🥇Ukadaulo watsopano wosungira deta: kodi padzakhala chitukuko mu 2020?

Kwa zaka makumi ambiri, kupita patsogolo kwa ukadaulo wosungira zinthu kunayesedwa makamaka pankhani ya mphamvu yosungira zinthu komanso liwiro lowerenga/kulemba. Pakapita nthawi, ziwerengerozi zawonjezeredwa ndi ukadaulo ndi njira zomwe zimapangitsa ma HDD ndi ma SSD kukhala anzeru, osinthasintha, komanso osavuta kuwagwiritsa ntchito. Chaka chilichonse, opanga zinthu zosungira zinthu nthawi zambiri amawonetsa kusintha kwa msika waukulu wa data, ndipo 2020 ndi yosiyana. Atsogoleri a IT akufunafuna njira zogwirira ntchito bwino zosungira ndikuwongolera kuchuluka kwa deta, motero akulonjeza kusintha njira yopangira makina osungira zinthu. M'nkhaniyi, tikambirana za ukadaulo wapamwamba kwambiri wosungira zinthu ndikukambirana za malingaliro osungira zinthu omwe sanakwaniritsidwebe.

Ma network osungira zinthu opangidwa ndi mapulogalamu

Ponena za makina odzichitira okha, kusinthasintha, ndi kuchuluka kwa malo osungira zinthu, komanso kukonza bwino magwiridwe antchito, makampani ambiri akuganiza zosintha kugwiritsa ntchito ma netiweki osungira zinthu omwe amafotokozedwa ndi mapulogalamu, kapena SDS.

Chinthu chachikulu cha ukadaulo wa SDS ndikulekanitsa zida ndi mapulogalamu: ndiko kuti, zimatanthauzidwa kusintha kwa ntchito zosungira detaKuphatikiza apo, mosiyana ndi malo osungiramo zinthu (NAS) kapena malo osungiramo zinthu (SAN), SDS idapangidwa kuti izigwira ntchito pamakina aliwonse a x86. Nthawi zambiri, cholinga chogwiritsa ntchito SDS ndikuwonjezera ndalama zogwirira ntchito (OpEx) pongofuna khama lochepa pakuwongolera.

Mphamvu ya HDD idzawonjezeka kufika pa 32 TB

Kusungirako maginito kwachikhalidwe sikunathe; kukuchitikabe m'njira yatsopano yaukadaulo. Ma HDD amakono amatha kale kupatsa ogwiritsa ntchito malo osungira deta okwana 16 TB. Mphamvu imeneyi idzawirikiza kawiri m'zaka zisanu zikubwerazi. Pakadali pano, ma hard disk drive adzakhalabe malo osungira otchipa kwambiri komanso otchipa kwambiri ndipo adzakhalabe ndi mtengo wawo wapamwamba pa gigabyte iliyonse yosungira kwa zaka zambiri zikubwerazi.

Kukula kwa mphamvu kudzakhazikitsidwa pa ukadaulo wodziwika kale:

Zipangizo zosungiramo Helium (helium imachepetsa kukoka kwa mpweya ndi kugwedezeka kwa mpweya, zomwe zimathandiza kuti ma magnetic plate ambiri akhazikitsidwe mu chipangizo chosungiramo zinthu; kupanga kutentha ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu sizikuwonjezeka);
Zipangizo zosungira maginito otentha (kapena ma HAMR HDD, omwe akuyembekezeka kuonekera mu 2021 ndipo amachokera pa mfundo yojambulira deta ya microwave, pamene gawo la diski limatenthedwa ndi laser ndikusinthidwanso mphamvu ya maginito);
Ma HDD ozikidwa pa kujambula kwa matailosi (kapena ma SMR drive, komwe ma track a data amayikidwa pamwamba pa ena, mu mtundu wa matailosi; izi zimatsimikizira kuchuluka kwa kujambula deta).

Ma drive opangidwa ndi helium ndi otchuka kwambiri m'malo osungira deta ya cloud, pomwe ma SMR HDD ndi abwino kusungira zolemba zazikulu ndi malaibulale a data, komanso kupeza ndikusintha deta yomwe siifunikira kawirikawiri. Ndi abwinonso popanga zosunga zobwezeretsera.

Ma drive a NVMe adzakhala othamanga kwambiri

Ma drive oyamba a SSD olumikizidwa ku ma board a system kudzera pa SATA kapena SAS interface, koma ma interface awa adapangidwa zaka zoposa 10 zapitazo kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito pa ma HDD a maginito. Komabe, protocol yamakono ya NVMe ndi protocol yolankhulirana yamphamvu kwambiri yopangidwira makina omwe amafunikira kukonza deta mwachangu. Zotsatira zake, kumapeto kwa chaka cha 2019 ndi 2020, tikuwona kutsika kwakukulu kwa mitengo ya ma SSD a NVMe, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ogwiritsa ntchito onse akhale otsika mtengo. Mu gawo la bizinesi, mayankho a NVMe ndi ofunika kwambiri kwa makampani omwe amafunikira kusanthula deta yayikulu nthawi yeniyeni.

Makampani monga Kingston ndi Samsung awonetsa kale zomwe ogwiritsa ntchito mabizinesi angayembekezere mu 2020: tonse tikuyembekezera mwachidwi kufika kwa ma NVMe SSD okhala ndi chithandizo cha PCIe 4.0, chomwe chidzawonjezera liwiro kwambiri ku malo osungira deta. Zogulitsa zatsopanozi zili ndi 4,8 GB/s, ndipo zimenezo ndi zotalikirapo. Mibadwo yotsatira Kingston NVMe SSD PCIe gen 4.0 idzatha kupereka mphamvu yofikira pamlingo wa 7 Gbps.

Mafotokozedwe a NVMe-oF (kapena NVMe pamwamba pa Nsalu) athandiza mabungwe kumanga maukonde osungira zinthu omwe amagwira ntchito bwino komanso osakhala ndi nthawi yokwanira yomwe idzapikisane maso ndi maso ndi malo osungira deta omwe ali ndi nthawi yokhazikika (DAS). Kuphatikiza apo, NVMe-oF imalola kuti I/O igwiritsidwe ntchito bwino, pomwe ikusunga nthawi yofanana ndi machitidwe a DAS. Akatswiri akulosera kuti kuyika makina a NVMe-oF kudzawonjezeka mofulumira mu 2020.

Kodi kukumbukira kwa QLC kwayamba kugwira ntchito?

Chikumbutso cha Quad Level Cell (QLC) NAND flash memory chidzawonetsanso kutchuka kwa msika. QLC idayambitsidwa mu 2019 ndipo chifukwa chake inali ndi mwayi wochepa pamsika. Izi zisintha mu 2020, makamaka pakati pa makampani omwe agwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa LightOS Global Flash Translation Layer (GFTL) kuti athetse mavuto omwe QLC ikukumana nawo.

Akatswiri akulosera kuti kugulitsa ma SSD okhala ndi QLC kudzakwera ndi 10%, pomwe mayankho a TLC adzatenga 85% ya msika. Komabe, ma QLC SSD akadali ocheperako kwambiri poyerekeza ndi ma TLC SSD ndipo sadzakhala maziko a malo osungira deta kwa zaka zisanu zikubwerazi.

Nthawi yomweyo, ndalama zosungiramo ma flash memory a NAND zikuyembekezeka kukwera mu 2020, kotero wogulitsa SSD controller Phison, mwachitsanzo, akubetcha kuti mitengo yokwera idzapangitsa msika wa SSD wa ogula kupita ku 4-bit QLC NAND flash memory. Mwa njira, Intel ikukonzekera kuyambitsa mayankho a QLC a 144-layer (kuchokera ku zinthu za 96-layer). Zikuoneka kuti tikuyang'ana kwambiri kuchotsedwa kwa ma HDD.

Kukumbukira kwa SCM: liwiro loyandikira DRAM

Kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri kwa Storage Class Memory (SCM) kwakhala kukunenedweratu kwa zaka zingapo, ndipo 2020 ikhoza kukhala chiyambi cha maulosi awa kukwaniritsidwa. Ngakhale kuti ma module a Intel Optane memory, Toshiba XL-Flash, ndi Samsung Z-SSD alowa kale pamsika wamakampani, kufika kwawo sikunachititse chidwi chachikulu.

Chipangizo cha Intel chimaphatikiza makhalidwe a DRAM yofulumira koma yosasinthasintha komanso yosungirako NAND yocheperako koma yokhazikika. Kuphatikiza kumeneku cholinga chake ndi kukweza luso la ogwiritsa ntchito kugwira ntchito ndi ma data akuluakulu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti DRAM ifulumire komanso mphamvu ya NAND. Kukumbukira kwa SCM sikungofulumira kuposa njira zina zochokera ku NAND; ndi kofulumira kambirimbiri. Latency ili mu microsecond range, osati milliseconds.

Akatswiri a msika akunena kuti malo osungira deta omwe akukonzekera kugwiritsa ntchito SCM adzachepetsedwa chifukwa chakuti ukadaulowu udzagwira ntchito pa ma seva omwe amagwiritsa ntchito ma processor a Intel Cascade Lake okha. Komabe, akukhulupirira kuti izi sizidzakhala chopinga pakuletsa kusinthidwa kwa malo osungira deta omwe alipo kuti zitsimikizire kuti ntchito ikufulumira kwambiri.

Kuchokera ku zenizeni zomwe zimawonekera mpaka mtsogolo

Kwa ogwiritsa ntchito ambiri, kusungira deta sikubweretsa lingaliro la "mphamvu ya Armageddon." Koma taganizirani izi: anthu 3,7 biliyoni omwe akugwiritsa ntchito intaneti pakali pano amapanga pafupifupi ma quintillion bytes a data tsiku lililonse. Kuti akwaniritse izi, malo ambiri osungira deta akufunika.

Malinga ndi ziwerengero, pofika chaka cha 2025, dziko lapansi lidzakhala likhoza kukonza deta ya zettabytes 160 pachaka (ndi ma bytes ambiri kuposa nyenyezi zomwe zili m'chilengedwe chomwe chikuwoneka). N'zotheka kuti tidzafunika kuphimba mita iliyonse ya sikweya ya Dziko Lapansi ndi malo osungira deta; apo ayi, makampani sadzatha kulandira kukula kwachangu kwa chidziwitso. Kapena ... tidzayenera kusiya deta. Komabe, pali ukadaulo wosangalatsa womwe ungathetse vuto lomwe likukula la kuchuluka kwa chidziwitso.

Kapangidwe ka DNA monga maziko osungira deta mtsogolo

Makampani a IT si okhawo omwe akufuna njira zatsopano zosungira ndikugwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso; asayansi ambiri nawonso ali nacho. Vuto lapadziko lonse lapansi ndikuwonetsetsa kuti chidziwitso chikusungidwa kwa zaka zikwizikwi. Ofufuza ochokera ku Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ku Zurich (ETH Zurich, Switzerland) amakhulupirira kuti yankho lili mu dongosolo losungira deta lachilengedwe lomwe lilipo mu selo lililonse lamoyo: DNA. Ndipo chofunika kwambiri, dongosololi "linapangidwa" kalekale kompyuta isanabwere.

Zingwe za DNA ndi zovuta kwambiri, zazing'ono, komanso zokhuthala kwambiri ngati malo osungira: asayansi akuyerekeza kuti ma exabytes 455 a deta akhoza kusungidwa mu gramu imodzi ya DNA, pomwe EB imodzi ndi yofanana ndi gigabytes biliyoni imodzi. Kuyesa koyamba kwathandiza kale kujambula 83 KB ya chidziwitso mu DNA, zomwe zapangitsa Robert Grass, mphunzitsi mu Dipatimenti ya Chemistry ndi Sayansi ya Zamoyo, kunena kuti m'zaka khumi zatsopano, gawo la zamankhwala liyenera kugwirizana kwambiri ndi gawo la IT kuti lipange limodzi ukadaulo wolemba ndi kusunga deta.

Malinga ndi asayansi, zipangizo zosungira deta zachilengedwe zochokera ku DNA zimatha kusunga chidziwitso kwa zaka miliyoni imodzi ndikuchipereka popanda zolakwika ngati zitapemphedwa. N'zotheka kuti mkati mwa zaka makumi angapo, zipangizo zambiri zosungira zidzayesetsa kupeza luso limeneli: kuthekera kosunga deta moyenera komanso mokwanira kwa nthawi yayitali.

A Switzerland si okhawo omwe amagwira ntchito pa njira zosungiramo zinthu zochokera ku DNA. Lingaliroli lakhalapo kuyambira mu 1953, pamene Francis Crick anapeza DNA double helix. Koma panthawiyo, anthu analibe chidziwitso cha kuyesa kotereku. Maganizo achikhalidwe pankhani yosungira deta yochokera ku DNA ankayang'ana kwambiri pakupanga mamolekyu atsopano a DNA: kupanga mapu a zigawo ku mndandanda wa ma DNA base pairs anayi ndikupanga mamolekyu okwanira kuyimira manambala onse omwe ayenera kusungidwa. Mwachitsanzo, m'chilimwe cha 2019, mainjiniya ochokera ku CATALOG adatha kusunga 16 GB ya Wikipedia ya Chingerezi mu DNA yopangidwa kuchokera ku ma polima opangidwa. Vuto ndilakuti njirayi ndi yocheperako komanso yokwera mtengo, zomwe ndi vuto lalikulu pankhani yosungira deta.

Si DNA yokha…: ma molecular accumulators

Ofufuza ochokera ku Brown University (USA) amanena kuti DNA si njira yokhayo yosungira deta yomwe imatha zaka miliyoni imodzi. Ma metabolites otsika kulemera kwa mamolekyu amathanso kugwira ntchito ngati malo osungira zinthu zachilengedwe. Chidziwitso chikalembedwa mu gulu la ma metabolites, mamolekyu amayamba kuyanjana ndikupanga tinthu tatsopano tosalowerera magetsi tomwe tili ndi deta yosungidwa mkati mwake.

Mwa njira, ofufuzawo sanalekere pamenepo ndipo anawonjezera kuchuluka kwa mamolekyu achilengedwe, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti deta iwerengedwe mochulukira. Chidziwitsochi chikhoza kuwerengedwa kudzera mu kusanthula kwa mankhwala. Vuto lokhalo ndilakuti kugwiritsa ntchito chipangizo chosungiramo zinthu zachilengedwe chotere, kunja kwa malo ochitira kafukufuku, sikungatheke. Ichi ndi chitukuko cha mtsogolo.

5D Optical Memory: Kusintha Kwambiri pa Kusunga Deta

Njira ina yosungiramo zinthu yoyesera ndi ya opanga mapulogalamu ochokera ku University of Southampton (England). Pofuna kupanga njira yatsopano yosungiramo zinthu ya digito yomwe ingakhalepo kwa zaka mamiliyoni ambiri, asayansi adapanga njira yolembera deta pa diski yaying'ono ya quartz kutengera kujambula kwa femtosecond pulse. Njira yosungiramo zinthuyi idapangidwa kuti isungidwe ndikusungidwa mozizira kwa deta yambiri ndipo imafotokozedwa ngati njira yosungiramo zinthu ya magawo asanu.

Chifukwa chiyani zili ndi magawo asanu? Chidziwitsochi chimasungidwa m'magawo angapo, kuphatikiza magawo atatu wamba. Magawo ena awiri awonjezedwa pa izi—kukula ndi mawonekedwe a nanodot. Mphamvu ya deta ya mini-drive yotereyi ndi mpaka ma petabytes 100, ndipo nthawi yake yosungira ndi zaka 13,8 biliyoni kutentha mpaka 190°C. Kutentha kwakukulu komwe drive imatha kupirira ndi 982°C. Mwachidule… kumakhalapo kwamuyaya!

Posachedwapa, ntchito ya ofufuza a ku University of Southampton yakopa chidwi cha Microsoft, yomwe pulogalamu yake yosungira deta mumtambo, Project Silica, ikufuna kuganiziranso zaukadaulo wamakono wosungira deta. Microsoft ikuneneratu kuti pofika chaka cha 2023, ma zettabytes opitilira 100 azidziwitso adzasungidwa mumtambo, zomwe zimabweretsa mavuto ngakhale kwa makina akuluakulu osungira deta.