Pafupifupi chaka chapitacho ndinasindikiza nkhani . Idasanthula zabwino ndi zoyipa za mautumiki osiyanasiyana amasewera amtambo pa ma PC ofooka. Ndinayesa ntchito iliyonse pamasewera ndikugawana malingaliro anga onse.
Mu ndemanga za izi ndi zolemba zina zofananira, owerenga nthawi zambiri amagawana malingaliro awo pamasewera osiyanasiyana. Nthawi zambiri pamakhala malingaliro otsutsana pa chinthu chomwecho. Kwa ena, zonse ndi zangwiro, koma kwa ena, sangathe kusewera chifukwa cha lags ndi kuzizira. Kenako ndidakhala ndi lingaliro lowunika momwe ntchitozi ziliri pamikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana - kuyambira yabwino mpaka yoyipa. Tikulankhula za mtundu wa maukonde, chifukwa wogwiritsa ntchito sangadzitamande nthawi zonse ndi njira yolumikizirana yofulumira komanso yopanda mavuto, sichoncho? Kawirikawiri, pansi pa kudula ndikuwunika kwa mautumiki omwe ali ndi machitidwe osiyanasiyana a ntchito za intaneti.
Koma vuto ndi chiyani?
Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa - ngati kugwirizana. Zowonjezereka, pakutayika kwa mapaketi pamasewera. Kutayika kwakukulu, kumakhala ndi mavuto ambiri omwe wosewera mpira amakhala nawo, sakhutira ndi masewerawo. Koma ndizosowa kuti aliyense ali ndi njira yabwino yolumikizirana ngati fiber optic ku chipangizocho, komanso ndi intaneti yodzipatulira, ndipo osagawidwa pakati pa onse okhala mnyumbamo.
Kufotokozera, ndi liwiro kugwirizana 25 Mbit / s, 1-40 deta mapaketi zofunika kufalitsa 50 chimango / chimango. Mapaketi ochulukirapo amatayika, chithunzi chotsika chimakhala, ndipo ma lags owoneka bwino komanso amaundana amakhala. Pazovuta kwambiri, zimakhala zosatheka kusewera.
Mwachilengedwe, ntchito yamtambo yokhayo siyingakhudze m'lifupi ndi kukhazikika kwa njira ya wogwiritsa ntchito (ngakhale kuti zingakhale zabwino, ndithudi). Koma ndizotheka kulingalira njira zosiyanasiyana zothanirana ndi zovuta zoyankhulirana. Tiwona pansipa kuti ndi mautumiki ati omwe angathane ndi vutoli bwino.
Kodi kwenikweni tikufanizira chiyani?
PC yokhazikika (Intel i3-8100, GTX 1060 6 GB, 8GB RAM), GeForce Tsopano (mtundu wake waku Russia ndi ma seva ku Moscow), , , , . Pa mautumiki onse kupatula Stadia, timaphunzira zamasewerawa mu The Witcher. Google Stadia inalibe masewerawa panthawi yolemba, kotero ndimayenera kuyesa ina - Odyssey.
Kodi kuyezetsa ndi njira zotani?
Timayesa kuchokera ku Moscow. Wopereka - MGTS, tariff 500 Mbit / s, kulumikizana ndi chingwe, osati WiFi. Timayika zokonda pazithunzi muntchito kukhala zosasintha, kusamvana - FullHD.
Kugwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu Timatengera zovuta zapaintaneti, zomwe ndi, kutayika kwa mapaketi amitundu ndi makulidwe osiyanasiyana.
Uniform single zotayika. Apa ndi pamene paketi imodzi yokha imatayika ndipo zotayikazo zimagawidwa mochuluka kapena mocheperapo mofanana. Choncho, kutaya yunifolomu kwa 1% kumatanthauza kuti pamapaketi 10, paketi iliyonse ya 100 imatayika, koma nthawi zonse paketi imodzi yokha. Vutoli nthawi zambiri limadziwonetsera ngati pali kusokonekera (kuteteza) panjira kuchokera kwa kasitomala kupita ku seva.
Timayesa kutayika kwa yunifolomu 5%, 10%, 25%.
Kutayika kwa misa kosafanana, pamene nthawi iliyonse mapaketi 40-70 pamzere amatayika nthawi yomweyo. Kutayika kotereku kumachitika nthawi zambiri pakakhala zovuta ndi zida zapaintaneti (ma router, ndi zina) za wogwiritsa ntchito kapena wopereka. Zitha kulumikizidwa ndi kusefukira kwa buffer kwa zida zapaintaneti pamzere wolumikizana ndi seva. WiFi yokhala ndi makoma okhuthala imathanso kuwononga. Kusokonekera kwa ma netiweki opanda zingwe chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa zida zambiri ndi chifukwa china, chofanana kwambiri ndi maofesi ndi nyumba zogona.
Timayesa kutayika kosagwirizana kwa 0,01%, 0,1%, 0,5%.
Pansipa ndikusanthula milandu yonseyi ndikuyika fanizo la kanema kuti limveke bwino. Ndipo kumapeto kwa nkhaniyo ndimapereka ulalo wamavidiyo amasewera osasinthika, osasinthika kuchokera ku mautumiki onse ndi milandu - pamenepo mutha kuyang'ana mwatsatanetsatane zaukadaulo, komanso chidziwitso chaukadaulo (muzochita zonse kupatula Stadia, deta kuchokera kuukadaulo. console yalembedwa; Stadia sanapeze izi).
Tiyeni tipite!
Pansipa pali zochitika 7 zoyesa kupsinjika ndi kanema wokhala ndi ma timestamp (kanemayo ndi yofanana, kuti ikhale yosavuta, nthawi iliyonse kuwonera kumayambira nthawi yoyenera). Pamapeto pa positi pali mavidiyo oyambirira a ntchito iliyonse. Mnzanga wapamtima anandithandiza kupanga vidiyoyi, yomwe ndimamuthokoza!
Nkhani #1. Mikhalidwe yabwino. Ziro zotayika mu netiweki
Chilichonse chili momwe chiyenera kukhalira m'dziko labwino. Palibe zovuta zolumikizirana, palibe kupumula kumodzi, kusokonezedwa, malo anu olumikizirana ndiowunikira pa intaneti. M'mikhalidwe yotentha ngati imeneyi, pafupifupi onse omwe atenga nawo mayeso amachita bwino.
PC
Pachiwonetsero chilichonse, tidatenga zojambula kuchokera pamasewera a PC ngati chofotokozera. Zikuwonekeratu kuti mawonekedwe a netiweki samakhudza mwanjira iliyonse; masewerawa amayenda pa PC kwanuko. Kukhalapo kwa mafelemuwa kumayankha funso "kodi pali kusiyana mukamasewera mumtambo poyerekeza ndi kusewera pa PC yanu." Pansi pamikhalidwe yabwino, kwa ife, izi sizimamveka ndi mautumiki ambiri. Sitidzalemba chilichonse chokhudza PC pansipa, ingokumbukirani kuti ilipo.
GeForce Tsopano
Chilichonse chili bwino, chithunzicho chikuwonekera bwino, ndondomekoyi imayenda bwino, popanda friezes.
Vortex
Vortex ikuwononga dziko lathu labwino. Nthawi yomweyo anayamba kukhala ndi mavuto - chithunzicho chinali choipa kuposa ena onse, kuphatikizapo "mabuleki" ankawoneka bwino. Vuto lomwe lingakhalepo ndikuti ma seva amasewera ali kutali ndi Moscow, kuphatikiza zida zamasewera pamasewera amasewera zikuwoneka kuti ndizofooka ndipo sizigwira bwino FullHD. Vortex sanachite bwino pamayeso onse. Ngati wina ali ndi mwayi wosewera ndi Vortex, lembani ndemanga, gawani komwe mudasewera komanso momwe zonse zidakhalira.
Masewera
Chilichonse chili bwino, monga pa PC yakomweko. Mavuto owoneka ngati kuzizira, kuchedwa, etc. Ayi.
Sewero la mawu
Ntchitoyi ikuwonetsa chithunzi chabwino kwambiri, palibe zovuta zowoneka.
Stadia
Ntchito yamasewera yochokera ku Google imagwira ntchito bwino ngakhale ilibe ma seva ku Russian Federation, ndipo ambiri, Stadia sagwira ntchito ku Russia. Komabe, zonse zili bwino. Ndizomvetsa chisoni kuti, "The Witcher" panalibe pa Stadia panthawi yamasewera, koma mungatani, adatenga "Odyssey" - amafunanso, komanso za munthu yemwe amadula anthu ndi nyama.
Chithunzi cha 2. Kutayika kwa yunifomu 5%
Pakuyesaku, mwa mapaketi 100, pafupifupi 20 aliwonse amatayika. Ndiroleni ndikukumbutseni kuti kuti mupereke chimango chimodzi muyenera mapaketi 40-50.
GeForce Tsopano
Utumiki wochokera ku Nvidia uli bwino, palibe mavuto. Chithunzicho ndi chosawoneka bwino kwambiri kuposa cha Playkey, koma The Witcher akadali kusewera.
Vortex
Apa ndi pamene zinthu zinafika poipa kwambiri. Chifukwa chiyani sizikumveka bwino; nthawi zambiri, redundancy sichiperekedwa kapena ndizochepa. Redundancy ndi kukopera kosamva phokoso kwa data yotumizidwa (FEC - Forward Error Correction). Tekinoloje iyi imapezanso deta ikatayika pang'ono chifukwa cha zovuta zamaukonde. Ikhoza kukhazikitsidwa ndi kukonzedwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana, ndipo poyang'ana zotsatira, opanga Vortex sanapambane pa izi. Simungathe kusewera ngakhale ndi zotayika zazing'ono. Pakuyesedwa kotsatira, Vortex "anamwalira."
Masewera
Zonse zili bwino, palibe kusiyana kwakukulu ndi mikhalidwe yabwino. Mwina zimathandiza kuti ma seva a kampaniyo ali ku Moscow, kumene mayeserowo anachitidwa. Chabwino, mwina redundancy tatchulazi ndi bwino kukhazikitsidwa.
Sewero la mawu
Ntchitoyi mwadzidzidzi inakhala yosaseweredwa, ngakhale kuti paketi idatayika pang'ono. Chingakhale cholakwika chiyani? Ndikuganiza kuti Loudplay imagwira ntchito ndi TCP protocol. Pankhaniyi, ngakhale palibe chitsimikiziro cholandira phukusi, palibe mapepala ena omwe amatumizidwa, dongosolo limadikirira chitsimikiziro cha kutumiza. Chifukwa chake, ngati phukusi litayika, sipadzakhala chitsimikizo cha kuperekedwa kwake, phukusi latsopano silidzatumizidwa, chithunzicho chidzakhala chopanda kanthu, mapeto a nkhani.
Koma ngati mugwiritsa ntchito UDP, ndiye kuti kutsimikizira kulandira paketi sikudzafunika. Momwe tingaweruzire, ntchito zina zonse kupatula Loudplay zimagwiritsa ntchito protocol ya UDP. Ngati sizili choncho, chonde ndikonzeni mu ndemanga.
Stadia
Chilichonse chimatha kuseweredwa. Nthawi zina chithunzicho chimakhala cha pixelated ndipo pamakhala kuchedwetsa kuyankha kochepa. Mwina zolembera zaphokoso sizigwira ntchito bwino, chifukwa chake tinthu tating'ono ting'onoting'ono pomwe mtsinje wonse umatha kuseweredwa.
Chithunzi cha 3. Kutayika kwa yunifomu 10%
Timataya paketi iliyonse ya 10 pa zana. Izi ndizovuta kale pazantchito. Kuti muthane bwino ndi zotayika zotere, matekinoloje amafunikira kuti achire ndi/kapena kutumizanso deta yotayika.
GeForce Tsopano
GeForce ikukumana ndi kutsika pang'ono pamayendedwe amakanema. Momwe tingadziwire, GFN ikuyankha mavuto a netiweki poyesa kuwachepetsa. Ntchitoyi imachepetsa bitrate, ndiye kuti, chiwerengero cha ma bits otumizira deta. Mwanjira imeneyi, akuyesera kuchepetsa katundu pa zomwe amakhulupirira kuti ndizosakwanira zamtundu wapamwamba komanso kusunga mgwirizano wokhazikika. Ndipo palibe mafunso okhudza kukhazikika, koma mawonekedwe a kanema amavutika kwambiri. Timawona pixelation yayikulu ya chithunzicho. Chabwino, popeza chitsanzocho chimangowonongeka nthawi zonse 10% ya mapaketi, kuchepetsa bitrate sikuthandiza kwenikweni, zinthu sizibwerera mwakale.
M'moyo weniweni, chithunzicho sichingakhale choyipa nthawi zonse, koma choyandama. Kutayika kunawonjezeka - chithunzicho chinasokonezeka; zotayika zinachepetsedwa - chithunzicho chinabwerera mwakale, ndi zina zotero. Izi si zabwino Masewero zinachitikira, ndithudi.
Masewera
Palibe mavuto apadera. Mwinamwake, ma aligorivimu amazindikira mavuto pa netiweki, amazindikira kuchuluka kwa zotayika ndipo amayang'ana kwambiri pa redundancy m'malo mochepetsa bitrate. Zikuoneka kuti ndi 10% kutayika kwa yunifolomu, khalidwe la chithunzi silinasinthe, wogwiritsa ntchito sangazindikire kutayika koteroko.
Sewero la mawu
Sizikugwira ntchito, sizinayambe. Pamayesero ena zinthu mobwerezabwereza. Monga momwe tingaweruzire, ntchitoyi sigwirizana ndi mavuto amtaneti mwanjira iliyonse. Mwina protocol ya TCP ndiyomwe ili ndi mlandu. Kutayika pang'ono kudzasokoneza utumiki wonse. Zosathandiza kwenikweni pamoyo weniweni.
Vortex
Komanso mavuto aakulu. Simungathe kusewera mumikhalidwe yotere, ngakhale chithunzicho chikadalipo ndipo khalidweli likupitirizabe kuthamanga, ngakhale mumasewera. Ndikuganiza kuti zonse ndizofanana zomwe sizinagwiritsidwe ntchito bwino kapena kusowa kwapang'onopang'ono. Mapaketi nthawi zambiri amatayika ndipo sangathe kubwezedwanso. Chotsatira chake, khalidwe lachifaniziro limatsika mpaka kufika pamtunda wosasewera.
Stadia
Tsoka ilo, zonse nzoipa kuno. Pali kupuma kwakuyenda, ndichifukwa chake zochitika pazenera zimachitika mwamasewera, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kusewera. Zingaganizidwe kuti vutoli lidayamba, monga momwe zinalili ndi Vortex, chifukwa chochepa kapena palibe. Ndidakambirana ndi anzanga angapo omwe "akudziwa", adati Stadia amadikirira kuti chimango chidzasonkhanitsidwe kwathunthu. Mosiyana ndi GFN, sikuyesa kupulumutsa mkhalidwewo potsitsa kwathunthu bitrate. Zotsatira zake, palibe zinthu zakale, koma kuzizira ndi kuzizira kumawonekera (GFN, m'malo mwake, ili ndi ma friezes / lags ochepa, koma chifukwa cha kutsika kwa bitrate chithunzicho sichikusangalatsani).
Ntchito zina zimawonekanso kuti sizikudikirira kuti chimango chisonkhanitsidwe kwathunthu, m'malo mwa gawo losowa ndi chidutswa cha chimango chakale. Ili ndi yankho labwino, nthawi zambiri wogwiritsa ntchito sangazindikire kugwira (mafelemu 30+ amasintha pamphindikati), ngakhale nthawi zina zimatha kuchitika.
Chithunzi cha 4. Kutayika kwa yunifomu 25%
Paketi iliyonse yachinayi imatayika. Zikuchulukanso zoopsa komanso zosangalatsa. Nthawi zambiri, ndi kulumikizana kotereku, masewera wamba mumtambo sangatheke. Ngakhale ena ofananitsa nawo amapirira, ngakhale osati mwangwiro.
Mtengo wa GFN
Mavuto akuwonekera kale. Chithunzicho ndi pixelated komanso chowoneka bwino. Mutha kusewerabe, koma sizomwe GFN idapereka koyambirira. Ndipo si momwe masewera okongola ayenera kuseweredwa. Kukongola sikungathenso kuyamikiridwa.
Masewera
Masewera akuyenda bwino. Pali kusalala, ngakhale chithunzicho chikuvutika pang'ono. Mwa njira, pamwamba kumanzere pali manambala omwe akuwonetsa kuti ndi mapaketi angati otaika omwe abwezedwa. Monga mukuonera, 96% ya mapaketi amabwezeretsedwa.
Sewero la mawu
Sizinayambe.
Vortex
Simungathe kusewera ngakhale ndi chikhumbo champhamvu kwambiri, kuzizira (kuzizira chithunzi, kuyambiranso mtsinje wa kanema kuchokera pachidutswa chatsopano) zimawonekera kwambiri.
Stadia
Ntchitoyi ndi yosasewera. Zifukwa zatchulidwa kale pamwambapa. Kudikirira kuti chimango chisonkhanitsidwe, redundancy ndi yochepa, ndi zotayika zotere sizokwanira.
Nkhani #5. Kutayika kosagwirizana 0,01%.
Pa paketi 10 iliyonse, mapaketi 000-1 amatayika motsatira. Ndiye kuti, timataya pafupifupi mafelemu 40 mwa 70. Zimachitika pamene buffer ya chipangizo cha netiweki yadzaza ndipo mapaketi onse atsopano amangotayidwa (kuponyedwa) mpaka buffer itamasulidwa. Onse oyerekeza, kupatula Loudplay, adathetsa zotayika zotere ku digiri imodzi kapena imzake.
Mtengo wa GFN
Chithunzicho chatayika pang'ono ndipo chakhala chamtambo, koma zonse zimaseweredwa.
Masewera
Zonse ndi zabwino kwambiri. Chithunzicho ndi chosalala, chithunzicho ndi chabwino. Mutha kusewera popanda mavuto.
Sewero la mawu
Masekondi angapo oyambirira panali chithunzi, ngwaziyo inathamanga. Koma kulumikizana ndi seva kunatayika nthawi yomweyo. O, protocol ya TCP iyi. Kutayika koyamba kunachepetsa ntchitoyo pamizu yake.
Vortex
Mavuto omwe amapezeka nthawi zonse amawonedwa. Friezes, lags ndi ndizo zonse. Zingakhale zovuta kwambiri kusewera pansi pamikhalidwe yotereyi.
Stadia
Zoseweredwa. Zojambula zazing'ono zimawonekera, chithunzicho nthawi zina chimakhala cha pixelated.
Nkhani nambala 6. Kutayika kosagwirizana 0,1%
Pamapaketi 10, mapaketi 000-10 pamzere amatayika kakhumi. Zikuoneka kuti timataya mafelemu 40 mwa 70.
Ndidzanena nthawi yomweyo kuti mautumiki ambiri ali ndi mavuto owonekera. Mwachitsanzo, chithunzicho chimagwedezeka, kotero redundancy sichithandiza apa. Ndiko kuti, pali zotsatira zabwino mukamagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa redundancy, koma ndizochepa.
Chowonadi ndi chakuti nthawi yochitapo kanthu pazochita za ogwiritsa ntchito komanso masewerawo ndi ochepa, mtsinje wamavidiyo uyenera kukhala wopitilira. Ndizosatheka kubwezeretsa mtsinje ku khalidwe lovomerezeka ngakhale kuyesetsa kulikonse kwa mautumiki.
Zojambulajambula zimawonekera (kuyesera kubwezera kutayika kwa mapaketi, palibe deta yokwanira) ndi zojambula zazithunzi.
Mtengo wa GFN
Ubwino wa chithunzicho watsika kwambiri, bitrate yachepetsedwa, ndipo kwambiri.
Masewera
Imalimbana bwino - mwina chifukwa redundancy idakonzedwa bwino, kuphatikiza algorithm ya bitrate imawona zotayika sizokwera kwambiri ndipo sizisintha chithunzicho kukhala chisokonezo cha pixelated.
Sewero la mawu
Sizinayambe.
Vortex
Zinayamba, koma ndi chithunzi choyipa kwambiri. Kupsinjika ndi kupsinjika kumawonekera kwambiri. Sizingatheke kusewera pamikhalidwe yotereyi.
Stadia
Jerks akuwoneka bwino, ichi ndi chizindikiro chodziwikiratu kuti palibe redundancy yokwanira. Chithunzicho chimaundana, kenako mafelemu ena amawonekera, ndipo mtsinje wavidiyo umasweka. M'malo mwake, mutha kusewera ngati muli ndi chikhumbo chachikulu komanso chizolowezi chodzizunza.
Nkhani nambala 7. Kutayika kosagwirizana 0,5%
Pamapaketi 10 ka 000, mapaketi 50-40 amatayika motsatana. Timataya mafelemu 70 mwa 50.
Mkhalidwe wa kalasi "yosasinthika". Router yanu ikuyamba, ISP yanu ili pansi, mawaya anu amatafunidwa ndi mbewa, koma mukufunabe kusewera mumtambo. Kodi muyenera kusankha ntchito iti?
Mtengo wa GFN
Ndizovuta kale, ngati sizingatheke, kusewera - bitrate yachepetsedwa kwambiri. Mafelemu atayika, mmalo mwa chithunzi chodziwika bwino timawona "sopo". Mafelemu sanabwezeretsedwe - palibe zambiri zokwanira zobwezeretsa. Ngati GFN imapereka kuchira konse. Momwe ntchitoyo imayesera mwamphamvu kupulumutsa zinthu ndi bitrate imadzutsa kukayikira za kufunitsitsa kwake kugwira ntchito ndi redundancy.
Masewera
Pali kupotoza kwa chimango, chithunzicho chimagwedezeka, ndiko kuti, zinthu za mafelemu a munthu zimabwerezedwa. Zitha kuwoneka kuti zambiri za chimango "chosweka" chinabwezeretsedwa kuchokera ku zidutswa za m'mbuyomo. Ndiko kuti, mafelemu atsopanowa ali ndi mbali za mafelemu akale. Koma chithunzicho chimakhala chomveka bwino. Mutha kuzilamulira, koma pazithunzi zowoneka bwino, mwachitsanzo, pankhondo, komwe mumafunikira kuchita bwino, ndizovuta.
Sewero la mawu
Sizinayambe.
Vortex
Zinayamba, koma zingakhale bwino kuti musayambe - simungathe kuisewera.
Stadia
Utumiki m'mikhalidwe yotereyi ndi yosasewera. Zifukwa ndizofunika kudikirira kuti chimango chisonkhanitsidwe komanso kuperewera kwapang'onopang'ono.
Wapambana ndani?
Chiyerekezocho ndi, ndithudi, chokhazikika. Mukhoza kutsutsana mu ndemanga. Chabwino, malo oyamba, ndithudi, amapita ku PC yakomweko. Ndi chifukwa chakuti mautumiki amtambo amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi khalidwe la intaneti, ndipo khalidweli ndi losakhazikika mudziko lenileni, kuti PC yanu yamasewera imakhalabe yosagwirizana. Koma ngati pazifukwa zina palibe, ndiye yang'anani mlingo.
- PC yam'deralo. Zoyembekezeredwa.
- Masewera
- GeForce Tsopano
- Google Stadia
- Vortex
- Sewero la mawu
Pomaliza, ndiroleni ndikukumbutseninso zomwe zimatenga gawo lalikulu pamasewera amtambo polimbana ndi zovuta zapaintaneti:
- Zomwe network protocol imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ndibwino kugwiritsa ntchito UDP kufalitsa mavidiyo. Ndikukayikira kuti Loudplay amagwiritsa ntchito TCP, ngakhale sindikudziwa zowona. Koma munawona zotsatira za mayeso.
- Kodi khodi yosamva phokoso imayendetsedwa? (FEC - Forward Error Correction, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti redundancy). Momwe zimasinthira kutayika kwa paketi ndizofunikanso. Monga taonera, ubwino wa chithunzicho umadalira kwambiri pakukhazikitsa.
- Momwe kusintha kwa bitrate kumapangidwira. Ngati ntchitoyo imapulumutsa mkhalidwewo makamaka ndi bitrate, izi zimakhala ndi zotsatira zamphamvu pa chithunzicho. Chinsinsi cha kupambana ndi kusakhazikika pakati pa kusintha kwa bitrate ndi redundancy.
- Momwe post-processing imapangidwira. Mavuto akabuka, mafelemu amasinthidwanso, kubwezeretsedwa, kapena kulumikizidwanso ndi tizidutswa ta mafelemu akale.
- Kuyandikira kwa ma seva kwa osewera ndi mphamvu ya hardware imakhudzanso kwambiri mtundu wamasewera, koma izi ndizowonanso pa intaneti yabwino. Ngati ping ku maseva ndiyokwera kwambiri, simungathe kusewera bwino ngakhale pamaneti abwino. Sitinayese ping mu phunziro ili.
Monga momwe analonjezedwa, nayi ulalo wa.
Source: www.habr.com