Pa Ogasiti 31, 2020, kuyesa kwapagulu kwa makina ovotera akutali (omwe amatchedwa DEG) pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa blockchain, opangidwa ndi dongosolo la Central Election Commission of the Russian Federation, adachitika.
Kuti tidziwe bwino kachitidwe katsopano ka mavoti amagetsi ndikumvetsetsa kuti teknoloji ya blockchain imagwira ntchito bwanji ndi zigawo zina zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, tikuyamba mndandanda wa zofalitsa zomwe zimaperekedwa ku mayankho akuluakulu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu dongosolo. Tikukupemphani kuti tiyambe mwadongosolo - ndi zofunikira pa dongosolo ndi ntchito za omwe akugwira nawo ntchitoyi
Zofunikira pa System
Zofunikira zomwe zimagwira ntchito pamavoti aliwonse nthawi zambiri zimakhala zofanana pakuvota kwamunthu payekha komanso povotera pakompyuta, ndipo zimatsimikiziridwa ndi Federal Law ya June 12.06.2002, 67 N 31.07.2020-FZ (monga zasinthidwa pa Julayi XNUMX, XNUMX) "Pa Basic Guarantee ufulu wovota ndi ufulu kutenga nawo gawo pa referendum ya nzika zaku Russia."
- Kuvota mu zisankho ndi referendum ndi chinsinsi, kupatula kuthekera kwa ulamuliro uliwonse pa zofuna za nzika (Ndime 7).
- Mwayi wovota uyenera kuperekedwa kwa anthu okhawo omwe ali ndi ufulu wovota votiyi.
- Wovota m'modzi - voti imodzi, kuvota "kawiri" sikuloledwa.
- Njira yovota ikuyenera kukhala yotseguka komanso yowonekera kwa ovota ndi owonera.
- Kutsimikizika kwa voti kukuyenera kutsimikizidwa.
- Sizingatheke kuwerengera zotsatira za mavoti akanthawi kuvota kusanamalizidwe.
Chifukwa chake, tili ndi otenga nawo gawo atatu: ovota, komiti yosankhidwa ndi wowonera, omwe dongosolo la kuyanjana limatsimikiziridwa. N'zothekanso kusankha wachinayi nawo - matupi kuti kuchita kulembetsa nzika m'dera (makamaka Utumiki wa Internal Affairs, komanso akuluakulu ena akuluakulu), popeza yogwira suffrage kugwirizana ndi nzika ndi malo kulembetsa.
Otenga nawo mbali onsewa amalumikizana wina ndi mnzake.
Protocol yolumikizana
Tiyeni tilingalire za kuvota pamalo ovotera achikhalidwe, ndi bokosi la voti ndi mapepala. Mu mawonekedwe osavuta, zikuwoneka ngati izi: wovota amabwera pamalo oponya voti ndikupereka chiphaso (pasipoti). Pamalo oponyera zisankho pali bungwe loyang'anira zisankho, lomwe membala wake amatsimikizira kuti ovota ndi ndani komanso kupezeka kwake pamndandanda wa ovota womwe udapangidwa kale. Ovota akapezeka, membala wa komitiyo amamupatsa voti, ndi zizindikiro zovota kuti alandire voti. Zitatha izi, wovotayo amapita kumalo oponya voti, amadzaza voti, ndikuyika mu bokosi la voti. Pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti njira zonse zikutsatiridwa ndi malamulo, oyang'anira (oyimira anthu ofuna kusankhidwa, mabungwe owunikira anthu) amayang'anira zonsezi. Kuvota kukatha, bungwe la zisankho, pamaso pa owonerera, limawerengera mavoti ndikukhazikitsa zotsatira za voti.
Zomwe zimafunikira pakuvota pamavoti achikhalidwe zimaperekedwa ndi njira zabungwe komanso njira yolumikizirana ndi omwe akutenga nawo mbali: kuyang'ana mapasipoti a ovota, kusaina nokha pamavoti, kugwiritsa ntchito malo ovotera ndi mabokosi ovotera osindikizidwa, njira yowerengera mavoti, ndi zina zambiri. .
Kwa dongosolo lachidziwitso, lomwe ndi makina ovotera akutali, dongosolo lolumikizanali limatchedwa protocol. Popeza kuyanjana kwathu konse kukukhala digito, protocol iyi imatha kuonedwa ngati algorithm yomwe imatsatiridwa ndi zigawo zadongosolo, komanso gulu lazinthu zamabungwe ndiukadaulo zomwe ogwiritsa ntchito amagwiritsa ntchito.
Kulumikizana kwa digito kumapereka zofunikira zina pama algorithms omwe akhazikitsidwa. Tiyeni tiwone zomwe zidachitika patsamba lachikhalidwe malinga ndi machitidwe azidziwitso ndi momwe izi zimagwiritsidwira ntchito mudongosolo la DEG lomwe tikuliganizira.
Tinene nthawi yomweyo kuti ukadaulo wa blockchain si "chipolopolo chasiliva" chomwe chimathetsa nkhani zonse. Kuti apange dongosolo loterolo, kunali koyenera kupanga mapulogalamu ambiri ndi zida za hardware zomwe zimagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana, ndikuzigwirizanitsa ndi ndondomeko imodzi ndi ndondomeko. Koma nthawi yomweyo, zigawo zonsezi zimagwirizana ndi nsanja ya blockchain.
Zida Zadongosolo
Kuchokera pamalingaliro aukadaulo, dongosolo la DEG ndi pulogalamu yamapulogalamu ndi ma hardware (omwe amatchedwa STC), omwe amaphatikiza zigawo zingapo kuti zitsimikizire kuyanjana pakati pa omwe akutenga nawo gawo pachisankho mumalo olumikizana azidziwitso.
Chithunzi cholumikizirana cha zigawo ndi omwe akutenga nawo gawo mu dongosolo la DEG PTC akuwonetsedwa pachithunzi pansipa.
Zotheka
Njira yovota patali
Tsopano tikambirana mwatsatanetsatane ndondomeko yovotera pakompyuta yakutali ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwake ndi zigawo za DEG software ndi hardware complex.
Malinga ndi Ndondomeko yovotera pakompyuta yakutali, kuti ikhale pamndandanda wa omwe atenga nawo gawo pamavoti apakompyuta akutali, wovota ayenera kutumiza pempho pa portal ya State Services. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, ogwiritsa ntchito okhawo omwe ali ndi akaunti yotsimikiziridwa ndipo adafanizidwa bwino ndi kaundula wa ovota, omwe atenga nawo gawo pa referendum ya "Elections" ya State Automated System atha kutumiza ntchito yotere. Pambuyo polandira pempholi, deta ya ovotayo imafufuzidwanso ndi Central Election Commission ya Russia ndikuyika ku. Chigawo cha List of Voter List Mtengo wa PTC DEG. Njira yotsitsa imatsagana ndi kujambula kwa zizindikiritso zapadera mu blockchain. Mamembala a bungwe la zisankho ndi owonerera ali ndi mwayi wowonera mndandandawu pogwiritsa ntchito makina apadera opangira ntchito omwe ali pamalo a komiti yosankhidwa.
Wovota akayendera malo ovotera, amatsimikiziridwa (poyerekeza ndi data ya pasipoti) ndikuzindikiridwa pamndandanda wa ovota, komanso kuwona kuti wovotayu sanalandirepo voti. Mfundo yofunikira apa ndi yakuti sizingatheke kutsimikizira ngati wovotayo adayika voti yomwe adalandira m'bokosi la voti kapena ayi, kokha kuti votiyo idaperekedwa kale. Pankhani ya PTC DEG, ulendo wovota umayimira pempho la wogwiritsa ntchito Chithunzi cha DEG ndi webusayiti yomwe ili pa vybory.gov.ru Monga malo ochitirako zisankho achikhalidwe, tsamba la webusayiti lili ndi zidziwitso zokhudzana ndi kampeni yachisankho yomwe ikupitilira, zambiri za ofuna kuvotera ndi zina. Kuti akwaniritse chizindikiritso ndi kutsimikizika, ESIA ya State Services Portal imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Chifukwa chake, chizindikiritso chonse chimasungidwa polemba komanso povota.
Pambuyo pa izi, ndondomeko yosadziwika bwino imayamba - wovota amapatsidwa voti yomwe ilibe zizindikiro zozindikiritsa: ilibe nambala, sichikugwirizana ndi voti yomwe idaperekedwa. Ndizosangalatsa kulingalira chisankho pamene malo ovotera ali ndi zida zovotera pakompyuta - pakadali pano, kusadziwika kumachitidwa motere: m'malo mwa voti ya pepala, wovota amafunsidwa kuti asankhe pagulu lililonse khadi yokhala ndi barcode yomwe. adzayandikira chida chovotera. Palibe zambiri zokhudza wovota pakhadi, koma pali code yokha yomwe imatsimikizira voti yomwe chipangizocho chiyenera kupereka popereka khadi yotere. Ndi kulumikizana kwathunthu kwa digito, ntchito yayikulu ndikukhazikitsa ma aligorivimu osadziwikiratu kuti, kumbali imodzi, ndizosatheka kukhazikitsa zidziwitso za ogwiritsa ntchito, ndipo kumbali ina, kupereka mwayi wovota kwa ogwiritsa ntchito okhawo omwe. adadziwika kale pamndandanda. Kuti athetse vutoli, DEG PTK imagwiritsa ntchito cryptographic algorithm, yomwe imadziwika ndi akatswiri ngati "siginecha yamagetsi yakhungu." Tidzakambirana mwatsatanetsatane m'mabuku otsatirawa, ndikusindikizanso magwero; mutha kusonkhanitsanso zambiri kuchokera ku zofalitsa pa intaneti pogwiritsa ntchito mawu osakira - "cryptographic secret voting protocols" kapena "blind signature"
Kenako wovotayo amadzaza voti pamalo omwe sizingatheke kuwona chisankho (chotsekedwa) - ngati m'dongosolo lathu lachidziwitso ovota amavotera kutali, ndiye malo okhawo ndi chipangizo chaumwini cha wogwiritsa ntchito. Kuti achite izi, wogwiritsa ntchitoyo amasamutsidwa ku domain ina - ku zone yosadziwika. Musanasinthe, mutha kukweza kulumikizana kwanu kwa VPN ndikusintha adilesi yanu ya IP. Ndi pa domain iyi pomwe voti imawonetsedwa ndikusankha kwa wogwiritsa ntchito. Khodi yoyambira yomwe imagwira pa chipangizo cha wosuta imatsegulidwa poyambilira - imatha kuwoneka mu msakatuli.
Chisankhochi chikapangidwa, votiyo imasungidwa pa chipangizo cha wogwiritsa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito njira yapadera yolembera, yotumizidwa ndikujambulidwa. gawo "Kusungidwa kogawidwa ndikuwerengera mavoti", yomangidwa pa nsanja ya blockchain.
Chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri za protocol ndi zosatheka kudziwa zotsatira zovota musanamalize. Pamalo oponyera zisankho zachikhalidwe, izi zimatsimikizika posindikiza bokosi loponya voti ndikuwunika ndi oyang'anira. Pakuyanjana kwa digito, yankho labwino kwambiri ndikubisa zomwe wovota asankha. Ma encryption algorithm omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito amalepheretsa kuti zotsatira zisawululidwe kuvota kusanamalizidwe. Pachifukwa ichi, chiwembu chokhala ndi makiyi awiri chimagwiritsidwa ntchito: kiyi imodzi (ya anthu), yomwe imadziwika kwa onse omwe atenga nawo mbali, imagwiritsidwa ntchito kubisa mawu. Sizingasinthidwe ndi kiyi yomweyo; kiyi yachiwiri (yachinsinsi) ikufunika. Chinsinsi chachinsinsi chimagawidwa pakati pa omwe atenga nawo mbali pa chisankho (mamembala a komiti yachisankho, chipinda cha anthu, ogwiritsira ntchito ma seva owerengera, ndi zina zotero) m'njira yakuti gawo lililonse lachinsinsi likhale lopanda ntchito. Mutha kuyambitsa kubisa pokhapokha kiyi yachinsinsi ikasonkhanitsidwa. Mu dongosolo lomwe likuganiziridwa, ndondomeko yolekanitsa yofunikira imaphatikizapo magawo angapo: kulekanitsa gawo lachinsinsi mkati mwa dongosolo, kulekanitsa fungulo kunja kwa dongosolo, ndi kubadwa kwachinsinsi cha anthu onse. Tidzawonetsa mwatsatanetsatane ndondomeko ya kubisa ndikugwira ntchito ndi makiyi a cryptographic m'mabuku amtsogolo.
Mfungulo ikasonkhanitsidwa ndikutsitsidwa, kuwerengera zotsatira kumayamba kuti ajambulenso mu blockchain ndi kulengeza kotsatira. Mbali ya dongosolo lomwe likuganiziridwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa homomorphic encryption. Tifotokoza mwatsatanetsatane algorithm iyi m'mabuku amtsogolo ndikukambirana chifukwa chake ukadaulo uwu umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga machitidwe ovota. Tsopano tiyeni tizindikire mbali yake yayikulu: mavoti obisidwa olembedwa muakaunti atha kuphatikizidwa popanda kusungidwa m'njira yoti zotsatira za kubisa mawu ophatikizika otere azikhala mtengo wowerengeka pachisankho chilichonse m'mavoti. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, dongosololi, ndithudi, limagwiritsa ntchito maumboni a masamu olondola kuwerengera koteroko, zomwe zimalembedwanso mu ndondomeko yowerengera ndalama ndipo zikhoza kutsimikiziridwa ndi owona.
Pansipa pali ndondomeko ya ndondomeko yovota.
Zotheka
Blockchain nsanja
Tsopano popeza tapenda mbali zazikulu za kukhazikitsidwa kwa makina ovotera akutali, tiyeni tiyankhe funso lomwe tidayamba nalo - ndi gawo lanji lomwe ukadaulo wa blockchain umachita mu izi ndi mavuto otani omwe amalola kuthetsa?
M'machitidwe ovotera akutali, ukadaulo wa blockchain umathetsa zovuta zina.
- Ntchito yayikulu ndikuwonetsetsa kukhulupirika kwa chidziwitso mkati mwa kuvota, ndipo, choyamba, mavoti.
- Kuwonetsetsa kuwonetsetsa kukwaniritsidwa komanso kusasinthika kwa ma code apulogalamu omwe akhazikitsidwa ngati makontrakitala anzeru.
- Kuonetsetsa chitetezo ndi kusasinthika kwa deta yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito povota: mndandanda wa ovota, makiyi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito polemba mavoti pazigawo zosiyanasiyana za cryptographic protocol, ndi zina zotero.
- Kupereka deta decentralized deta, ndi aliyense kutenga kopi yofanana mwamtheradi, kutsimikiziridwa ndi katundu wa mgwirizano mu maukonde.
- Kutha kuwona zochitika ndikuyang'anira momwe mavoti akuyendera, zomwe zikuwonetsedwa bwino mu blockchain, kuyambira pachiyambi mpaka kujambula kwa zotsatira zowerengedwa.
Choncho, tikuwona kuti popanda kugwiritsa ntchito teknolojiyi, ndizosatheka kukwaniritsa zofunikira mu dongosolo lovota, komanso kukhulupirira.
Kugwira ntchito kwa nsanja ya blockchain yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kumalimbikitsidwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito makontrakitala anzeru. Mapangano anzeru amayang'ana zochitika zilizonse ndi mavoti obisika kuti atsimikizire kuti siginecha yamagetsi ndi "akhungu", ndikuwunikanso kulondola kwa kudzaza voti yobisika.
Komanso, mu dongosolo lovotera lakutali lakutali, gawo la "Kusungidwa ndi kuwerengera mavoti" silimangokhala ku blockchain node. Pa node iliyonse, seva yosiyana ikhoza kutumizidwa yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito ntchito zazikulu za cryptographic za protocol yovota - ma seva owerengera.
Kuwerengera ma seva
Izi ndi zigawo zomwe zimapereka njira yogawa makiyi obisala mavoti, komanso kumasulira ndi kuwerengera zotsatira za mavoti. Ntchito zawo ndi izi:
- Kuwonetsetsa kugawidwa kwa gawo la kiyi yobisira voti. Njira yofunika kwambiri yoberekera idzakambidwa m'nkhani zotsatirazi;
- Kuwona kulondola kwa voti yobisidwa (popanda kuyilemba);
- Kukonza mavoti munjira yobisika kuti apange mawu omaliza;
- Ma decoding ogawidwa omaliza.
Gawo lirilonse la kuphedwa kwa cryptographic protocol limalembedwa papulatifomu ya blockchain ndipo imatha kuyang'aniridwa kuti ndi yolondola ndi owonera.
Kupatsa dongosolo zinthu zofunika pazigawo zosiyanasiyana zovota, ma algorithms otsatirawa a cryptographic amagwiritsidwa ntchito:
- Siginecha yamagetsi;
- Kusaina mosawona makiyi a anthu ovota;
- ElGamal elliptic curve encryption scheme;
- Umboni wopanda chidziwitso;
- Pedersen 91 DKG (Distributed Key Generation) protocol;
- Ndondomeko yogawana makiyi achinsinsi pogwiritsa ntchito dongosolo la Shamir.
Utumiki wa cryptographic udzakambidwa mwatsatanetsatane m'nkhani zotsatirazi.
Zotsatira
Tiyeni tifotokoze mwachidule zotsatira zapakatikati zoganizira za makina ovotera akutali. Tafotokoza mwachidule ndondomekoyi ndi zigawo zikuluzikulu zomwe zimayigwiritsa ntchito, komanso tazindikira njira zopezera katundu wofunikira pamavoti aliwonse:
- Kutsimikizika kwa Ovota. Dongosololi limavomereza mavoti okha kuchokera kwa ovota otsimikizika. Katunduyu amatsimikiziridwa pozindikiritsa ndi kutsimikizira ovota, komanso kujambula mndandanda wa ovota komanso kupereka mwayi wovota mu blockchain.
- Kusadziwika. Dongosololi limatsimikizira chinsinsi cha kuvota, cholembedwa m'malamulo a Russian Federation; chizindikiritso cha ovota sichingadziwike kuchokera ku voti yobisika. Kukhazikitsidwa pogwiritsa ntchito "siginecha yakhungu" ndi malo osadziwika kuti mudzaze ndi kutumiza voti.
- Chinsinsi cha mavoti. Okonzekera ndi anthu ena ovota sangathe kudziwa zotsatira za kuvota mpaka kutsirizidwa, mavoti awerengedwa ndipo zotsatira zomaliza zafotokozedwa. Kusungitsa chinsinsi kumatheka polemba voti ndikupangitsa kuti zisamveke mpaka kuvota.
- Kusasinthika kwa data. Zambiri za ovota sizingasinthidwe kapena kuchotsedwa. Kusungidwa kwa data kosasinthika kumaperekedwa ndi nsanja ya blockchain.
- Kutsimikizika. Woyang'anira akhoza kutsimikizira kuti mavoti anawerengedwa molondola.
- Kudalirika. Zomangamanga zadongosolo zimachokera ku mfundo zoyendetsera dziko, kuonetsetsa kuti palibe "mfundo yolephera" imodzi.
Source: www.habr.com