Za wolemba: ndi pulofesa wothandizana nawo wa mbiri yakale ku yunivesite ya South Carolina komanso mtsogoleri wina wa Ann Johnson Institute for Science, Technology and Society.
Pankhani yokhazikitsa kugwirizana pakati pa mfundo ziwiri, palibe chomwe chingagonjetse njiwa. Kupatula, mwina, kwa hawk osowa.
Avian Spying: M'zaka za m'ma 1970, CIA idapanga kamera yaying'ono yomwe idasandutsa nkhunda zonyamulira kukhala azondi.
Kwa zaka masauzande ambiri, nkhunda zonyamulira zakhala zikunyamula mauthenga. Ndipo zinathandiza kwambiri pa nthawi ya nkhondo. Julius Caesar, Genghis Khan, (nthawi ) - onse adadalira kulankhulana kudzera mu mbalame. Panthawi ya nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse, asilikali a US Signal Corps ndi Navy ankasunga njiwa zawo. Boma la France linapereka mphoto kwa mbalame ya ku America yotchedwa Cher Ami kuti azigwira ntchito molimbika pankhondo ya Verdun. Panthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse, asilikali a ku Britain ankasunga nkhunda zoposa 250. , mphoto yapadera ya nyama zimene zimagwira ntchito ya usilikali [kuyambira 1943 mpaka 1949, mendulo anali kupereka nthawi 54 - nkhunda makumi atatu ndi ziwiri, agalu khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu, akavalo atatu ndi ngalawa. / pafupifupi. kumasulira].
Ndipo ndithudi, bungwe la US Central Intelligence Agency silinachitire mwina koma kusandutsa nkhunda kukhala azondi. M’zaka za m’ma 1970, dipatimenti yofufuza ndi chitukuko ya CIA inapanga kamera yaing’ono yopepuka yomwe imatha kumangirira pachifuwa cha njiwa. Atamasulidwa, njiwayo inaulukira pa malo amene kazitape uja ikupita kwawo. Kamera yomwe inali mkati mwa kamera, yoyendetsedwa ndi batire, inazungulira filimuyo ndikutsegula chotsekera. Chifukwa chakuti nkhunda zimauluka pamtunda wa mamita mazana ochepa chabe, zinkatha kupeza zithunzi zatsatanetsatane kuposa ndege kapena masetilaiti. Kodi panali mayeso aliwonse? zopambana? Sitikudziwa. Deta iyi ikadali m'gulu mpaka lero.
Komabe, CIA sinali yoyamba kugwiritsa ntchito lusoli. Katswiri wazamankhwala waku Germany Julius Gustav Neubronner amadziwika kuti ndiye munthu woyamba kuphunzitsa nkhunda kujambula zithunzi za mumlengalenga. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XNUMX, Neubronner anaika makamera [.kupanga kwanu, pogwiritsa ntchito kutsegula kwa pneumatic kwa shutter / pafupifupi. kumasulira] ku chifuwa cha njiwa zonyamulira. Kamerayo inajambula zithunzi nthawi ndi nthawi pamene njiwayo inkawulukira kunyumba.
Asilikali a Prussia adafufuza momwe angagwiritsire ntchito nkhunda za Neubronner kuti adziwenso, koma anasiya lingalirolo atalephera kuyendetsa njira kapena kujambula zithunzi za malo enieni. M'malo mwake, Neubronner anayamba kupanga mapositikhadi pazithunzizi. Tsopano zasonkhanitsidwa m'buku la 2017 "". Zina mwa izo zitha kuwonedwa pa intaneti:
Chifukwa chachikulu chomwe nkhunda zingagwiritsidwe ntchito potumizirana mauthenga kapena kuyang'anira ndi chakuti ali nazo - Kutha kuzindikira mphamvu ya maginito ya Dziko Lapansi, kudziwa malo omwe munthu ali, komwe akuyenda komanso komwe akuchokera.
Kafukufuku wakale wakale wa ku Igupto ndi Mesopotamiya anasonyeza kuti nkhunda nthaŵi zambiri zinkabwerera ku zisa zawo, ngakhale zitatulutsidwa kutali ndi kwawo. Koma posachedwapa asayansi apezako zimenezi momwe maginito amagwirira ntchito mu mbalame.
Mu 1968, katswiri wa sayansi ya zinyama wa ku Germany Wolfgang Wiltschko anafotokoza kampasi ya maginito , mbalame zosamukasamuka. Iye anayang’ana n’kumayang’ana nkhunda zogwidwazo zitasonkhana kumbali ina ya kholalo n’kuyang’ana komwe zikanatha kusuntha ngati zamasuka. Pamene Vilchko mchitidwe maginito minda zasayansi ntchito , ntchentchezo zinayankha izi mwa kusintha momwe amayendera mumlengalenga, popanda zizindikiro kapena zizindikiro zina.
Kuphunzira za magnetoreception of homing nkhunda kwakhala kovuta kwambiri chifukwa mbalamezi ziyenera kumasulidwa kumalo awo achilengedwe kuti ziwonetsere khalidwe lawo. Kunja kwa labotale, palibe njira yophweka yogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu za maginito, choncho zinali zovuta kudziwa ngati mbalamezi zimadalira njira zina zolozera, monga malo a Dzuwa mumlengalenga.
Mu 1970s , katswiri wa zinyama pa yunivesite ya New York ku Stony Brook ndi wophunzira wake Robert Greene anabwera ndi kuyesa kochenjera komwe kumathetsa zovuta zoterozo. Choyamba, anaphunzitsa gulu la nkhunda zokwana 50 kuti ziwuluke m’malo adzuŵa ndi a mitambo kuchokera kumadzulo kupita kum’maŵa, n’kuzimasula kumadera atatu osiyanasiyana.
Nkhunda zitayamba kubwerera kunyumba mosatengera nyengo, asayansi adawaveka zipewa zamafashoni. Amayika mabatire pa njiwa iliyonse - koloko imodzi inazungulira khosi la mbalameyo ngati kolala, ndipo ina imamatira kumutu kwake. Zozungulirazo zinagwiritsidwa ntchito kusintha mphamvu ya maginito yozungulira mbalameyo.
Pamasiku adzuwa, kupezeka kwaposachedwa pamakoyilo sikunakhudze kwambiri mbalame. Koma kukakhala mitambo, mbalamezi zinkauluka n’kulowera m’nyumbamo kapena kuchokapo, malinga ndi mmene mphamvu ya maginito imayendera. Izi zikusonyeza kuti nyengo yowala nkhunda zimayendayenda ndi dzuwa, ndipo pamasiku a mitambo zimagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya maginito ya Dziko lapansi. Walcott ndi Green zomwe adazipeza mu Science mu 1974.
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma XNUMX, Julius Gustav Neubronner anagwiritsa ntchito nkhunda ndi makamera kujambula zithunzi za m’mlengalenga.
Kafukufuku wowonjezera ndi zoyesera zathandiza kumveketsa chiphunzitso cha magnetoreception, koma mpaka pano palibe amene adatha kudziwa komwe ma magnetoreceptors mu mbalame ali. Mu 2002, Vilchko ndi gulu lake kuti ali m’diso lamanja. Koma patapita zaka zisanu ndi zinayi, gulu lina la asayansi linafalitsa yankho la ntchito imeneyi m’magazini yotchedwa Nature, ponena kuti iwo zotsatira zolengezedwa.
Mfundo yachiwiri inali ya mulomo, makamaka chitsulo chomwe chili pamwamba pa milomo ya mbalame zina. Lingaliro limeneli linakanidwanso mu 2012, pamene gulu la asayansi kuti maselo kumeneko ndi macrophages, mbali ya chitetezo cha m'thupi. Patapita miyezi ingapo, David Dickman ndi Le-qing Wu Kuthekera kwachitatu: khutu lamkati. Pakalipano, kufufuza zomwe zimayambitsa magnetoreception kumakhalabe malo ochita kafukufuku.
Mwamwayi kwa iwo amene akufuna kupanga "njiwa", kumvetsetsa momwe mbalame zimadziwira mayendedwe othawa sikofunikira. Amangofunika kuphunzitsidwa kuti aziuluka pakati pa mfundo ziwiri. Ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito cholimbikitsa choyesedwa nthawi mu mawonekedwe a chakudya. Ngati mumadyetsa nkhunda pamalo amodzi ndikuzisunga kwina, mutha kuziphunzitsa kuwulukira munjira imeneyi. N’zothekanso kuphunzitsa nkhunda kubwerera kwawo kuchokera kumalo osadziwika. MU mbalame zimatha kuwuluka , ngakhale malire amtundu wamba amaonedwa kuti ndi mtunda wa 1000 km.
M’zaka za m’ma XNUMX, nkhunda zinkanyamula mauthenga oikidwa m’machubu ang’onoang’ono omangirira kumiyendo yawo. Pakati pa misewu yachizoloŵezicho panali njira yochokera pachisumbucho kupita ku mzinda waukulu, kuchokera kumudzi kupita pakati pa mzinda, ndi malo ena kumene mawaya a telegraph anali asanafikebe.
Njinda imodzi imatha kunyamula mauthenga owerengeka nthawi zonse—ilibe mphamvu yonyamulira ngati ndege ya ku Amazon. Koma kupangidwa kwa microfilm m'zaka za m'ma 1850 ndi wojambula zithunzi wa ku France René Dagron analola mbalame imodzi kunyamula mawu ambiri, ngakhale zithunzi.
Pafupifupi zaka khumi pambuyo pa kupangidwa, pamene Paris anali kuzingidwa pa , Dagron anaganiza zogwiritsa ntchito nkhunda kunyamula zithunzi za mauthenga ovomerezeka ndi aumwini. adamaliza kukonza mafilimu ang'onoang'ono omwe pamodzi anali ndi mauthenga oposa milioni. A Prussia anayamikira zomwe zinali kuchitika, ndipo anatenga nkhandwe ndi nkhandwe mu utumiki, kuyesera kuletsa mauthenga a mapiko.
M’zaka za zana la XNUMX, kudalirika kwa kulankhulana nthaŵi zonse kudzera m’makalata, telegalafu ndi telefoni kunakula, ndipo nkhunda pang’onopang’ono zinaloŵerera m’malo a zinthu zoseŵeretsa ndi zosoŵa zapadera, kukhala phunziro lophunziridwa kwa odziŵa osowa.
Mwachitsanzo, m'ma 1990s kampani wochokera ku Colorado, wokonda rafting, waphatikiza makalata a njiwa pamaulendo ake m'mphepete mwa Mtsinje wa Cache-la-Poudre. Kanemayo adatengedwa m'njira adakwezedwa m'matumba ankhunda ang'onoang'ono. Kenako mbalamezo zinamasulidwa n’kubwerera ku likulu la kampaniyo. Pofika nthawi yobwereranso, zithunzizo zinali zitakonzeka kale - makalata a njiwa adapereka zosiyana ndi zikumbutso zotere [m’madera amapiri a Dagestan, okhalamo ena , kusamutsa deta pa flash makadi / pafupifupi. kumasulira]
Woimira kampaniyo ananena kuti mbalamezi zinkavutika kwambiri ndi kusintha kwa zipangizo zamakono. Ponyamula makhadi a SD m'malo mwa makanema, amakonda kuwulukira kunkhalango m'malo mobwerera ku dovecote, mwina chifukwa chakuti katundu wawo anali wopepuka kwambiri. Zotsatira zake, alendo onse atapeza pang'onopang'ono mafoni a m'manja, kampaniyo idayenera kusiya nkhundazo,
Ndipo chidule changa cha mauthenga a nkhunda sichitha popanda kutchula RFC David Weitzman yotumizidwa ku Internet Engineering Council pa April 1, 1990. adafotokoza protocol , Internet Protocol pa Avian Carriers, ndiko kuti, kufalitsa kwa intaneti kudzera pa nkhunda. MU , yomwe inatulutsidwa pa April 1, 1999, sikungowonjezera chitetezo chokha chomwe chinatchulidwa ("Pali nkhawa zachinsinsi zokhudzana ndi nkhunda zonyenga" [sewero la mawu pogwiritsa ntchito lingaliro la njiwa ya ndowe, kutanthauza mbalame yodzaza ndi zinthu zomwe zimafuna kukopa mbalame posaka, ndi wodziwitsa apolisi / pafupifupi. kumasulira]), komanso nkhani za patent ("Pakadali pano pali milandu pa zomwe zidayamba - wonyamula zidziwitso kapena dzira").
M'mayesero enieni a IPoAC protocol ku Australia, South Africa ndi Britain, mbalamezi zinkapikisana ndi mauthenga amtundu wamba, zomwe m'madera ena zinasiya kukhala zofunika kwambiri. Pamapeto pake, mbalame zinapambana. Nkhunda zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira yotumizirana mauthenga kwa zaka masauzande ambiri, mpaka pano.
Source: www.habr.com