Timalankhula za zofunikira ndikupereka malingaliro a akatswiri.
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Chifukwa chiyani helium ikufunika pamakompyuta a quantum?
Tisanapite ku nkhani ya kuchepa kwa helium, tiyeni tikambirane chifukwa chake makompyuta a quantum amafunikira helium poyamba.
Makina a Quantum amagwira ntchito pa qubits. Iwo, mosiyana ndi ma bits akale, akhoza kukhala m'maboma 0 ndi 1 nthawi imodzi - mu superposition. Mu makina apakompyuta, chodabwitsa cha quantum parallelism chimachitika pamene ntchito zimachitika nthawi imodzi ndi ziro ndi imodzi. Izi zimathandiza makina opangidwa ndi qubit kuti athetse mavuto mwachangu kuposa makompyuta akale, monga kutsanzira mamolekyu ndi makemikolo.
Koma pali vuto: qubits ndi zinthu zosalimba ndipo amatha kukhalabe apamwamba kwa ma nanoseconds ochepa. Zimasokonezedwa ndi kusinthasintha pang'ono kwa kutentha; zomwe zimatchedwa . Kuti mupewe kuwonongeka kwa qubit, makompyuta a quantum pa kutentha kochepa - 10 mK (-273,14 Β° C). Kuti akwaniritse kutentha pafupi ndi zero, makampani amagwiritsa ntchito helium yamadzimadzi, kapena makamaka, isotopu. , zomwe siziumitsa pansi pazifukwa zoipitsitsa.
Vuto ndi chiyani
Posachedwapa, makampani a IT akhoza kukumana ndi kusowa kwa helium-3 pakupanga makompyuta a quantum. Padziko lapansi, chinthu ichi sichipezeka mwachilengedwe - kuchuluka kwake kuli mumlengalenga (1,37 ppm poyerekeza ndi helium-4). Helium-3 ndi chinthu chowola cha tritium, chomwe chimapangidwa (chowonjezera chomaliza cha nyukiliya chamadzi cholemera chinatsekedwa ku USA). Pambuyo pake, tritium inayamba kuchotsedwa ku zigawo za zida za nyukiliya zomwe zinachotsedwa, koma Malinga ndi US Congressional Research Service, izi sizinachulukitse kwambiri kuchuluka kwa zinthu zanzeru. Russia ndi US ali ndi nkhokwe zina, koma .
Zinthu zikukulirakulira chifukwa gawo lofunikira kwambiri la helium-3 limagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga makina ojambulira ma nyutroni omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malire pofufuza zida zotulutsa ma radio. Chojambulira cha nyutroni chakhala chida chovomerezeka kumaofesi onse aku US kuyambira 2000. Chifukwa cha zinthu zingapo izi, kuperekedwa kwa helium-3 ku United States kumayendetsedwa kale ndi mabungwe aboma omwe amapereka magawo kwa mabungwe aboma ndi apadera, ndipo akatswiri a IT akuda nkhawa kuti posachedwapa sipakhala wokwanira helium-3 kwa aliyense.
Ndi zoipa bwanji?
Amakhulupirira kuti kuchepa kwa helium-3 kudzakhala ndi zotsatira zoyipa pakukula kwa kuchuluka. Blake Johnson, wachiwiri kwa purezidenti wopanga makompyuta a quantum Rigetti Computing, poyankhulana ndi MIT Tech Review. refrigerant ndi yovuta kwambiri kupeza. Mavuto amakula chifukwa cha kukwera mtengo kwakeβkumawononga ndalama zokwana madola 40 kudzaza firiji imodzi.
Koma oimira kuchokera ku D-Wave, woyambitsa winanso wa quantum, sagwirizana ndi malingaliro a Blake. Wolemba Wachiwiri kwa Purezidenti wa bungwe, kupanga kompyuta imodzi ya quantum kumafuna zochepa za helium-3, zomwe zingatchulidwe kuti ndizochepa poyerekeza ndi kuchuluka kwazinthu zomwe zilipo. Chifukwa chake, kuchepa kwa refrigerant kudzakhala kosawoneka kumakampani a quantum.
Kuphatikiza apo, njira zina zochotsera helium-3 zomwe siziphatikiza tritium zikupangidwa lero. Chimodzi mwa izo ndikuchotsa isotope ku gasi wachilengedwe. Choyamba, amakumana kwambiri condensation pa otsika kutentha, ndiyeno amadutsa njira kulekana ndi rectification (kulekana kwa gasi zonyansa). Poyamba, njirayi inkaonedwa kuti ndi yosatheka chifukwa cha chuma, koma ndi chitukuko cha teknoloji zinthu zasintha. Chaka chatha za mapulani ake oti ayambe kupanga helium-3 .
Mayiko angapo akukonzekera kukumba helium-3 pa Mwezi. Pamwamba pake wosanjikiza amakhala mpaka (Gulu 2) la chinthu ichi. Asayansi akuyerekeza kuti gwero adzakhala kwa zaka zikwi zisanu. NASA yayamba kale kupanga kuti recycle ku helium-3. Kupanga zida zofananira zapadziko lapansi ndi mwezi zikuchitika ΠΈ . Koma sizitheka kuzigwiritsa ntchito mpaka 2030.
Njira ina yopewera kuchepa kwa helium-3 ndiyo kupeza cholowa m'malo mwake popanga masikelo a nyutroni. Mwa njira, iye mu 2018 - idakhala makhiristo a zinc sulfide ndi lithiamu-6 fluoride. Amapangitsa kuti zitheke kulembetsa zida zotulutsa ma radio ndi kulondola kopitilira 90%.
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Mavuto ena a "quantum".
Kupatula kusowa kwa helium, pali zovuta zina zomwe zikulepheretsa kukula kwa makompyuta a quantum. Choyamba ndi kusowa kwa zigawo za hardware. Pali mabizinesi akuluakulu ochepa padziko lapansi omwe akupanga "kudzaza" kwa makina a quantum. Nthawi zina makampani amayenera kudikirira mpaka makina ozizirira atapangidwa, .
Mayiko angapo akuyesetsa kuthetsa vutoli kudzera mβmapulogalamu a boma. Zoyeserera zotere zayambika kale ku US ndi Europe. Mwachitsanzo, posachedwapa ku Netherlands, mothandizidwa ndi Ministry of Economics, Delft Circuits inayamba kugwira ntchito. Zimapanga zigawo za quantum computing systems.
Vuto lina ndi kusowa kwa akatswiri. Kufunika kwa iwo kukukulirakulira, koma kuwapeza sikophweka. Wolemba NYT, palibe oposa chikwi odziwa mainjiniya odziwa zambiri padziko lapansi. Mayunivesite apamwamba kwambiri akuthetsa vutoli. Mwachitsanzo, ku MIT kale mapulogalamu oyambirira ophunzitsira akatswiri pakugwira ntchito ndi makina a quantum. Kupanga mapulogalamu oyenera a maphunziro komanso mu American National Quantum Initiative.
Kawirikawiri, akatswiri a IT ali otsimikiza kuti mavuto omwe omwe amapanga makompyuta a quantum ndi otheka. Ndipo m'tsogolomu tikhoza kuyembekezera zatsopano zamakono m'derali.
Zomwe timalemba mubulogu yoyamba yokhudza bizinesi IaaS:
Source: www.habr.com