Mwachidule pama Networking and Messaging Protocols a IoT

Moni, Khabrovites! Wopanga maphunziro oyamba pa intaneti a IoT ku Russia imayamba mu OTUS mu Okutobala. Kulembetsa maphunzirowa kwatsegulidwa pakali pano, mogwirizana ndi zomwe tikupitiliza kugawana nanu zida zothandiza.

Intaneti ya Zinthu (IoT, Internet of Things) idzamangidwa pamwamba pa zipangizo zamakono zomwe zilipo kale, matekinoloje ndi ndondomeko zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'nyumba / maofesi ndi intaneti, ndipo zidzapereka zambiri.

Cholinga cha bukhuli ndikupereka chidule cha ma network ndi ma protocol a IoT.

Zindikirani. Muyenera kukhala ndi chidziwitso zoyambira zaukadaulo wama network.

Ma network a IoT

IoT idzagwira ntchito pamanetiweki a TCP/IP omwe alipo.

TCP/IP imagwiritsa ntchito mtundu wa magawo anayi okhala ndi ma protocol apadera pagawo lililonse. Cm. kumvetsetsa mtundu wa TCP/IP 4 wosanjikiza (timvetsetsa zamitundu inayi ya TCP / IP).

Chithunzi chomwe chili pansipa chikuwonetsa kufananiza kwa ma protocol omwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito pano ndi omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito kwambiri pa IoT.

Tchati zolemba:

1. Kukula kwa mafonti kumawonetsa kutchuka kwa protocol. Mwachitsanzo, kumanzere, IPv4 ndi yayikulu, chifukwa ndiyotchuka kwambiri pa intaneti yamakono. Komabe, ndi yaying'ono kumanja popeza IPv6 ikuyembekezeka kukhala yotchuka kwambiri ku IoT.

2. Sikuti ma protocol onse akuwonetsedwa.

3. Zambiri mwazosintha zonse zili panjira (milingo 1 ndi 2) komanso magawo ogwiritsira ntchito (level 4).

4. Ma netiweki ndi magawo oyendetsa akuyembekezeka kukhala osasintha.

Link layer protocol

Pa mulingo wolumikizana ndi data (Data Link), muyenera kulumikiza zida wina ndi mnzake. Atha kukhala onse oyandikana, mwachitsanzo, m'malo ochezera am'deralo (ma network am'deralo) komanso patali kwambiri: m'matauni (ma network a metropolitan area) ndi ma network apadziko lonse lapansi (ma network amdera lonse).

Pakadali pano, pamlingo uwu, ma network akunyumba ndi maofesi (LAN) amagwiritsa ntchito Efaneti ndi Wi-Fi, ndipo mafoni (WANs) amagwiritsa ntchito 3G / 4G. Komabe, zida zambiri za IoT ndizochepa mphamvu, monga masensa, ndipo zimangoyendetsedwa ndi mabatire. Pazifukwa izi, Efaneti siyoyenera, koma Wi-Fi yotsika kwambiri komanso Bluetooth yotsika ingagwiritsidwe ntchito.

Ngakhale matekinoloje omwe alipo opanda zingwe (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, 3G/4G) apitilizabe kugwiritsidwa ntchito kulumikiza zidazi, ndikofunikiranso kuyang'ana matekinoloje atsopano omwe amapangidwira mapulogalamu a IoT omwe akuyenera kukula kutchuka.

Zina mwa izo ndi:

• BLE - Bluetooth Low Energy

• LoRaWAN - Long Range WAN

• SigFox

• LTE-M

Iwo akufotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane m'nkhani. Chidule cha matekinoloje opanda zingwe a IOT (chidule chaukadaulo wa IoT wopanda zingwe).

network wosanjikiza

Pa network layer (Networking), protocol idzalamulira pakapita nthawi IPv6. Ndizokayikitsa kuti IPv4 idzagwiritsidwa ntchito, koma itha kuchitapo kanthu koyambirira. Zida zambiri zapakhomo za IoT, monga mababu anzeru, zimagwiritsa ntchito IPv4.

transport layer 

Pagawo la mayendedwe (Transport), intaneti ndi intaneti zimayendetsedwa ndi TCP. Imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu HTTP ndi ma protocol ena ambiri otchuka pa intaneti (SMTP, POP3, IMAP4, etc.).

MQTT, yomwe ndikuyembekeza kukhala imodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zotumizira mauthenga, ikugwiritsa ntchito TCP.

Komabe, m'tsogolomu, chifukwa chotsika kwambiri, ndikuyembekeza UDP kukhala yotchuka kwambiri ku IoT. Mwina zofala kwambiri MQTT-SN, kudutsa UDP. Onani nkhani yofananira TCP vs UDP .

Masanjidwe a ntchito ndi ma protocol a mauthenga

Zofunikira zama protocol a IoT:

• Kuthamanga - kuchuluka kwa data yomwe imasamutsidwa pamphindikati.

• Latency ndi nthawi yomwe imatengera kutumiza uthenga.

• Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu.

• Chitetezo.

• Kupezeka kwa mapulogalamu.

Pakadali pano, ma protocol akulu awiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachangu pamlingo uwu: HTTP ndi MQTT.

HTTP mwina ndiye protocol yodziwika bwino kwambiri pamlingo uwu womwe uli pansi pa intaneti (WWW). Idzapitilizabe kukhala yofunika kwa IoT, chifukwa imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa REST API - njira yayikulu yolumikizirana pakati pa mapulogalamu ndi mautumiki. Komabe, chifukwa chakuchulukirachulukira, HTTP ndiyokayikitsa kukhala protocol yayikulu ya IoT, ngakhale idzagwiritsidwabe ntchito kwambiri pa intaneti.

MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport) yakhala njira yayikulu yotumizira mauthenga mu IoT chifukwa cha kupepuka kwake komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mosavuta. Onani nkhani Chiyambi cha MQTT kwa oyamba kumene (Mau oyamba a MQTT kwa oyamba kumene).

Kuyerekeza kwa HTTP ndi MQTT kwa IoT

MQTT ikukhala mulingo wokhazikika pamapulogalamu a IoT. Izi ndichifukwa cha kupepuka kwake komanso liwiro lake poyerekeza ndi HTTP komanso kuti ndi protocol imodzi-ndi-ambiri osati imodzi ndi imodzi (HTTP).

Mapulogalamu ambiri amakono a intaneti angagwiritse ntchito MQTT mosangalala m'malo mwa HTTP ngati inalipo panthawi ya chitukuko chawo.

Chitsanzo chabwino ndikutumiza uthenga kwa makasitomala angapo, monga ofika ndi kunyamuka kwa masitima/mabasi/ndege. Muzochitika izi, ndondomeko imodzi-imodzi monga HTTP ili ndi zambiri ndipo imayika katundu wambiri pa ma seva. Kukulitsa ma seva awa kungakhale kovuta. Ndi MQTT, makasitomala amalumikizana ndi broker, yomwe imatha kuwonjezedwa mosavuta pakuwongolera katundu. Onerani kanema phunziro za izo Sindikizanso HTML Data Pa MQTT (Chitsanzo Chofika Pandege) ndi nkhani MQTT vs HTTP ya IOT.

Ma protocol ena a mauthenga

HTTP sinapangidwe kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito ndi IoT, koma monga tafotokozera, idzagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kwakanthawi chifukwa chofalikira API.

Pafupifupi nsanja zonse za IoT zimathandizira HTTP ndi MQTT.

Komabe, pali ma protocol ena oyenera kuwaganizira.

Malangizo

• MQTT - (Mauthenga a Queuing Telemetry Transport). Amagwiritsa ntchito TCP/IP. Mtundu wolembetsa wosindikiza umafunikira wotumizira uthenga.

• Zamgululi - (Protocol Yotsogolera Mauthenga Pamwamba). Amagwiritsa ntchito TCP/IP. Ofalitsa-Olembetsa ndi Zitsanzo za Malo-to-Point.

• CHIKWANGWANI - (Constrained Application Protocol). Amagwiritsa ntchito UDP. Zopangidwira makamaka za IoT, zimagwiritsa ntchito njira yoyankhira ngati mu HTTP. RFC 7252.

• DDS - (Data Distribution Service) 

Mu izi nkhani ndondomeko zazikulu ndi ntchito zawo zimaganiziridwa. Mapeto a nkhaniyi ndikuti IoT idzagwiritsa ntchito ma protocol, kutengera zomwe akufuna.

Komabe, poyang'ana m'mbuyo, m'zaka zoyambirira za intaneti, protocol ya HTTP yomwe ingakhale yopambana inali imodzi mwazinthu zambiri.

Ngakhale kuti HTTP sinapangidwe kuti isamutsidwe mafayilo ndi imelo, lero imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazonse ziwiri.

Ndikuyembekeza zomwezo kuti zichitike ndi ma protocol a IoT: mautumiki ambiri adzagwiritsa ntchito protocol imodzi.

Pansipa pali ma chart a Google Trends omwe akuwonetsa momwe kutchuka kwa MQTT, COAP ndi AMQP kwasinthira zaka zingapo zapitazi.

Chidule cha Google Trends 

Thandizo la Protocol ndi nsanja

• Microsoft Azure - MQTT, AMQP, HTTP ndi HTTPS

• AWS - MQTT, HTTPS, MQTT pamawebusayiti

• IBM Bluemix - MQTT,HTTPS,MQTT

• Thingworx - MQTT, HTTPS, MQTT, AMQP

Chidule

Zambiri mwazosintha zonse zili panjira (milingo 1 ndi 2) komanso magawo ogwiritsira ntchito (level 4).

Ma netiweki ndi magawo oyendetsa akuyembekezeka kukhala osasintha.

Pagawo la ntchito, zida za IoT zidzagwiritsa ntchito ma protocol. Ngakhale tikadali koyambirira kwa chitukuko cha IoT, ndizotheka kuti ma protocol amodzi kapena awiri azidziwika.

Pazaka zingapo zapitazi, MQTT yakhala yotchuka kwambiri, ndipo ndizomwe ndikuyang'ana kwambiri patsamba lino.

HTTP ipitiliza kugwiritsidwa ntchito popeza idamangidwa kale pamapulatifomu a IoT omwe alipo.

Ndizomwezo. Tikukupemphani kuti mulembetse phunziro lademo laulere pamutuwu "Chatbot yamalamulo ofulumira ku chipangizochi".

Werengani zambiri:

• Chifukwa chiyani makina osatetezeka a IoT tsopano ndi vuto lalikulu labizinesi

Source: www.habr.com