Hello Habr! M'nkhaniyi tikuuzani ngati kuli koyenera kukonza magulu a RAID kutengera mayankho olimba a SATA SSD ndi NVMe SSD, ndipo padzakhala phindu lalikulu pa izi? Tinaganiza zoyang'ana nkhaniyi poganizira mitundu ndi mitundu ya olamulira omwe amalola kuti izi zitheke, komanso kukula kwa kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka masinthidwe otere.
Mwanjira ina, aliyense wa ife kamodzi m'miyoyo yathu adamva matanthauzo monga "RAID", "RAID-array", "RAID-controller", koma sizokayikitsa kuti tidayikapo kufunikira kwakukulu kwa izi, chifukwa zonsezi ndi zokayikitsa kwa wamba PC boyar Zosangalatsa. Koma aliyense amafuna kuthamanga kwambiri kuchokera kumagalimoto amkati ndi ntchito yopanda mavuto. Pambuyo pake, ziribe kanthu kuti hardware ya kompyuta ndi yamphamvu bwanji, liwiro la galimotoyo limakhala phokoso pokhudzana ndi kugwira ntchito pamodzi kwa PC ndi seva.
Izi zinali ndendende mpaka ma HDD achikhalidwe adasinthidwa ndi ma NVMe SSD amakono omwe ali ndi mphamvu zofananira za 1 TB kapena kupitilira apo. Ndipo ngati m'mbuyomu pama PC nthawi zambiri pamakhala kuphatikiza kwa SATA SSD + ma HDD angapo amphamvu, lero ayamba kusinthidwa ndi yankho lina - NVMe SSD + ma SATA SSD angapo. Ngati tikukamba za ma seva amakampani ndi "mitambo," ambiri adasamukira kale ku SATA SSDs, chifukwa chakuti ndi othamanga kuposa "zitini" zachizolowezi ndipo amatha kukonza chiwerengero chachikulu cha ntchito za I / O panthawi imodzi.
Komabe, kulolerana kolakwika kwa dongosololi kudakali pamlingo wochepa kwambiri: sitingathe, monga mu "Nkhondo ya Psychics," kuneneratu molondola ngakhale mpaka sabata pamene galimoto yolimba-boma idzafa. Ndipo ngati ma HDD "afa" pang'onopang'ono, kukulolani kuti mugwire zizindikiro ndikuchitapo kanthu, ndiye kuti ma SSD "amafa" nthawi yomweyo popanda chenjezo. Ndipo tsopano ndi nthawi yoti mudziwe chifukwa chake zonsezi ndizofunikira? Kodi ndi koyenera kukonza magulu a RAID kutengera mayankho olimba a SATA SSD ndi NVMe SSD, ndipo padzakhala phindu lalikulu pa izi?
Chifukwa chiyani mukufunikira gulu la RAID?
Mawu omwewo akuti "zosanjikiza" amatanthauza kale kuti ma drive angapo (HDD ndi SSD) amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga, omwe amaphatikizidwa pogwiritsa ntchito RAID controller ndipo amadziwika ndi OS ngati kusungirako deta imodzi. Ntchito yapadziko lonse yomwe magulu a RAID amatha kuthetsa ndikuchepetsa nthawi yofikira deta, kuonjezera liwiro lowerenga / kulemba ndi kudalirika, zomwe zimatheka chifukwa chotha kuchira msanga pakalephera. Mwa njira, sikofunikira konse kugwiritsa ntchito RAID pazosunga zosunga zobwezeretsera kunyumba. Koma ngati muli ndi seva yanu yakunyumba, yomwe mumafunika kupeza nthawi zonse 24/7, ndi nkhani ina.
Pali milingo yopitilira khumi ndi iwiri yamagulu a RAID, iliyonse yomwe imasiyana ndi kuchuluka kwa ma drive omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito momwemo ndipo ili ndi zabwino ndi zoyipa zake: mwachitsanzo, RAID 0 imakupatsani mwayi wochita bwino popanda kulekerera zolakwika, RAID 1 imakulolani kuwonetseratu deta popanda kuwonjezeka kwa liwiro, ndipo RAID 10 imaphatikizana ili ndi mwayi womwe uli pamwambapa. RAID 0 ndi 1 ndizosavuta (popeza sizifuna kuwerengera mapulogalamu) ndipo, chifukwa chake, ndizodziwika kwambiri. Pamapeto pake, kusankha kokomera gawo limodzi kapena lina la RAID kumadalira ntchito zomwe zimaperekedwa ku disk ndi kuthekera kwa wowongolera RAID.
RAID Yanyumba ndi Yamakampani: pali kusiyana kotani?
Maziko a bizinesi iliyonse yamakono ndizinthu zazikulu za deta zomwe ziyenera kusungidwa bwino pa ma seva a kampani. Komanso, monga taonera pamwambapa, ayenera kupatsidwa mwayi wofikira 24/7. Zikuwonekeratu kuti, pamodzi ndi hardware, gawo la mapulogalamu ndilofunikanso, koma pakadali pano tikukamba za zipangizo zomwe zimatsimikizira kusungidwa kodalirika ndi kukonza chidziwitso. Palibe mapulogalamu omwe angapulumutse kampani ku chiwonongeko ngati hardware sikugwirizana ndi ntchito zomwe zapatsidwa.
Pazochita izi, wopanga zida zilizonse amapereka zida zotchedwa zabizinesi. Kingston ali ndi mayankho amphamvu amtundu wa SATA ΠΈ , komanso mitundu ya NVMe DC1000M U.2 NVMe, DCU1000 U.2 NVMe ndi DCP-1000 PCI-e, yogwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo opangira data ndi makompyuta apamwamba kwambiri. Mitundu yambiri yamagalimoto oterowo nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi owongolera ma hardware.
Kwa msika wa ogula (ndiko kuti, ma PC akunyumba ndi maseva a NAS), ma drive monga NVMe PCIe, koma mu nkhani iyi sikoyenera kugula hardware controller. Mutha kudziletsa nokha ku PC kapena seva ya NAS yomangidwa mu bolodi la amayi, pokhapokha mutakonzekera kusonkhanitsa seva yapanyumba nokha kuti mugwire ntchito zofananira (kuyambitsa nyumba yaying'ono ya anzanu, mwachitsanzo). Kuphatikiza apo, zida zapanyumba za RAID, monga lamulo, sizifuna ma drive mazana kapena masauzande, kukhala ndi zida ziwiri, zinayi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu (nthawi zambiri SATA).
Mitundu ndi mitundu ya olamulira a RAID
Pali mitundu itatu ya olamulira a RAID kutengera mfundo zoyendetsera masanjidwe a RAID:
1. Mapulogalamu, momwe kasamalidwe kamagulu amagwera pa CPU ndi DRAM (ndiko kuti, code code imachitidwa pa purosesa).
2. Zophatikizika, ndiye kuti, zomangidwa m'mabodi a PC kapena seva ya NAS.
3. Hardware (modular), omwe ndi makhadi okulirakulira a PCI/PCIe zolumikizira pamabodi.
Kodi kusiyana kwawo kwakukulu ndi kotani? Owongolera mapulogalamu a RAID ndi otsika poyerekeza ndi omwe amaphatikizidwa ndi ma hardware potengera magwiridwe antchito komanso kulekerera zolakwika, koma safuna zida zapadera kuti zigwire ntchito. Komabe, ndikofunikira kuwonetsetsa kuti purosesa ya wolandilayo ndi yamphamvu mokwanira kuyendetsa pulogalamu ya RAID popanda kusokoneza magwiridwe antchito omwe akugwiranso ntchito pa wolandila. Owongolera ophatikizika nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi kukumbukira kwawo kwa cache ndikugwiritsa ntchito kuchuluka kwazinthu za CPU.
Koma ma hardware ali ndi kukumbukira kwawo kwa cache komanso purosesa yomangidwa kuti agwiritse ntchito mapulogalamu a mapulogalamu. Nthawi zambiri, amakulolani kuti mugwiritse ntchito mitundu yonse yamagulu a RAID ndikuthandizira mitundu ingapo ya ma drive nthawi imodzi. Mwachitsanzo, olamulira amakono a hardware kuchokera ku Broadcom amatha kugwirizanitsa zipangizo za SATA, SAS ndi NVMe panthawi imodzi, zomwe zimakulolani kuti musasinthe wolamulira pamene mukukweza ma seva: makamaka, pochoka ku SATA SSD kupita ku NVMe SSD, olamulira sayenera kusinthidwa.
Kwenikweni, pacholemba ichi timabwera ku typology ya olamulira okha. Ngati pali mitundu itatu, payenera kukhala ena? Pankhaniyi, yankho la funsoli lidzakhala lovomerezeka. Kutengera ntchito ndi kuthekera, owongolera a RAID amatha kugawidwa m'mitundu ingapo:
1. Olamulira wamba omwe ali ndi ntchito ya RAID
Muulamuliro wonse, uyu ndiye wowongolera wosavuta yemwe amakulolani kuphatikiza HDD ndi SSD mumagulu a RAID a milingo "0", "1" kapena "0+1". Izi zimakhazikitsidwa mwadongosolo pamlingo wa firmware. Komabe, zida zotere sizingavomerezedwe kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito mugawo lamakampani, chifukwa alibe posungira ndipo sizigwirizana ndi milingo "5", "3", ndi zina. Koma kwa seva yolowera kunyumba ndizoyenera.
2. Owongolera omwe amagwira ntchito limodzi ndi owongolera ena a RAID
Wowongolera wamtunduwu amatha kuphatikizidwa ndi owongolera ma boardboard ophatikizidwa. Izi zimayendetsedwa molingana ndi mfundo iyi: wowongolera wa RAID amasamalira kuthetsa mavuto "omveka", ndipo womangidwamo amatenga ntchito zosinthira deta pakati pa ma drive. Koma pali kusiyana: ntchito yofananira ya olamulira amenewa ndi zotheka kokha pa mavabodi n'zogwirizana, kutanthauza kuti kuchuluka kwa ntchito yawo ndi ochepa kwambiri.
3. Olamulira a RAID a Standalone
Mayankho ophatikizika awa ali ndi tchipisi tomwe timafunikira kuti tigwire ntchito ndi ma seva amagulu abizinesi, okhala ndi BIOS yawo, kukumbukira kwa cache ndi purosesa kuti akonze zolakwika mwachangu komanso kuwerengera ma checksum. Kuphatikiza apo, amakumana ndi miyezo yapamwamba yodalirika pakupanga komanso kukhala ndi ma module apamwamba kwambiri okumbukira.
4. Olamulira a RAID akunja
Sizovuta kuganiza kuti olamulira onse omwe atchulidwa pamwambapa ndi amkati ndipo amalandira mphamvu kudzera pa cholumikizira cha PCIe cha boardboard. Kodi izi zikutanthauza chiyani? Ndipo kulephera kwa boardboard kumatha kubweretsa zolakwika pakugwira ntchito kwa gulu la RAID ndikutayika kwa data. Olamulira akunja amamasulidwa ku kusamvetsetsana uku, chifukwa amaikidwa m'malo osiyana ndi magetsi odziimira okha. Pankhani yodalirika, olamulira oterewa amapereka malo apamwamba kwambiri osungiramo deta.
, Microsemi Adaptec, Intel, IBM, Dell ndi Cisco ndi ochepa chabe mwa makampani omwe amapereka olamulira a hardware RAID.
Njira zogwirira ntchito za olamulira a RAID SAS/SATA/NVMe
Cholinga chachikulu cha tri-mode HBA ndi RAID controller (kapena olamulira okhala ndi mawonekedwe a Tri-Mode) ndikupanga NVMe-based hardware RAID. Olamulira a Broadcom a 9400 atha kuchita izi: mwachitsanzo, . Ndi ya mtundu wodziyimira pawokha wa RAID controller, ili ndi zolumikizira zinayi za SFF-8643 ndipo, chifukwa cha thandizo la Tri-Mode, imakupatsani mwayi wolumikiza ma drive a SATA/SAS ndi NVMe nthawi imodzi. Kuonjezera apo, ndi imodzi mwa olamulira omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kwambiri pamsika (amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu za 17 Watts, zosakwana 1,1 Watts pa doko lililonse la 16).
Mawonekedwe olumikizirana ndi PCI Express x8 mtundu 3.1, womwe umalola kutulutsa kwa 64 Gbit/s (owongolera a PCI Express 2020 akuyembekezeka kuwonekera mu 4.0). Wowongolera madoko 16 amachokera pa 2-core chip ndi 72-bit DDR4-2133 SDRAM (4 GB), komanso kutha kulumikiza mpaka 240 SATA/SAS drives, kapena mpaka 24 NVMe zipangizo. Pankhani yokonzekera magulu a RAID, magawo "0", "1", "5" ndi "6", komanso "10", "50" ndi "60" amathandizidwa. Mwa njira, cache memory ndi olamulira ena mu mndandanda wa 9400 amatetezedwa ku kulephera kwa magetsi ndi gawo la CacheVault CVPM05.
Ukadaulo wamitundu itatu udakhazikitsidwa ndi ntchito yosinthira data ya SerDes: kutembenuza mawonekedwe amtundu wa data mu SAS/SATA interfaces kukhala mawonekedwe ofanana mu PCIe NVMe ndi mosemphanitsa. Ndiye kuti, wowongolera amakambirana za liwiro ndi ma protocol kuti azigwira ntchito mosasunthika ndi mitundu itatu ya zida zosungira. Izi zimapereka njira yosasunthika yokulitsa zida zapakati pa data: ogwiritsa ntchito angagwiritse ntchito NVMe popanda kusintha kwakukulu pamakonzedwe ena adongosolo.
Komabe, pokonzekera masinthidwe ndi ma drive a NVMe, ndikofunikira kulingalira kuti mayankho a NVMe amagwiritsa ntchito misewu ya 4 PCIe kulumikiza, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti drive iliyonse imagwiritsa ntchito mizere yonse ya madoko a SFF-8643. Zikuwoneka kuti ma drive anayi okha a NVMe angalumikizidwe mwachindunji ndi woyang'anira MegaRAID 9460-16i. Kapena dzichepetseni ku mayankho awiri a NVMe pomwe mukulumikiza ma drive asanu ndi atatu a SAS (onani chithunzi cholumikizira pansipa).
Chithunzichi chikuwonetsa kugwiritsa ntchito cholumikizira "0" (C0 / Connector 0) ndi cholumikizira "1" pazolumikizira za NVMe, komanso zolumikizira "2" ndi "3" zolumikizira SAS. Dongosololi litha kusinthidwa, koma pagalimoto iliyonse ya x4 NVMe iyenera kulumikizidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zoyandikana. Njira zoyendetsera olamulira zimayikidwa kudzera muzinthu zosinthira za StorCLI kapena Human Interface Infrastructure (HII), zomwe zimagwira ntchito mu UEFI.
Njira yokhazikika ndi mbiri ya "PD64" (imangothandiza SAS/SATA). Monga tanenera pamwambapa, pali ma profiles atatu onse: "SAS/SATA only mode" (PD240 / PD64 / PD 16), "NVMe only mode" (PCIe4) mode ndi njira yosakanikirana yomwe mitundu yonse ya ma drive. ikhoza kugwira ntchito: "PD64 -PCIe4" (thandizo la ma disks 64 akuthupi ndi enieni okhala ndi ma drive 4 NVMe). Munjira yosakanikirana, mtengo wa mbiri yomwe watchulidwayo uyenera kukhala "ProfileID=13". Mwa njira, mbiri yosankhidwayo imasungidwa ngati mbuyeyo ndipo siyikukonzedwanso ngakhale mutabwerera ku zoikamo za fakitale kudzera mu lamulo la Set Factory Defaults. Ikhoza kusinthidwa pamanja.
Kodi ndikofunikira kupanga gulu la RAID pa SSD?
Chifukwa chake, tamvetsetsa kale kuti magulu a RAID ndiye chinsinsi chakuchita bwino kwambiri. Koma kodi ndikofunikira kumanga RAID kuchokera ku SSD kuti mugwiritse ntchito kunyumba ndi makampani? Okayikira ambiri amanena kuti kuwonjezeka kwa liwiro sikofunikira kwambiri mpaka kuphulika pa ma drive a NVMe. Koma kodi izi ndi zoona? Ayi ndithu. Cholepheretsa chachikulu chogwiritsa ntchito ma SSD mu RAID (ponse panyumba komanso pamabizinesi) chingakhale mtengo chabe. Chilichonse chomwe munthu anganene, mtengo wa gigabyte wa malo pa HDD ndi wotsika mtengo kwambiri.
Kulumikiza "ma drive" angapo olimba kwa wolamulira wa RAID kuti apange gulu la SSD kumatha kukhudza kwambiri magwiridwe antchito pamasinthidwe ena. Komabe, musaiwale kuti magwiridwe antchito apamwamba amakhala ochepa ndi kutulutsa kwa wowongolera wa RAID yekha. Mulingo wa RAID womwe umapereka magwiridwe antchito abwino kwambiri ndi RAID 0.
RAID 0 wamba yokhala ndi ma SSD awiri, yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito njira yogawanitsa deta kukhala midadada yosasunthika ndikuyidula posungira malo olimba, idzapangitsa kuti ntchitoyo ikhale yowirikiza kawiri poyerekeza ndi SSD imodzi. Komabe, gulu la RAID 0 lokhala ndi ma SSD anayi likhala kale mwachangu kanayi kuposa SSD yocheperako pamndandanda (malingana ndi malire a bandwidth pamlingo wowongolera wa RAID SSD).
Kutengera masamu osavuta, SATA SSD ili mwachangu kuwirikiza katatu kuposa SATA HDD yachikhalidwe. Mayankho a NVMe ndiwothandiza kwambiri - nthawi 3 kapena kupitilira apo. Kupatula kuti ma hard drive awiri mu zero-level RAID akuwonetsa magwiridwe antchito, ndikuwonjezera ndi 10%, ma SATA SSD awiri azikhala mwachangu ka 50, ndipo ma NVMe SSD awiri azikhala mwachangu nthawi 6. Makamaka, galimoto imodzi ya Kingston KC20 NVMe PCIe imatha kukwanitsa kuwerenga ndi kulemba motsatizana mpaka 2000 MB/s, yomwe mumtundu wa RAID 3200 idzafikira 0 GB/s yochititsa chidwi. Ndipo liwiro lowerenga / kulemba la midadada mwachisawawa la 6 KB kukula lisintha kuchoka pa 4 IOPS kupita ku 350 IOPS. Koma ... nthawi yomweyo, "zero" RAID sichitipatsa redundancy.
Zinganenedwe kuti m'madera akunyumba, kusungirako kusungirako nthawi zambiri sikufunikira, kotero kasinthidwe koyenera kwa RAID kwa SSD kumakhaladi RAID 0. Iyi ndi njira yodalirika yopezera kusintha kwakukulu kwa ntchito monga njira ina yogwiritsira ntchito matekinoloje monga Intel Optane-based. Ma SSD. Koma tikambirana momwe mayankho a SSD amachitira mumitundu yotchuka kwambiri ya RAID ("1", "5", "10", "50") m'nkhani yotsatira.
Nkhaniyi idakonzedwa mothandizidwa ndi anzathu ochokera ku Broadcom, omwe amapereka owongolera kwa akatswiri opanga ma Kingston kuti ayesedwe ndi ma drive a SATA/SAS/NVMe. Chifukwa cha symbiosis yochezeka iyi, makasitomala sayenera kukayikira kudalirika komanso kukhazikika kwa ma drive a Kingston okhala ndi owongolera opangidwa a HBA ndi RAID. .
Kuti mumve zambiri zazinthu za Kingston, chonde pitani kampani.
Source: www.habr.com