Zokambirana: zofunikira za UNIX zomwe anthu ochepa azigwiritsa ntchito ndipo akugwiritsabe ntchito

Sabata yapitayo, Douglas McIlroy, wopanga mapaipi a UNIX komanso woyambitsa lingaliro la "mapulogalamu opangidwa ndi gawo", ndinauza za mapulogalamu osangalatsa komanso achilendo a UNIX omwe sagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Chofalitsacho chinayambitsa zokambirana zachangu pa Hacker News. Tasonkhanitsa zinthu zosangalatsa kwambiri ndipo tidzakhala okondwa ngati mungagwirizane nawo.

Фото - Virginia Johnson - Unsplash

Gwirani ntchito ndi mawu

Makina opangira a UNIX ali ndi zida zofananira zosinthira mawu. Zothandiza tayipo adakulolani kuti muwunikenso chikalata cha typos ndi hapax - mawu omwe amawonekera kamodzi kokha. Chochititsa chidwi, pulogalamu yopezera typos sagwiritsa ntchito otanthauzira mawu. Imangodalira zomwe zili mufayiloyo ndipo imasanthula pafupipafupi pogwiritsa ntchito ma trigram (kutsatizana kwa zilembo zitatu). Pankhaniyi, zowerengera zonse zofunika amasungidwa mu 26x26x26 mndandanda. Malinga ndi Douglas McIlroy, kukumbukira uku sikunali kokwanira pazowerengera zingapo za baiti imodzi. Choncho, kuti apulumutse ndalama, adalembedwa mu mawonekedwe a logarithmic.

Masiku ano tayipo yasinthidwa ndi zowunikira zamakono komanso zolondola zotengera mawu otanthauzira. Komabe, anthu amakumbukirabe za chida - zaka zingapo zapitazo wokonda anayambitsa kukhazikitsa typo mu Go. Malo osungira akadasinthidwa.

Chida china chogwirira ntchito ndi zolemba kuchokera ku 80s ndi phukusi Wolemba ntchito kuchokera kwa Lorinda Cherry ndi Nina McDonald a Bell Labs. Mapangidwe ake kuphatikizapo zida zozindikiritsira magawo a malankhulidwe ndi kalembedwe ka zolemba, kufufuza ma tautologies ndi ziganizo zovuta zosafunikira. Zothandizira zidapangidwa ngati zothandizira ophunzira, ndipo nthawi ina zidapangidwa ntchito ophunzira ku Colorado State University ku USA. Koma pofika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za makumi asanu ndi anayi, Workbench ya Wolemba inayiwalika chifukwa sichinaphatikizidwe mu Version 7 Unix. Komabe, chida ichi chinapitiliza njira yake kwa otsanzira - mwachitsanzo, Grammatiken kwa IBM PC.

UNIX imaperekanso zida zanthawi zonse zopangitsa kuti kugwira ntchito ndi mafomu kukhala kosavuta. Pali preprocessor ya chilankhulo yosinthira masamu eqn. Ndizodziwikiratu kuti kuti awonetse fomula, wopanga amangofunika kufotokoza m'mawu osavuta komanso zizindikiro. Mawu osakira amakulolani kuti musinthe zilembo zamasamu molunjika komanso mopingasa, kusintha kukula kwake ndi magawo ena. Ngati mutadutsa mzere kupita ku zothandiza:

sum from { k = 1 } to N { k sup 2 }

Zotulutsa zidzapanga formula iyi:

Mu 1980s-1990s eqn anathandiza Akatswiri a IT amalemba zolemba zamapulogalamu. Koma pambuyo pake idasinthidwa ndi dongosolo la LaTeX, lomwe amagwiritsa ngakhale Habr. Koma eqn ndi chida choyamba cha kalasi yake kuti ikhalebe gawo la machitidwe opangira UNIX.

Kugwira ntchito ndi mafayilo

Pankhani yamutu, anthu okhala ku Hacker News adazindikira zinthu zingapo zomwe sizimagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri pogwira ntchito ndi mafayilo. Mmodzi wa iwo anali comm kuwafananiza. Ichi ndi analogi chosavuta diff, okonzedwa kuti azigwira ntchito m'malemba. Ake analemba Richard Stallman mwiniwake ndi David MacKenzie.

Kutulutsa kwa pulogalamu kumakhala ndi magawo atatu. Mzere woyamba uli ndi zikhalidwe zosiyana ndi fayilo yoyamba, gawo lachiwiri lili ndi zomwe zili zosiyana ndi fayilo yachiwiri. Mzere wachitatu uli ndi ziwerengero zonse. Kuti comm igwire ntchito moyenera, zolemba zofananira ziyenera kusanjidwa mwamawu. Choncho, mmodzi wa malo okhala analimbikitsa gwiritsani ntchito njira zotsatirazi:

comm <(sort fileA.txt) <(sort fileB.txt)

Comm ndiyosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito kuti muwone kalembedwe ka mawu. Ndikokwanira kuwafanizitsa ndi chikalata cha mtanthauzira mawu. Poganizira zobisika zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kufunikira kosintha mafayilo, pali malingaliro, kuti Stallman ndi MacKenzie adalemba zofunikira zawo pazogwiritsa ntchito izi.

Фото - Marnix Hogendoorn - Unsplash

Komanso wochita nawo zokambirana pa HN adalemba luso la oyendetsa phala, zomwe sizinali zowonekera kwa iye. Zimakulolani kuti mulowetse mitsinje ya data kapena kugawa mtsinje umodzi m'magulu awiri pamene mutulutsa:

$ paste <( echo -e 'foonbar' ) <( echo -e 'baznqux' )
foo     baz
bar     qux
$ echo -e 'foonbarnbaznqux' | paste - -
foo     bar
baz     qux

Mmodzi wa ogwiritsa ntchito zindikirani, zomwe nthawi zambiri sizothandiza kwambiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pochita izi: kuyambira pomwe fmt, ex ndi kutha mlr с yoti и rs.

Ndi machitidwe otani a UNIX omwe adatulukira kwa inu?

Zomwe timalemba mu blog yathu yamakampani:

Momwe Domain Name System idasinthira: Nthawi ya ARPANET
Mbiri ya Domain Name System: Ma seva Oyamba a DNS
Mbiri ya DNS: pamene mayina ankalamulira analipidwa
Mbiri ya Domain Name System: Nkhondo za Protocol

Source: www.habr.com