Takhala ndi chidwi ndi mutu wosadziwika mu cryptocurrencies kwa nthawi yayitali ndikuyesera kutsata chitukuko chaukadaulo mderali. M'nkhani zathu takambirana kale mwatsatanetsatane mfundo za ntchito ku Monero, komanso anachita matekinoloje omwe alipo mu gawo ili. Komabe, ma cryptocurrencies onse osadziwika lero amamangidwa pamtundu wa data womwe waperekedwa ndi Bitcoin - Unspent Transaction Output (pano ndi UTXO). Kwa ma blockchains otengera akaunti ngati Ethereum, mayankho omwe alipo pakukhazikitsa kusadziwika komanso chinsinsi (mwachitsanzo, kapena ) adayesa kubwereza chitsanzo cha UTXO mumakontrakitala anzeru.
Mu February 2019, gulu la ofufuza ochokera ku yunivesite ya Stanford ndi Visa Research anamasulidwa "Zether: Kufikira zachinsinsi padziko lapansi la makontrakitala anzeru." Olembawo anali oyamba kupereka njira yowonetsetsa kuti anthu asadziwike muakaunti-based blockchains ndipo adapereka mitundu iwiri ya mgwirizano wanzeru: zachinsinsi (zobisala zobisika ndi ndalama zosinthira) komanso zosadziwika (kubisa wolandila ndi wotumiza). Timapeza teknoloji yomwe ikufunidwa kukhala yosangalatsa ndipo tikufuna kugawana nawo mapangidwe ake, komanso kulankhula za chifukwa chake vuto la kusadziwika mu blockchains lochokera ku akaunti limaonedwa kuti ndi lovuta kwambiri komanso ngati olemba adatha kuthetsa kwathunthu.
Za kapangidwe ka ma data awa
Muchitsanzo cha UTXO, kugulitsa kumakhala ndi "zolowa" ndi "zotulutsa". Analogue yachindunji ya "zotulutsa" ndi ngongole zomwe zili mu chikwama chanu: "zotulutsa" zilizonse zimakhala ndi chipembedzo. Mukalipira munthu (kupanga malonda) mumagwiritsa ntchito "zotulutsa" imodzi kapena zingapo, zomwe zimakhala "zolowera" zomwe zimagulitsidwa, ndipo blockchain imawalemba ngati agwiritsidwa ntchito. Pankhaniyi, wolandira malipiro anu (kapena inu nokha, ngati mukufuna kusintha) amalandira "zotulutsa" zomwe zangopangidwa kumene. Izi zitha kuyimiridwa mwadongosolo motere:
Ma blockchains otengera akaunti amapangidwa mofanana ndi akaunti yanu yakubanki. Amangochita ndi kuchuluka kwa akaunti yanu komanso ndalama zosinthira. Mukasamutsa ndalama zina kuchokera ku akaunti yanu, simumawotcha "zotulutsa", maukonde safunikira kukumbukira ndalama zomwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso zomwe sizinachitike. Munjira yosavuta, kutsimikizira kwamalonda kumatsikira pakuwunika siginecha ya wotumiza ndi kuchuluka kwa ndalama zake:
Kusanthula kwaukadaulo
Kenako, tikambirana za momwe Zether amabisira kuchuluka kwa ndalama, wolandila, ndi wotumiza. Pamene tikufotokozera mfundo za ntchito yake, tidzawona kusiyana kwa matembenuzidwe achinsinsi ndi osadziwika. Popeza n'zosavuta kuonetsetsa chinsinsi mu blockchains akaunti-based, zina zoletsedwa zoperekedwa ndi anonymization sadzakhala oyenera Baibulo chinsinsi cha luso.
Kubisa ndalama ndi kusamutsa ndalama
Chiwembu cha encryption chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kubisa masikelo ndi kusamutsa ndalama mu Zether . Zimagwira ntchito motere. Pamene Alice akufuna kutumiza Bob b ndalama ndi adilesi (kiyi yake yapagulu) Y, amasankha nambala mwachisawawa r ndi encrypts kuchuluka kwake:
kumene C - kuchuluka kwachinsinsi, D - mtengo wothandizira wofunikira kuti ufotokoze kuchuluka kwake, G - malo okhazikika pa elliptic curve, ikachulukitsidwa ndi chinsinsi chachinsinsi, kiyi yapagulu imapezedwa.
Bob akalandira zikhalidwe izi, amangowonjezera pamlingo wake wobisika mwanjira yomweyo, chifukwa chake chiwembuchi ndi chosavuta.
Mofananamo, Alice amachotsa zikhalidwe zomwezo pamlingo wake, monga Y amagwiritsa ntchito kiyi yanu yapagulu.
Kubisa wolandira ndi wotumiza
Kusokoneza "zotuluka" mu UTXO kunayambira masiku oyambirira a cryptocurrencies ndikuthandizira kubisa wotumiza. Kuti achite izi, wotumiza mwiniwakeyo, akamasamutsa, amasonkhanitsa "zotulutsa" mwachisawawa mu blockchain ndikuzisakaniza ndi zake. Kenako, amasaina βzotulukaβzo ndi siginecha ya mpheteβnjira yachinsinsi imene imamβthandiza kutsimikizira wotsimikizirayo kuti ndalama zachitsulo za wotumizayo zilipo pakati pa βzotulutsaβ zomwe zikukhudzidwa. Ndalama zosakanikirana zokha, ndithudi, sizimagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Komabe, sitingathe kupanga zotulutsa zabodza kuti tibise wolandira. Choncho, ku UTXO, "zotuluka" zilizonse zimakhala ndi adiresi yake yapadera, ndipo zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi adiresi ya wolandira ndalamazi. Pakadali pano, palibe njira yodziwira ubale pakati pa adilesi yapadera yotulutsa ndi adilesi yolandila popanda kudziwa makiyi ake achinsinsi.
Muchitsanzo chochokera ku akaunti, sitingagwiritse ntchito maadiresi a nthawi imodzi (kupanda kutero adzakhala kale "motuluka" chitsanzo). Chifukwa chake, wolandila ndi wotumiza amayenera kusakanizidwa pakati pa maakaunti ena mu blockchain. Pachifukwa ichi, ndalama za 0 zosungidwa zimachotsedwa ku akaunti zosakanikirana (kapena 0 zimawonjezedwa ngati wolandirayo asakanizidwa), popanda kusintha kwenikweni ndalama zawo zenizeni.
Popeza kuti wotumiza ndi wolandirayo nthawi zonse amakhala ndi adilesi yokhazikika, zimakhala zofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito magulu omwewo kuti asakanize posamutsira ku ma adilesi omwewo. Ndikosavuta kuyang'ana izi ndi chitsanzo.
Tiyerekeze kuti Alice asankha kupereka thandizo ku zachifundo za Bob, koma amakonda kuti kusamutsidwa kusakhale kosadziwika kwa wowonera kunja. Ndiye, kuti adzibisire yekha m'munda wotumiza, amalowetsanso nkhani za Adamu ndi Adele. Ndipo kuti mubise Bob, onjezani maakaunti a Ben ndi Bill m'gawo la olandila. Popereka chithandizo chotsatira, Alice anaganiza zolembera Alex ndi Amanda pafupi naye, ndipo Bruce ndi Benjen pafupi ndi Bob. Pankhaniyi, posanthula blockchain, muzochita ziwirizi pali gulu limodzi lokha lomwe likudutsana - Alice ndi Bob, omwe amatsutsa zomwe zikuchitikazi.
Mipikisano yamalonda
Monga tanenera kale, kuti mubise ndalama zanu m'makina ogwiritsira ntchito akaunti, wogwiritsa ntchito amalembera ndalama zake ndi ndalama zomwe amasamutsira. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, ayenera kutsimikizira kuti ndalamazo pa akaunti yake zimakhalabe zopanda pake. Vuto ndiloti popanga malonda, wogwiritsa ntchito amapanga umboni wokhudzana ndi momwe alili mu akaunti. Kodi chimachitika ndi chiyani ngati Bob atumiza transaction kwa Alice, ndipo imalandiridwa isanatumizidwe ndi Alice? Kenako ntchito ya Alice idzaonedwa kuti ndi yosavomerezeka, popeza umboni wa kulinganiza unamangidwa ntchito ya Bob isanavomerezedwe.
Chisankho choyamba chomwe chimabwera muzochitika zotere ndikuyimitsa akauntiyo mpaka ntchitoyo ichitike. Koma njira iyi si yoyenera, chifukwa kuwonjezera pa zovuta zothetsera vutoli mu dongosolo logawidwa, mu ndondomeko yosadziwika sizidzadziwika kuti ndi akaunti yanji yomwe idzatsekeredwe.
Kuti athetse vutoli, teknoloji imalekanitsa malonda omwe akubwera ndi otuluka: kugwiritsira ntchito ndalama kumakhala ndi zotsatirapo nthawi yomweyo pa pepala loyenera, pamene ma risiti amachedwa. Kuti muchite izi, lingaliro la "epoch" limayambitsidwa - gulu la midadada ya kukula kokhazikika. "Epoch" yamakono imatsimikiziridwa ndikugawa kutalika kwa chipika ndi kukula kwa gulu. Pokonza zogulitsa, maukonde nthawi yomweyo amasintha ndalama za wotumiza ndikusunga ndalama za wolandila mu tanki yosungira. Ndalama zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa zimaperekedwa kwa wolipidwa pokhapokha "nthawi" yatsopano ikayamba.
Zotsatira zake, wogwiritsa ntchito amatha kutumiza zochitika mosasamala kanthu kuti ndalama zimalandiridwa kangati (monga momwe ndalama zake zimaloleza, ndithudi). Kukula kwa epoch kumatsimikiziridwa kutengera momwe midadada imafalikira mwachangu kudzera pa netiweki komanso momwe malonda amalowera mwachangu.
Yankholi limagwira ntchito bwino pakusamutsidwa kwachinsinsi, koma ndi zochitika zosadziwika, monga momwe tidzawonera pambuyo pake, zimabweretsa mavuto akulu.
Chitetezo ku zigawenga zobwereza
Mu ma blockchains otengera akaunti, kugulitsa kulikonse kumasainidwa ndi kiyi yachinsinsi ya wotumiza, yomwe imatsimikizira wotsimikizira kuti ntchitoyo sinasinthidwe ndipo idapangidwa ndi eni kiyi. Koma bwanji ngati wowukira amene amamvetsera tchanelo chotumizira mauthenga adutsa uthengawu ndikutumiza wachiwiri womwewo? Wotsimikizirayo adzatsimikizira siginecha ya malondawo ndipo atsimikiza kuti adalemba, ndipo netiweki idzalembanso ndalama zomwezo kuchokera pamlingo wa wotumizayo.
Kuukira kumeneku kumatchedwa replay attack. Muchitsanzo cha UTXO, kuukira kotereku sikuli koyenera, popeza wowukirayo adzayesa kugwiritsa ntchito zotuluka, zomwe siziri zovomerezeka ndipo zimakanidwa ndi intaneti.
Kuti izi zisachitike, gawo lomwe lili ndi deta yosasinthika limamangidwa muzochitikazo, zomwe zimatchedwa nonce kapena kungoti "mchere". Potumizanso malonda ndi mchere, wotsimikizira amayang'ana kuti awone ngati nonce idagwiritsidwapo ntchito kale ndipo, ngati sichoncho, amawona kuti ntchitoyo ndi yovomerezeka. Kuti musasunge mbiri yonse ya ogwiritsa ntchito blockchain, nthawi zambiri pakugulitsa koyamba imayikidwa yofanana ndi ziro, kenako ndikuwonjezeka ndi imodzi. Netiweki imangoyang'ana kuti nonce ya zomwe zachitika zatsopano zimasiyana ndi zam'mbuyomo.
Mu dongosolo losamutsidwa mosadziwika, vuto la kutsimikizira ma nonces a transaction limabuka. Sitingathe kumangiriza nonce ku adilesi ya wotumizayo, chifukwa, mwachiwonekere, izi zimalepheretsa kusamutsa. Sitingathenso kuwonjezera imodzi pamaakaunti onse omwe akutenga nawo gawo, chifukwa izi zitha kusagwirizana ndi kusamutsa kwina komwe kukuchitika.
Olemba Zether akufuna kupanga nonce cryptographically, kutengera "nthawi". Mwachitsanzo:
ndi x ndi chinsinsi chachinsinsi cha wotumiza, ndi Gepoch - jenereta yowonjezera ya nthawiyo, yopezedwa mwa hashing chingwe cha 'Zether +'. Tsopano vuto likuwoneka kuti lathetsedwa - sitiwulula zomwe watumizayo ndipo sitisokoneza malingaliro a omwe sakhudzidwa. Koma njira iyi imayika malire akulu: akaunti imodzi siyingathe kutumiza zochulukirapo pa "nthawi" imodzi. Vutoli, mwatsoka, silinathetsedwe, ndipo pakadali pano limapangitsa mtundu wosadziwika wa Zether, m'malingaliro athu, kukhala wovuta kugwiritsa ntchito.
Kuvuta kwa Umboni Wachidziwitso Cha Zero
Ku UTXO, wotumizayo ayenera kutsimikizira pa netiweki kuti sakugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zochulukirapo, apo ayi zimakhala zotheka kupanga ndalama zatsopano kuchokera mumlengalenga wowonda (chifukwa chiyani izi ndizotheka, tidalemba m'mbuyomu. ). Komanso kusaina "zolowera" ndi siginecha ya mphete kutsimikizira kuti pakati pa ndalama zomwe zikusakanikirana pali ndalama zake.
Mu mtundu wosadziwika wa blockchain yochokera ku akaunti, mawu otsimikizira ndi ovuta kwambiri. Wotumiza akutsimikizira kuti:
- Ndalama zomwe zimatumizidwa ndi zabwino;
- Zotsalazo zimakhalabe zopanda pake;
- Wotumizayo adalemba bwino ndalama zomwe adasamutsira (kuphatikiza ziro);
- Zotsalira pa ndalamazo zimasintha kwa wotumiza ndi wolandira;
- Wotumizayo ali ndi kiyi yachinsinsi ku akaunti yake ndipo ali pa mndandanda wa otumiza (pakati pa omwe akukhudzidwa);
- Nonce yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pakugulitsa idapangidwa bwino.
Kwa umboni wovuta wotere, olemba amagwiritsa ntchito kusakaniza (m'modzi mwa olemba, mwa njira, adatenga nawo gawo pakulenga kwake) ndi , zomwe zimatchedwa Sigma-bullets. Umboni wokhazikika wa mawu otere ndi ntchito yovuta, ndipo imachepetsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe akufuna kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo.
Cholinga chake ndi chiyani?
M'malingaliro athu, gawo la Zether lomwe limabweretsa zinsinsi ku blockchains zochokera ku akaunti lingagwiritsidwe ntchito pakali pano. Koma pakadali pano, mtundu wosadziwika waukadaulo umayika zoletsa zazikulu pakugwiritsa ntchito kwake, komanso zovuta zake pakukhazikitsa kwake. Komabe, siziyenera kuchepetsedwa kuti olembawo adatulutsa miyezi ingapo yapitayo, ndipo mwinamwake wina adzapeza njira yothetsera mavuto omwe alipo lero. Kupatula apo, umu ndi momwe sayansi imachitikira.
Source: www.habr.com