Kuyang'ana kwina kwa mitambo. Kodi mtambo wachinsinsi ndi chiyani?

Kukula kwa mphamvu zamakompyuta ndi chitukuko cha matekinoloje a x86 papulatifomu mbali imodzi, ndi kufalikira kwa IT outsourcing mbali inayo, kwapangitsa lingaliro la computing utility (IT ngati ntchito yapagulu). Bwanji osalipira IT mofanana ndi madzi kapena magetsi - ndendende mofanana ndi momwe mukufunira, osatinso.

Panthawiyi, lingaliro la cloud computing linawonekera - kugwiritsa ntchito ntchito za IT kuchokera ku "mtambo", i.e. kuchokera kuzinthu zina zakunja, popanda kusamala za momwe komanso komwe zinthuzi zimachokera. Monga ngati sitisamala za zomangamanga za malo opopera madzi. Panthawiyi, mbali ina ya lingalirolo inali itakonzedwanso - kutanthauza, lingaliro la ntchito za IT ndi momwe mungayendetsere mkati mwa ITIL / ITSM.

Matanthauzo angapo a mitambo (cloud computing) apangidwa, koma izi siziyenera kutengedwa ngati chowonadi chenicheni - ndi njira yokhayo yokhazikitsira njira zomwe ma computing amaperekedwa.

• "Cloud computing ndi ukadaulo wogawa deta momwe zida zamakompyuta ndi luso zimaperekedwa kwa wogwiritsa ntchito ngati intaneti" Wikipedia
• "Cloud computing ndi chitsanzo choperekera mwayi wopezeka pa intaneti pagulu lazinthu zomwe mungasinthire makonda (mwachitsanzo, ma network, maseva, kusungirako, kugwiritsa ntchito, ndi ntchito) pazomwe zimafunidwa zomwe zitha kuperekedwa mwachangu ndikupatsidwa mphamvu zochepa zowongolera kapena kulowererapo pang'ono. Wopereka Ntchito" NIST
• TS EN ISO/IEC 17788:2014 TS EN ISO/IEC XNUMX:XNUMX Cloud computing ndi njira yoperekera mwayi wopezeka pa netiweki ku dziwe lomwe lingasinthidwe komanso losinthika lazinthu zogawidwa kapena zenizeni, zoperekedwa mwanjira yodzichitira nokha ndikuyendetsedwa pakufunika. Ukadaulo wazidziwitso - Cloud computing - Mwachidule ndi mawu.

Malinga ndi NIST, pali mitundu itatu ikuluikulu ya mitambo:

1. IaaS - Infrastructure as a Service - Infrastructure as a Service
2. PaaS - Platform as Service - Platform as Service
3. SaaS - Mapulogalamu ngati Service

Kuti mumvetsetse bwino kusiyanaku, tiyeni tilingalire mtundu wa Pizza-as-a-Service:

NIST imatanthauzira zofunikira zotsatirazi kuti ntchito ya IT iwoneke ngati ntchito yamtambo.

• Kufikira pa netiweki yotakata - ntchitoyo iyenera kukhala ndi mawonekedwe amtundu wapadziko lonse lapansi omwe amalola kulumikizana ndikugwiritsa ntchito ntchitoyo pafupifupi aliyense yemwe ali ndi zofunikira zochepa. Chitsanzo - kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi a 220V, ndikokwanira kulumikiza ku malo aliwonse omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe a chilengedwe chonse (pulagi), zomwe sizisintha kaya ndi ketulo, chotsukira kapena laputopu.
• Ntchito yoyezera - Chikhalidwe chachikulu cha ntchito yamtambo ndikuyezetsa kwa ntchito. Kubwerera ku fanizo ndi magetsi - mudzalipira ndendende monga momwe mudadyera ndi granularity yochepa, mpaka mtengo wophika ketulo kamodzi, ngati mutakhala m'nyumba kamodzi ndikumwa kapu ya tiyi mwezi wonse.
• Ntchito zodzipangira zokha pakufunika (pofuna kudzikonda) - wopereka mtambo amapatsa kasitomala mwayi wokonzekera mwanzeru ntchitoyo, popanda kufunikira kolumikizana ndi ogwira ntchito omwe amapereka. Kuti muphike ketulo, sikoyenera kulankhulana ndi Energosbyt pasadakhale ndikuwachenjeza pasadakhale ndikupeza chilolezo. Kuyambira pomwe nyumbayo idalumikizidwa (mgwirizano wamalizidwa), ogula onse amatha kutaya mphamvu zoperekedwa.
• Instant elasticity (kuthamanga kwachangu) - wopereka mtambo amapereka zinthu zomwe zimatha kuwonjezera / kuchepetsa mphamvu (m'malire ena). Ketulo ikangotsegulidwa, wothandizira nthawi yomweyo amatulutsa mphamvu ya 3 kW ku intaneti, ndipo ikangozimitsidwa, imachepetsa kutulutsa kwa zero.
• Kuphatikizika kwa zinthu (kuphatikiza zinthu) - njira zamkati za operekera chithandizo zimakulolani kuti muphatikize mphamvu zopangira munthu kukhala dziwe wamba (dziwe) lazachuma ndikuperekanso zinthu zina monga ntchito kwa ogula osiyanasiyana. Kuyatsa ketulo, sitida nkhawa kuti magetsiwo amachokera kuti. Ndipo ogula ena onse amadya mphamvuyi pamodzi ndi ife.

Ndikofunika kumvetsetsa kuti zizindikiro za mtambo zomwe zafotokozedwa pamwambapa sizikutengedwa kuchokera padenga, koma ndi mfundo zomveka kuchokera ku lingaliro la computing utility. Ndipo ntchito za boma ziyenera kukhala ndi makhalidwe awa mkati mwa lingaliro. Ngati chikhalidwe chimodzi kapena china sichikugwirizana, ntchitoyo siipitsitsa ndipo sikhala "poizoni", imasiya kukhala mitambo. Chabwino, ndani ananena kuti mautumiki onse ayenera?

Chifukwa chiyani ndikulankhula izi mosiyana? M'zaka zapitazi za 10 kuyambira kutanthauzira kwa NIST, pakhala pali mikangano yambiri pa "mtambo weniweni" malinga ndi tanthauzo. Ku United States, mawu oti "amagwirizana ndi chilembo cha lamulo, koma osati mzimu" nthawi zina amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamilandu yamilandu - ndipo pankhani ya cloud computing, chinthu chachikulu ndi mzimu, zothandizira kubwereka pawiri. kudina kwa mbewa.

Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti zizindikiro za 5 zomwe zili pamwambazi zikugwiritsidwa ntchito pamtambo wa anthu, koma posamukira kumtambo wachinsinsi, ambiri a iwo amakhala osankha.

• Kufikira kwapaintaneti kwapadziko lonse (kufikira pa netiweki yotakata) - mkati mwa mtambo wachinsinsi, bungwe limakhala ndi mphamvu zowongolera zonse zomwe zimapanga komanso makasitomala ogula. Choncho, khalidwe limeneli akhoza kuonedwa ngati basi anachita.
• Ntchito yoyezera ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pamalingaliro ogwiritsira ntchito computing, pay-as-you-go. Koma mumalipira bwanji mabungwe kwa iwo okha? Pankhaniyi, pali kugawanika kwa m'badwo ndikugwiritsa ntchito mkati mwa kampani, IT imakhala yopereka chithandizo, ndipo mabizinesi amakhala ogula ntchito. Ndipo kuthetsa kumachitika pakati pa madipatimenti. Njira ziwiri zogwirira ntchito ndizotheka: kubweza ngongole (ndi kukhazikikana kwenikweni ndi kayendetsedwe kazachuma) ndikuwonetsanso (mwanjira yofotokozera za kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwazinthu mu ma ruble, koma popanda kusuntha kwandalama).
• Ntchito zodzipangira zokha pakufunika (pofuna kudzitumikira) - mkati mwa bungwe pakhoza kukhala ntchito wamba ya IT, pomwe mawonekedwe ake amakhala opanda tanthauzo. Komabe, ngati muli ndi antchito anu a IT kapena oyang'anira ntchito m'mabizinesi anu, muyenera kukhazikitsa portal yodzithandizira. Kutsiliza - khalidwe ndilosankha ndipo zimatengera kapangidwe ka bizinesi.
• Instant elasticity (kuthamanga kwachangu) - mkati mwa bungwe kumataya tanthauzo chifukwa cha zida zokhazikika zokonzekera mtambo wachinsinsi. Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pang'onopang'ono mu chimango cha kukhazikikana kwamkati. Kutsiliza - sikugwira ntchito pamtambo wachinsinsi.
• Kuphatikiza kwazinthu (kuphatikiza zinthu) - lero palibe mabungwe omwe sagwiritsa ntchito ma seva. Choncho, khalidwe akhoza kuonedwa basi anachita.

Q: Ndiye mtambo wanu wachinsinsi ndi wotani? Kodi kampani ikufunika kugula ndi kukhazikitsa chiyani kuti imange?

Yankho: Mtambo wachinsinsi ndi kusintha kwa njira yatsopano yoyang'anira ya IT-Business interaction, yomwe ili ndi 80% ya njira zoyendetsera ntchito komanso 20 yokha ya matekinoloje.

Kulipira ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso kulowa mosavuta, popanda kukwirira mazana angapo mamiliyoni amafuta pamtengo wandalama, kwapangitsa kuti pakhale chitukuko chatsopano chaukadaulo komanso kuwonekera kwamakampani opanga mabiliyoni. Mwachitsanzo, zimphona zamakono Dropbox ndi Instagram zidawoneka ngati zoyambira pa AWS zokhala ndi ziro zawozawo.

Ziyenera kutsindika padera kuti zida zoyendetsera ntchito zamtambo zikukhala zosalunjika kwambiri, ndipo udindo waukulu wa mtsogoleri wa IT ndi kusankha kwa ogulitsa ndi kuwongolera khalidwe. Tiyeni tione maudindo awiri atsopanowa.

Kuwoneka ngati m'malo mwa zomangamanga zakale zolemera zomwe zili ndi malo ake a data ndi ma hardware, mitambo imakhala yopepuka mwachinyengo. Ndikosavuta kulowa mumtambo, koma nkhani yotuluka nthawi zambiri imalambalalidwa. Monga mumakampani ena aliwonse, opereka mtambo amayesetsa kuteteza bizinesi ndikupangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kupikisana. Mphindi yokhayo yolimbana ndi mpikisano imabwera kokha ndi chisankho choyambirira cha wothandizira mtambo, ndiyeno wothandizira adzachita zonse kuti kasitomala asamusiye. Komanso, si zoyesayesa zonse zomwe zidzalunjikidwe ku ubwino wa mautumiki kapena mitundu yawo. Choyamba, ndikupereka mautumiki apadera ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu osagwirizana ndi machitidwe, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kusinthana ndi wothandizira wina. Choncho, posankha wothandizira, m'pofunika kupanga ndondomeko yosinthira nthawi imodzi kuchokera kwa wothandizira uyu (kwenikweni, DRP yathunthu - ndondomeko yobwezeretsa masoka) ndi kulingalira za kamangidwe ka kusunga deta ndi zosunga zobwezeretsera.

Gawo lachiwiri lofunika la maudindo atsopano a CIO ndi kuwongolera kwaubwino kwa mautumiki kuchokera kwa ogulitsa. Pafupifupi onse opereka mitambo amatsatira SLA molingana ndi ma metrics awo amkati, omwe amatha kukhala ndi zotsatira zoyipa kwambiri pamabizinesi a kasitomala. Ndipo motere, kukhazikitsidwa kwa njira yanu yowunikira ndi kuwongolera kumakhala imodzi mwama projekiti ofunikira pakusamutsa makina akuluakulu a IT kwa omwe amapereka mitambo. Kupitiliza mutu wa SLA, ziyenera kutsindika kuti ambiri opereka mtambo amachepetsa udindo wosakwaniritsa SLA pamalipiro olembetsa pamwezi kapena gawo lamalipiro. Mwachitsanzo, AWS ndi Azure, pamene chiwerengero cha kupezeka kwa 95% (maola 36 pamwezi) chidutsa, chidzachotsera 100% pamtengo wolembetsa, ndi Yandex.Cloud - 30%.

https://yandex.ru/legal/cloud_sla_compute/

Ndipo, ndithudi, tisaiwale kuti mitambo simangochitidwa ndi mastodon a Amazon-class ndi njovu za Yandex. Mitambo imakhalanso yaying'ono - kukula kwa mphaka, kapena mbewa. Monga chitsanzo cha CloudMouse chikuwonetsa, nthawi zina mtambo umangotenga ndikutha. Simudzalandira chipukuta misozi kapena kuchotsera - simupeza chilichonse koma kutayika kwathunthu kwa data.

Poganizira mavuto omwe ali pamwambawa ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa machitidwe a IT omwe ali ofunika kwambiri pazamalonda muzinthu zamtambo, chodabwitsa cha "kubwezeretsanso mtambo" chawonedwa m'zaka zaposachedwa.

Pofika chaka cha 2020, makompyuta amtambo adutsa pachimake cha ziyembekezo zakuchulukira ndipo lingaliroli likupita kumalo okhumudwa (malinga ndi Gartner Hype Cycle). Malinga ndi kafukufuku IDC и 451 Kafukufuku mpaka 80% yamakasitomala amabizinesi amabwerera ndikukonzekera kubweza katundu kuchokera kumitambo kupita kumalo awo opangira data pazifukwa izi:

• Kupititsa patsogolo kupezeka / magwiridwe antchito;
• Chepetsani ndalama;
• Kutsatira zofunikira za IS.

Zoyenera kuchita komanso momwe zonse zilili "zenizeni"?

Palibe kukayikira kuti mitambo yabwera mwachangu komanso kwa nthawi yayitali. Ndipo chaka chilichonse udindo wawo udzawonjezeka. Komabe, sitikhala m'tsogolo, koma mu 2020 muzochitika zotsimikizika. Zoyenera kuchita ndi mitambo ngati simuli woyamba, koma kasitomala wakale wamakampani?

1. Mitambo ndi malo ochitirako ntchito zomwe sizingadziwike kapena kutchulidwa nyengo.
2. Nthawi zambiri, ntchito zokhala ndi katundu wokhazikika ndizotsika mtengo kuzisunga pamalo anu a data.
3. Ndikofunikira kuti muyambe kugwira ntchito ndi mitambo yokhala ndi malo oyeserera komanso ntchito zotsogola kwambiri.
4. Poganizira za kuyika kwa machitidwe azidziwitso mumtambo kumayamba ndi kupanga njira yosunthira kuchokera kumtambo kupita kumtambo wina (kapena kubwerera kumalo anu a data).
5. Kuyika dongosolo lazidziwitso mumtambo kumayamba ndikukhazikitsa dongosolo losunga zobwezeretsera zomwe mumayang'anira.

Source: www.habr.com