Ku Russia, Federal Law No. 01-FZ ya Julayi 2021, 31.07.2020 iyamba kugwira ntchito pa Januware 259, XNUMX."(Pambuyo pano akutchedwa Lamulo). Lamuloli limasintha kwambiri lomwe liripo (onani. ) malamulo ovomerezeka ogwiritsira ntchito cryptocurrencies ndi blockchain mu Russian Federation.
Tiyeni tilingalire mfundo zoyambira zomwe zafotokozedwa ndi Lamulo ili:
Buku logawa
Malinga ndi ndime 7 ya Art. 1 Lamulo:
Pazolinga za Lamulo la Federal ili, kaundula wogawidwa amamveka ngati nkhokwe, zidziwitso zomwe zilimo zomwe zimatsimikiziridwa pamaziko a ma aligorivimu (algorithm).
Tanthauzoli siliri tanthauzo la kaundula wogawidwa mwanjira yachikhalidwe; mwamwambo, gulu lililonse lazinthu zomwe kubwereza kumachitika kapena kapena zosunga zobwezeretsera nthawi ndi nthawi zimagwera pansi pake. Ziyenera kuganiziridwa kuti nkhokwe zilizonse, monga mapulogalamu onse, zimagwira ntchito potengera ma aligorivimu okhazikitsidwa. Ndiko kuti, mwamwambo, dongosolo lililonse lomwe nkhokwe zingapo zimagwirizanitsa deta kuchokera kumalo a Chilamulo ndi "kaundula wogawidwa". Dongosolo lililonse lazabanki lidzatengedwa ngati "kaundula wogawidwa" kuyambira 01.01.2021/XNUMX/XNUMX.
Zoonadi, tanthauzo lenileni la buku logawidwa ndilosiyana kwambiri.
Inde, muyezo , imapereka tanthauzo ili la blockchain ndi ledger yogawa:
Blockchain ndi buku logawa lomwe lili ndi midadada yotsimikizika yopangidwa kukhala unyolo wowonjezeredwa motsatizana pogwiritsa ntchito maulalo a cryptographic.
Blockchains amakonzedwa m'njira yoletsa kusintha kwa zolemba ndikuyimira zolemba zonse, zofotokozedwa, zosasinthika m'mabuku.Registry yogawidwa ndi registry (ya ma rekodi) yomwe imagawidwa pagulu la magawo omwe amagawidwa (kapena ma network, ma seva) ndikuyanjanitsidwa pakati pawo pogwiritsa ntchito njira yogwirizana. Registry yogawidwa idapangidwa motere: kuletsa kusintha kwa zolembera (mu registry); perekani luso lowonjezera, koma osasintha zolemba; zili ndi zochitika zotsimikizika ndi zotsimikizika.
Zikuwoneka kuti m'Chilamulo ichi tanthauzo lolakwika la kaundula wogawidwa silinaperekedwe mwangozi, koma mwadala, monga zikuwonetseredwa ndi zofunikira zomwe zafotokozedwa m'malamulo pa zomwe zimatchedwa "dongosolo lachidziwitso", komanso lomwe limaphatikizaponso "machitidwe odziwa zambiri". pa registry yogawidwa". Izi ndizofunikira kotero kuti pakadali pano sitikulankhula za kaundula wogawidwa m'lingaliro lovomerezeka la mawuwo.
Katundu wandalama wa digito
Malinga ndi ndime 2 ya Art. 1 Lamulo:
Chuma chandalama cha digito chimadziwika kuti ndi ufulu wa digito, kuphatikiza zonena zandalama, kuthekera kogwiritsa ntchito ufulu pansi pazitetezo zamagawo, ufulu wotenga nawo gawo mu likulu la kampani yomwe siili pagulu, ufulu wofuna kusamutsa kalasi. zotetezedwa, zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi chigamulo pa nkhani ya chuma cha digito m'njira yokhazikitsidwa ndi Lamulo la Federal ili, kumasulidwa, kujambula ndi kufalitsa zomwe zingatheke popanga (kusintha) zolemba mu dongosolo lazidziwitso kutengera zomwe zagawidwa. registry, komanso mumakina ena azidziwitso.
Tanthauzo la "lamulo la digito" lili mu :
- Ufulu wa digito umadziwika kuti ndi wovomerezeka komanso ufulu wina womwe umatchulidwa m'malamulo, zomwe zili ndi zomwe zikugwiritsidwa ntchito zomwe zimatsimikiziridwa motsatira malamulo a ndondomeko ya chidziwitso chomwe chimakwaniritsa zofunikira zomwe zimakhazikitsidwa ndi lamulo. Kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi, kutaya, kuphatikizira kusamutsa, kulonjeza, kutsekereza ufulu wa digito m'njira zina kapena kuletsa kutaya ufulu wa digito ndizotheka kokha pazidziwitso popanda kugwiritsa ntchito munthu wina.
- Pokhapokha ngati ataperekedwa ndi lamulo, mwiniwake wa ufulu wa digito ndi munthu yemwe, motsatira malamulo a ndondomeko ya chidziwitso, ali ndi mphamvu zowononga ufuluwu. Pamilandu komanso pazifukwa zoperekedwa ndi lamulo, munthu wina amazindikiridwa ngati mwiniwake waufulu wa digito.
- Kusamutsa ufulu wa digito potengera zomwe wachita sikutanthauza chilolezo cha munthu yemwe ali ndi udindo paufulu woterewu.
Popeza ma DFA amatchulidwa m'malamulo ngati ufulu wa digito, ziyenera kuganiziridwa kuti zimagwirizana ndi zomwe Art. 141-1 Civil Code ya Russian Federation.
Komabe, malinga ndi lamulo, si maufulu onse a digito omwe ali chuma cha digito, mwachitsanzo "ufulu wa digito wogwiritsidwa ntchito" wofotokozedwa mu Lamulo la Federal la 02.08.2019/259/20.07.2020 N XNUMX-FZ (lomwe lasinthidwa pa XNUMX/XNUMX/XNUMX) "Pakukopa mabizinesi pogwiritsa ntchito nsanja zandalama komanso poyambitsa zosintha pamalamulo ena a Russian Federation" sizikugwira ntchito ku DFAs. Mitundu inayi yokha yaufulu wa digito imagwira ntchito ku DFA:
- zofuna za mtengo,
- kuthekera kogwiritsa ntchito maufulu pansi pa ma equity securities,
- ufulu kutenga nawo gawo mu capital of non-public joint stock company,
- ufulu wofuna kusamutsa zitetezo zamtundu wa nkhani
Zofuna zandalama ndizofuna kusamutsa ndalama, chifukwa Russian ruble kapena ndalama zakunja. Mwa njira, ma cryptocurrencies monga Bitcoin ndi Ethereum si ndalama.
Securities-grade securities malinga ndi Federal Law ya Epulo 22.04.1996, 39 N 31.07.2020-FZ (yomwe idasinthidwa pa Julayi XNUMX, XNUMX) "Pamsika Wachitetezo" ndi zitetezo zilizonse zomwe nthawi imodzi zimadziwika ndi izi:
- kuphatikiza mndandanda wazinthu ndi ufulu wopanda katundu womwe umayenera kupatsidwa chiphaso, kupatsidwa ntchito komanso kukhazikitsidwa mopanda malire potsatira mawonekedwe ndi ndondomeko yokhazikitsidwa ndi Lamulo la Federal ili;
- zoikidwa m'makope kapena zowonjezera;
- kukhala ndi ma voliyumu ofanana ndi mawu ogwiritsira ntchito ufulu mkati mwa nkhani imodzi, mosasamala kanthu za nthawi yopeza zitetezo;
Malamulo aku Russia amaphatikiza magawo, ma bond, zosankha za opereka ndi ma risiti osungitsa ku Russia ngati zitetezo zongotuluka.
Iyeneranso kuthetsedwa kuti DFA mu Russian Federation imaphatikizapo ufulu wochita nawo likulu la kampani yosagwirizana ndi anthu, koma osati ufulu wochita nawo makampani ena amalonda, makamaka, samaphatikizapo ufulu wochita nawo kampani yocheperako yolembetsedwa ku Russian Federation. Apa ziyenera kuganiziridwa kuti mabungwe kapena makampani omwe amalembedwa m'madera ena sangagwirizane ndendende ndi matanthauzo a mabungwe abizinesi okhazikitsidwa ndi malamulo a Russian Federation.
Ndalama zadijito
Malinga ndi ndime 3 ya Art. 1 Lamulo:
Ndalama ya digito ndi seti yazinthu zamagetsi (kachidindo kapena dzina la digito) zomwe zili m'dongosolo lazidziwitso zomwe zimaperekedwa ndipo (kapena) zitha kulandiridwa ngati njira yolipira yomwe sigawo lazachuma la Russian Federation, gawo lazachuma la dziko lakunja ndi (kapena) ndalama zapadziko lonse lapansi kapena gawo la akaunti, ndi (kapena) ngati ndalama ndipo palibe munthu amene ali ndi udindo kwa mwiniwake wazinthu zamagetsi, kupatula woyendetsa ndi (kapena) node. za dongosolo lazidziwitso, omwe ali ndi udindo wokhawo woonetsetsa kuti akutsatira ndondomeko ya kutulutsidwa kwa deta yamagetsi ndi kukhazikitsidwa mokhudzana ndi zochita zawo kupanga (kusintha) zolemba mu dongosolo lazidziwitso zotere malinga ndi malamulo ake.
Sizikudziwika bwino lomwe tanthauzo la "ndalama zapadziko lonse lapansi kapena gawo la akaunti"; kachiwiri, mwamwambo, izi zitha kuganiziridwa. kapena Bitcoin, ndipo, motero, sadzakhala pansi pa zoletsedwa zoperekedwa ndi malamulo a Russian Federation pa ndalama za digito. Koma tikadaganizabe kuti pochita, Ripple kapena Bitcoin adzatengedwa ngati ndalama zadijito.
Mawu akuti "omwe palibe munthu amene ali ndi udindo kwa mwiniwake wa deta yamagetsi yotereyi" akusonyeza kuti tikukamba za cryptocurrencies zachikale monga Bitcoin kapena Ether, zomwe zimapangidwa pakati ndipo sizikutanthauza udindo wa munthu aliyense.
Ngati njira yolipirira yoteroyo ikutanthauza udindo wandalama wa munthu, zomwe zili mu stablecoins, ndiye kuti kufalitsa zida zotere ku Russian Federation kudzakhala kosaloledwa ndi machitidwe azidziwitso ovomerezeka ndi Bank of Russia kapena ayi kudzera pakusinthanitsa. ogwira ntchito, chifukwa chakuti zida zoterezi zimagwera pansi pa tanthauzo la DFA.
Anthu okhala ku Russian Federation, malinga ndi lamulo, ali ndi ufulu wokhala, kugula ndi kugulitsa ndalama za digito, kubwereka ndi kubwereketsa, kupereka ngati mphatso, kusamutsa ndi cholowa, koma alibe ufulu wogwiritsa ntchito kulipira. kwa katundu, ntchito ndi ntchito (ndime 5 ya Ndime 14 ya Lamulo) :
Mabungwe ovomerezeka omwe malamulo awo ndi malamulo aku Russia, nthambi, maofesi oyimira ndi magawo ena osiyana a mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi ndi mabungwe akunja azamalamulo, makampani ndi mabungwe ena omwe ali ndi mphamvu zamalamulo omwe adapangidwa m'gawo la Russian Federation, anthu omwe ali mu Russian Federation. kwa masiku osachepera 183 mkati mwa miyezi 12 yotsatizana, alibe ufulu kuvomereza ndalama digito monga kuganizira katundu anasamutsa ndi iwo, ntchito yochitidwa ndi iwo, ntchito zoperekedwa ndi iwo, kapena njira ina iliyonse kuti amalola kulipira katundu ndi ndalama digito. (ntchito, ntchito).
Ndiko kuti, wokhala ku Russian Federation akhoza kugula ndalama za digito, kunena, madola kuchokera kwa osakhala, ndipo akhoza kugulitsa kwa wokhalamo kwa rubles. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, ndondomeko ya chidziwitso yomwe ikugwiritsidwa ntchito momwe izi zimachitika sizingakwaniritse zofunikira zomwe zili mu lamulo la ndondomeko ya chidziwitso chomwe ma DFA amaperekedwa motsatira Lamuloli.
Koma wokhala ku Russian Federation sangavomereze ndalama za digito monga malipiro kapena kuzigwiritsira ntchito kulipira katundu, ntchito, kapena ntchito.
Izi ndi zofanana ndi boma logwiritsa ntchito ndalama zakunja ku Russian Federation, ngakhale ziyenera kutsindika kuti ndalamazo si ndalama zakunja, ndipo zomwe malamulo a malamulo okhudza ndalama zakunja sizikugwira ntchito mwachindunji ku ndalama zakunja. Anthu okhala mu Russian Federation alinso ndi ufulu kugwira, kugula ndi kugulitsa ndalama zakunja. Koma kugwiritsa ntchito, titi, madola aku US pakulipira sikuloledwa.
Lamulo silimalankhula mwachindunji za kuthekera kobweretsa ndalama zadijito ku likulu lovomerezeka lamakampani aku Russia. Ku Russian Federation, mchitidwewu wachitika kale; bitcoin idawonjezedwa ku likulu lovomerezeka la kampani ya Artel; izi zidakhazikitsidwa ndi kusamutsa mwayi wopeza chikwama chamagetsi (onani. )
Popeza zopereka ku likulu lovomerezeka sizinthu zogulitsa ntchito kapena ntchito, tikukhulupirira kuti Lamuloli sililetsa izi m'tsogolomu.
Monga tanenera kale (onani ) Chilamulo chisanayambe kugwira ntchito ku Russian Federation, panalibe zoletsa zogulitsa ndi cryptocurrency, kuphatikizapo kusinthana kwake kwa katundu, ntchito, ndi ntchito. Ndipo, motero, "ndalama za digito" zolandiridwa ndi wokhala ku Chitaganya cha Russia pamene akugulitsa katundu wake, ntchito, ntchito posinthana ndi ndalama za digito zisanayambe kugwira ntchito kwa Chilamulo, pambuyo polowa mphamvu ziyenera kuonedwa kuti ndi katundu wopezeka mwalamulo.
Chitetezo cha milandu cha eni ndalama za digito
Mu ndime 6 ya Art. 14 ya Lamulo ili ndi izi:
Zofunikira za anthu omwe atchulidwa mu gawo 5 la nkhaniyi (izo. okhala mu Russian Federation - olemba) okhudzana ndi kukhala ndi ndalama za digito amayenera kutetezedwa ndi khothi pokhapokha atadziwitsa za kukhala ndi ndalama za digito ndikuchita malonda ndi (kapena) ntchito ndi ndalama za digito m'njira yokhazikitsidwa ndi malamulo a Russian Federation pa misonkho ndi malipiro.
Chifukwa chake, Lamulo limakhazikitsa kuti kwa anthu okhala ku Russian Federation, ufulu wokhudzana ndi kukhala ndi ndalama za digito umayenera kutetezedwa ndi milandu pokhapokha ngati zidziwitso zimaperekedwa ku ofesi yamisonkho, koma kwa omwe si okhalamo palibe choletsa chotere.
Iwo. ngati munthu akukhala ku Russian Federation kwa masiku osakwana 183 kwa miyezi 12 yotsatizana, ndipo adabwereketsa ndalama za digito kwa munthu wina, ndiye kuti akhoza kubweza ngongoleyo kukhoti la Russia, mosasamala kanthu kuti adadziwitsa akuluakulu amisonkho za malondawo, koma ngati ali RF wokhalamo, ndiye kuti kuvomereza kapena kukhutitsidwa ndi chigamulo chobwezera ngongole mkati mwa tanthauzo la nkhaniyi kuyenera kukanidwa ngati zatsimikiziridwa kuti wodandaulayo sanadziwitse akuluakulu a msonkho za ngongoleyo.
Izi, ndithudi, ndi zosagwirizana ndi malamulo ndipo siziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi makhoti pochita.
Gawo 1 Art. Constitution ya Chitaganya cha Russia imatsimikizira kuti aliyense ndi wofanana pamaso pa lamulo ndi khoti, ndipo osakhala nzika sayenera kukhala ndi chitetezo chochuluka kuposa okhalamo.
Koma ngakhale chiletso choterechi chikadaperekedwa kwa omwe si okhalamo, zikadakhala zosemphana ndi malamulo, chifukwa. Gawo 1 Art. Constitution ya Chitaganya cha Russia imatsimikizira kuti aliyense amateteza ufulu wawo.
Iyeneranso kuganiziridwa kuti Pangano la European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights, lomwe likugwira ntchito mβdziko la Russia, limatsimikizira aliyense kuti ali ndi ufulu wozengedwa mlandu pakagwa mkangano wokhudza ufulu wa anthu ndi udindo wawo.
Information System ndi Information System operator.
Gawo 9 Art. 1 ya Chilamulo imati:
Mfundo za "information system" ndi "information system operator" zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu Federal Law mu matanthauzo ofotokozedwa ndi Federal Law No. 27-FZ ya July 2006, 149 "Pa chidziwitso, matekinoloje a chidziwitso ndi chitetezo cha chidziwitso".
ili ndi tanthauzo ili la dongosolo lazidziwitso (ndime 3 ya nkhani 2) ndi wogwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso (ndime 12 ya nkhani 3):
Information System - mndandanda wazidziwitso zomwe zili muzosungirako ndi matekinoloje azidziwitso ndi njira zaukadaulo zomwe zimatsimikizira kukonzedwa kwake
wogwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso - nzika kapena bungwe lovomerezeka lomwe likugwira ntchito pazidziwitso, kuphatikiza zidziwitso zomwe zili m'nkhokwe zake.
Lamulo limakhazikitsa zofunikira zingapo pazachidziwitso momwe zolembera zingapangidwe mothandizidwa ndi zomwe kufalitsidwa kwa chuma cha digito kumalembedwa. Zofunikira izi ndizoti mwaukadaulo dongosolo lazidziwitso zotere silingakhale mwanjira iliyonse kukhala blockchain kapena registry yogawidwa pakumvetsetsa kovomerezeka kwa mawu awa.
Makamaka, tikukamba za mfundo yakuti chidziwitso chotere (chomwe chimatchedwa IS) chiyenera kukhala ndi "wogwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso".
Chisankho chopereka DFA ndi chotheka pokhapokha potumiza chisankhochi patsamba la IS. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, ngati wogwiritsa ntchitoyo akana kuyika chisankho chotero pa webusaiti yake, ndiye kuti DFA sichingaperekedwe pansi pa Lamulo.
Ndi bungwe lovomerezeka la Russia lokha lomwe lingakhale woyendetsa IS, ndipo pokhapokha litaphatikizidwa ndi Bank of Russia mu "register of information system operators" (Ndime 1, Article 5 ya Lamulo). Ngati wogwiritsa ntchito saphatikizidwa mu kaundula, ntchito ndi ma DFA mu IS zimayimitsidwa (Ndime 10, Ndime 7 ya Lamulo).
Wogwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso chomwe chidziwitsocho chimaperekedwa ali ndi udindo woonetsetsa kuti mwayi wobwezeretsanso mwayi wa mwiniwake wa chuma cha digito ku zolemba za dongosolo lachidziwitso pa pempho la mwiniwake wa chuma cha digito, ngati mwayi wotero wakhalapo. kumutaya (ndime 1, ndime 1, nkhani 6 ya Chilamulo). Sichimatanthawuza zomwe zikutanthauza kuti "kupeza", kaya kumatanthauza kuwerenga kapena kulemba kupeza, komabe, kuchokera ku tanthauzo la ndime 2 ya Art. 6 zitha kuganiziridwa kuti wogwiritsa ntchito ayenera kukhalabe ndi ulamuliro wonse paufulu wa wogwiritsa ntchito:
Woyendetsa zidziwitso momwe kuperekedwa kwa chuma cha digito kukuchitika akuyenera kuonetsetsa kuti kulowetsedwa (kusintha) kwa zolemba zokhudzana ndi chuma cha digito pazachiweruzo, chikalata chachikulu chomwe chalowa m'malamulo, kuphatikizira chigamulo cha bailiff, zochita za mabungwe ena ndi akuluakulu akamagwira ntchito zawo zoperekedwa ndi malamulo a Russian Federation, kapena chiphaso chaufulu wolandira cholowa choperekedwa ndi lamulo, chopereka kusamutsidwa kwa digito. chuma chamtundu wina mwa dongosolo la kutsatana kwapadziko lonse, pasanathe tsiku logwira ntchito pambuyo pa tsiku lolandira pempho lofananira ndi makina azidziwitso oyendetsa.
Malinga ndi ndime 7 ya Art. 6 Lamulo:
Zotsatira za kupeza chuma cha digito chomwe chimakwaniritsa zofunikira zomwe Banki ya Russia ikunena molingana ndi Gawo 9 la Gawo 4 la Lamulo la Federal ili ndi munthu yemwe sali woyenerera Investor, kuphatikiza ngati munthuyo akuzindikiridwa mosavomerezeka. Investor oyenerera, ndi udindo wa woyendetsa zidziwitso, momwe amaperekera chuma cha digito, udindo, popempha munthu yemwe adapeza chuma cha digito, kuti agule chuma cha digito ichi kuchokera kwa iye ndi ndalama zake. ndi kumbwezera ndalama zonse zimene anawononga.
M'malo mwake, izi zikutanthauza kuti pazochita ndi ma DFAs, zopezeka zomwe zitha kuchitidwa ndi munthu yemwe ali ndi ndalama zoyenerera, kusamutsidwa kwa DFA sikungachitike pokhapokha atavomerezedwa ndi wogwiritsa ntchito IP.
Kuchuluka kwa malamulo a Russian Federation pazantchito zama digito.
Malinga ndi ndime 5 ya Art. 1 Lamulo:
Lamulo la Russia limagwira ntchito pamalamulo omwe amachitika panthawi yopereka, kuwerengera komanso kufalitsa chuma cha digito molingana ndi Lamulo la Federal ili, kuphatikiza kutenga nawo gawo kwa anthu akunja.
Ngati titsatira ndondomekoyi mwalamulo, ndiye kuti malamulo a ku Russia akugwira ntchito kuzinthu zandalama zokha zomwe nkhaniyo, kuwerengera ndi kufalikira kwake kumachitika ndendende monga momwe tafotokozera m'Chilamulo. Ngati zichitika mosiyana, ndiye kuti lamulo la Russia siligwira ntchito kwa iwo nkomwe. Ngakhale onse omwe akutenga nawo gawo pamalondawa ndi okhala ku Russian Federation, ma seva onse ali ku Russian Federation, mutu wamalondawo ndi magawo kapena udindo wandalama wa kampani yaku Russia, koma IP sikugwira ntchito monga momwe tafotokozera m'malamulo. zili kunja kwa malamulo a Russia. Mapeto ake ndi omveka, koma odabwitsa. Nβkutheka kuti olemba malamulowo ankafuna kunena zosiyana ndi zimenezi, koma anazipanga mβnjira imene anazipangira.
Kutanthauzira kwina kotheka: Lamulo la Russia limagwira ntchito pazachuma chilichonse cha digito chofotokozedwa m'malamulo, ngakhale mabungwe akunja. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, ngati nkhani ya malonda ikugwera mu tanthawuzo la CFA mu lamulo, ngakhale maphwando omwe akukhudzidwawo ndi anthu akunja, lamulo la Russia liyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazochitikazo. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, ndi kutanthauzira uku, lamulo la Russia limafikira ku ntchito za malonda onse ogulitsa malonda padziko lonse lapansi ndi zida zina zomwe zikugwera pansi pa tanthauzo la DFA pansi pa malamulo a Russia. Timakhulupirira kuti kutanthauzira kotereku sikunali kolakwika, chifukwa sitingaganize kuti Lamuloli likhoza kuyendetsa ntchito, kunena, Tokyo kapena London Stock Exchange ngati malonda akuchitika kumeneko ndi zomangira zamagetsi ndi zinthu zina zomwe zikugwera pansi pa lingaliro la DFA.
Pochita, timaganiza kuti padzakhala kuletsedwa kwa anthu okhala ku Russian Federation ku "zidziwitso" zilizonse zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi zofunikira za Lamulo, i.e. kwa aliyense osavomerezedwa ndi Bank of Russia, kuphatikiza kusinthanitsa kwakunja ndi machitidwe ozikidwa pa blockchain, kupatula kudzera pa "digital chuma kuwombola woyendetsa" (onani ndime 1 ya Article 10 ya Lamulo).
Othandizira osinthana ndi chuma cha digito
Malinga ndi Gawo 1 la Art. 10 ya Lamulo (kutsindika kowonjezera ndi olemba):
Kugula ndi kugulitsa malonda a chuma cha digito, zochitika zina zokhudzana ndi chuma cha digito, kuphatikizapo kusinthanitsa chuma cha digito chamtundu wina pazachuma chamtundu wina kapena ufulu wa digito woperekedwa ndi lamulo, kuphatikizapo zochita ndi chuma cha digito choperekedwa m'madongosolo azidziwitso okonzedwa motsatira malamulo akunja, komanso kuchitapo kanthu ndi ufulu wa digito, womwe umaphatikizapo chuma cha digito ndi ufulu wina wa digito, zimachitika kudzera woyendetsa chuma cha digito, zomwe zimatsimikizira kutha kwa malonda ndi chuma chandalama cha digito posonkhanitsa ndi kufananiza ntchito zamitundumitundu pazochita zotere kapena kutenga nawo gawo pazodzilipiritsa zanu pakuchitapo kanthu ndi chuma chandalama cha digito monga wolowa nawo pamalondawo mokomera anthu ena.
Apa ndipamene blockchain imayambira.
Monga tafotokozera kale, malinga ndi Lamulo la Chitaganya cha Russia, n'zosatheka kutulutsa zikalata zachuma za digito pogwiritsa ntchito blockchain; malinga ndi Lamulo, dongosolo lililonse lazidziwitso, kuphatikizapo "kaundula wogawidwa" liyenera kukhala lapakati.
Komabe, nkhaniyi ikupereka ufulu kwa anthu okhala ku Russian Federation kuti achitepo kanthu ndi chuma cha digito chomwe chimaperekedwa m'madongosolo azidziwitso opangidwa motsatira malamulo akunja (ndiko kuti, m'machitidwe azidziwitso omwe sakuyeneranso kutsatira zofunikira zamalamulo aku Russia), ngati zochitika zoterezi zimaperekedwa ndi wogwiritsa ntchito kusinthana kwa chuma cha digito (pano - OOTsFA).
OOCFA ikhoza kutsimikizira kutha kwa malondawa m'njira ziwiri zomwe zafotokozedwa m'Chilamulo:
1) Posonkhanitsa ndi kufananiza ntchito zamitundu yosiyanasiyana pazochita zotere.
2) Mwa kutenga nawo gawo pa ndalama zanu pakuchitapo kanthu ndi chuma cha digito monga chipani pakuchitako kosangalatsa kwa anthu ena.
Izi sizinatchulidwe mwachindunji mu Chilamulo, koma zikuwoneka kuti OOCFA ikhoza kugulitsa ndi kugula ndalama za digito pa ndalama (zochita ndi anthu okhala ku Russian Federation - kwa ruble, ndi osakhala nzika za ndalama zakunja).
Munthu yemweyo akhoza kukhala woyang'anira kusinthana kwa chuma cha digito ndi woyendetsa ndondomeko ya chidziwitso chomwe kutulutsa ndi kufalitsa chuma cha digito kumachitidwa.
Malinga ndi lamuloli, OOCFA imakhala ngati mtundu wa analogue ya crypto exchange. Bank of Russia idzasunga "kaundula wa osinthana ndi ndalama za digito," ndipo anthu okhawo omwe ali m'kaundula azitha kuchita izi.
OOCFA mu Russian Federation akhoza kukhala ngati chipata pakati pa "achilendo", machitidwe ogawidwa (zikuwoneka kwa ife kuti pankhaniyi ndizosangalatsa kwambiri. ), ndi dongosolo lazachuma la Russian Federation. Mofanana ndi pa , maakaunti a ogwiritsa ntchito mu OOCFA amatha kuwonetsa ufulu kuzinthu zomwe zimaperekedwa m'madongosolo ogawidwa, ndipo zimatha kusamutsidwa kuchoka ku akaunti ya wogwiritsa ntchito kupita ku akaunti ya wogwiritsa ntchito wina, komanso kugula ndikugulitsidwa ndi ndalama. N'zosatheka kugula mwachindunji DFAs kwa CVs mu Russian Federation, koma OOCFA akhoza kupereka mwayi kugulitsa CFs ndalama ndi kugula DFAs ndalama yomweyo.
Mwanjira ina, mu IS centralized, ntchito zitha kuchitidwa ndi chuma cha digito chomwe chimaperekedwa m'machitidwe apakati "akunja", makamaka, zitha kulandiridwa kuchokera kumayiko akunja kuchokera kumadongosolo okhazikitsidwa, kapena kupatulidwa kwa anzawo akunja posamutsidwa Decentralized system.
Mwachitsanzo: OOCFA ikhoza kupereka anthu okhala ku Russian Federation ndi ntchito zogula mtundu wina wa DFA woperekedwa pa Ethereum blockchain. Katundu wogulidwa mu dongosolo la Ethereum ali pa adiresi ya OOCFA (kuchokera ku zomwe Lamulo likutsatira kuti OOCFA ikhoza kuchita izi), ndipo mu dongosolo lachidziwitso limene OOCFA ndi woyendetsa, chuma ichi chidzawonetsedwa nkhani ya wokhala mu Russian Federation. Izi ngakhale mwanjira ina zimapangitsa kukhala kosavuta kwa wokhala mu Russian Federation kuti agwire ntchito ndi zinthu zotere, ngati ali wozoloΕ΅era kugwira ntchito ndi machitidwe apakati, omwe amapita nawo pogwiritsa ntchito malowedwe ndi mawu achinsinsi, kusiyana ndi machitidwe omwe ali ndi decentralized makiyi a cryptographic, kutayika kwake, mwachitsanzo, sikutanthawuza kuthekera kobwezeretsa mwayi.
Wokhala ku Russian Federation yemwe ali ndi ma DFA pa akaunti yake ku OOCFA akhoza kugulitsa kapena kusinthanitsa ma DFA awa pogwiritsa ntchito OOCFA, ndipo winayo pamalondawo akhoza kukhala wokhalamo yemwe ali ndi akaunti ndi OOCFA yemweyo, kapena wosakhala nawo. okhala pogwiritsa ntchito dongosolo la "akunja".
Zitsanzo za chuma cha digito.
Zogawana / magawo a kampani pa blockchain.
Bungwe loyamba la padziko lonse lapansi lomwe magawo ake adawonetsedwa mwalamulo mu zizindikiro za Ethereum blockchain adalembetsedwa mu 2016 ku Republic of the Marshall Islands. . The Kampaniyo idakhazikitsa izi:
Zogawana zamakampani zimayimiridwa ndi ma tokeni omwe amaperekedwa pakompyuta mumgwirizano wanzeru wotumizidwa ku adilesi. pa Ethereum blockchain.
Kusamutsidwa kwa magawo a bungwe kungatheke kokha ngati kusamutsa ma tokeni omwe akuyimira magawo omwe ali mumgwirizano wanzeru. Palibe njira ina yosinthira magawo yomwe idzatengedwe kuti ndi yovomerezeka.
Malingaliro a kampani CoinOffering Ltd. malamulo oterowo anakhazikitsidwa ndi tchata cha bungwe lokhalo, pogwiritsa ntchito ulamuliro waufulu. Onani zambiri.
Pakadali pano, pali maulamuliro omwe lamulo limapereka mwachindunji kuthekera kosunga kaundula wa masheya/ogawana nawo pa blockchain, makamaka mayiko aku America a Delaware (onani. ndi Wyoming (onani )
Tsopano pali mapulojekiti omwe akupanga nsanja zoperekera magawo amagetsi pa blockchain pogwiritsa ntchito malamulo amayiko awa, mwachitsanzo,
Lamulo latsopanoli limatsegula mwayi wopanga mapangidwe ofanana mu Russian Federation. Izi zikhozanso kukhala nyumba zosakanizidwa mu mawonekedwe a kampani yachilendo, mwachitsanzo ku USA, yomwe yapereka magawo ovomerezeka pa blockchain decentralized, ndipo ili ndi wothandizira ku Russian Federation, ndipo magawowa amatha kugulidwa (ndi kugulitsidwa. ) ndi okhala mu Russian Federation kudzera mu Russian digito exchange operator chuma chuma malinga ndi Lamulo latsopano.
Mabilu apakompyuta.
Mtundu woyamba wa DFA womwe Lamulo limakamba ndi "zodandaula zandalama".
Njira yabwino kwambiri komanso yodziwika bwino ya zonena zandalama zomwe zitha kusamutsidwa kuchokera kwa munthu kupita kwa wina ndi . Nthawi zambiri, ndalama zosinthira ndi chida cholipirira chosavuta komanso choganiziridwa bwino; Komanso, zitha kunenedwa kuti ndi zakale, ndipo machitidwe ambiri adapangidwa nawo. Zingakhale zosangalatsa kwambiri kukhazikitsa mabilu pa blockchain, makamaka popeza lingaliro la DFA mu Lamulo limangowonetsa izi.
Komabe, Art. 4 amayika:
Bilu yosinthanitsa ndi kalata yotsimikizira ziyenera kulembedwa pamapepala okha (zolemba zolimba)
Kodi n'zotheka kugwiritsa ntchito "ufulu wa digito womwe umaphatikizapo zodandaula zandalama" zomwe zatchulidwa mu ndime 2 ya Art. 1 ya Chilamulo mu mawonekedwe a zizindikiro pa blockchain?
Tikukhulupirira kuti izi ndizotheka kutengera izi:
Zovomerezeka ku Russian Federation .
Art. 3 ya Msonkhanowu imakhazikitsa:
Mawonekedwe omwe maudindo amaganiziridwa pansi pa bili yosinthana kapena promissory note amatsimikiziridwa ndi lamulo la dziko lomwe maudindowa adasaina.
Ndiko kuti, Art. 4 tbsp. 4 ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito poganizira zomwe zili mu Art. 3 .
Ngati udindo womwe uli pansi pa ndalamazo udasainidwa m'gawo la Russian Federation, kusaina koteroko kuyenera kuchitidwa pamapepala okha, koma ngati zofunikira zomwe zili pansi pa ndalamazo zidasainidwa pamalo omwe ndalama zosinthanitsa mu mawonekedwe amagetsi zili. osati zoletsedwa, koma bilu yotereyi yosinthanitsa, motsatira zomwe zaperekedwa ngakhale zitapezeka kuti zili m'gawo la Russian Federation ndi / kapena kukhala ndi nzika za Russian Federation, zidzakhala zovomerezeka. Kutsatira zofunikira za Lamulo, kachiwiri, mapangidwe osakanizidwa ndi otheka, momwe ndalama zogulitsira zomwe zimaperekedwa malinga ndi malamulo akunja zikhoza kuganiziridwa mu Russian Federation monga DFA (ndalama) ndikupeza / kuperekedwa kudzera mu DFA. osinthana ndi anthu okhala ku Russian Federation, ngakhale sanaganizidwe mwalamulo malinga ndi malamulo aku Russia (potengera zomwe zili mu Article 4). )
Mwachitsanzo, kuperekedwa kwa ngongole zamagetsi zotere motsatira malamulo a Chingerezi ndizotheka pa nsanja (onani ). Malo a nkhani ya bilu ndi malipiro pa bilu angakhale mu UK, Komabe, DFAs amenewa akhoza kupeza ndi kulekanitsidwa ndi okhala ku Russia kudzera digito chuma chuma kuwombola woyendetsa, ndipo iwo akhoza kufalitsidwa mu chapakati zambiri dongosolo ntchito ndi wokhala ku Russian Federation malinga ndi zomwe Lamuloli limapereka.
Mapeto.
Kawirikawiri, lamuloli limayambitsa zoletsa zazikulu pakugwiritsa ntchito ndalama za digito poyerekeza ndi zomwe zilipo mu Russian Federation. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, imatsegula mwayi wosangalatsa wogwirira ntchito ndi "katundu wa digito" (DFAs), zomwe, komabe, zimafuna njira yoyenera kwa ogwira ntchito pazidziwitso ndi ogwira ntchito kusinthanitsa chuma cha digito olembetsedwa ndi Bank of Russia.
Kusindikizatu.
Olemba: ,
Zolemba, maulalo, magwero:
- Sazhenov A. V. Cryptocurrencies: kuchotseratu gulu la zinthu mu malamulo aboma. Lamulo. 2018, 9, 115.
- Tolkachev A.Yu., Zhuzhalov M.B. Cryptocurrency monga katundu - kusanthula zalamulo panopa. Bulletin of Economic Justice of the Russian Federation. 2018, 9, 114-116.
- Efimova L.G. Cryptocurrencies ngati chinthu cha malamulo aboma. Economics ndi malamulo. 2019, 4, 17-25.
Source: www.habr.com