi ndi zomangira za ntchito zomwe zikufunika komanso momwe angagwiritsire ntchito.

Woyang'anira dongosolo la FirstVDS Kirill Tsvetkov anali nanu.

Source: www.habr.com