Msakatuli wa Chromium, kholo lotseguka lotseguka la Google Chrome komanso Microsoft Edge yatsopano, yalandila chidwi choyipa pazantchito yomwe idapangidwa ndi zolinga zabwino: imayang'ana ngati ISP ya wogwiritsa ntchito "ikuba" zotsatira zafunso zomwe sizikupezeka. .
, yomwe imapanga mafunso abodza a "madomeni" omwe sangawonekere, ali ndi udindo pafupifupi theka la kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe amalandila ma seva a DNS padziko lonse lapansi. Wopanga injiniya wa Verisign Matt Thomas adalemba nthawi yayitali pa blog ya APNIC kufotokoza vuto ndikuwunika kukula kwake.
Momwe DNS resolution imachitikira nthawi zambiri
Ma seva awa ndi omwe ali ndi udindo wapamwamba kwambiri womwe muyenera kulumikizana nawo kuti muthetse .com, .net, ndi zina zotero kuti akuuzeni kuti frglxrtmpuf si malo apamwamba (TLD).
DNS, kapena Domain Name System, ndi makina omwe makompyuta amatha kuthetsa mayina osaiwalika ngati arstechnica.com kukhala ma adilesi a IP osachezeka kwambiri ngati 3.128.236.93. Popanda DNS, intaneti sikanakhala m'njira yomwe anthu angagwiritse ntchito, kutanthauza kuti katundu wosafunika pazitukuko zapamwamba ndi vuto lenileni.
Kutsegula tsamba limodzi lamakono kungafune kuchuluka kodabwitsa kwa ma DNS lookups. Mwachitsanzo, titasanthula tsamba lofikira la ESPN, tidawerengera mayina 93 osiyana, kuyambira a.espncdn.com mpaka z.motads.com. Zonse ndizofunika kuti tsambalo lizidzaza kwathunthu!
Kutengera mtundu uwu wa ntchito pa injini yosakira yomwe ikufunika kuti itumikire dziko lonse lapansi, DNS idapangidwa ngati utsogoleri wamagulu ambiri. Pamwamba pa piramidi iyi pali ma seva a mizu - dera lililonse lapamwamba, monga .com, lili ndi banja lake la ma seva omwe ali ndi ulamuliro wapamwamba pa dera lililonse pansi pawo. Kukwera kumodzi izi maseva ndi mizu maseva okha, kuchokera a.root-servers.net mpaka m.root-servers.net.
Kodi izi zimachitika kangati?
Chifukwa chaulamuliro wamitundu yambiri yosungiramo zida za DNS, gawo laling'ono kwambiri lafunso lapadziko lonse la DNS limafika pazida. Anthu ambiri amapeza zambiri za DNS resolution kuchokera ku ISP yawo. Chida cha wogwiritsa ntchito chikafunika kudziwa momwe mungafikire patsamba linalake, pempho limatumizidwa kaye ku seva ya DNS yomwe imayendetsedwa ndi wothandizira wamba. Ngati seva ya DNS yakomweko sikudziwa yankho, imatumiza pempho kwa "otumiza" ake (ngati atchulidwa).
Ngati palibe seva ya DNS wapaderalo kapena "maseva otumizira" omwe atchulidwa mu kasinthidwe kake alibe yankho losungidwa, pempholo limakwezedwa mwachindunji ku seva yovomerezeka. apamwamba yomwe mukuyesera kusintha. Liti Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½.com izi zikutanthauza kuti pempholo litumizidwa ku ma seva ovomerezeka a domain palokha com, zomwe zili pa gtld-servers.net.
dongosolo gtld-servers, komwe pempholi linapangidwa, likuyankha ndi mndandanda wa ma seva ovomerezeka a domain.com, komanso mbiri yolumikizira yomwe ili ndi adilesi ya IP ya seva imodzi yotereyi. Kenako, mayankho amasunthira pansi pa unyolo - wotumiza aliyense amatumiza mayankho awa ku seva yomwe adawapempha, mpaka yankho litafika pa seva ya wopereka m'deralo ndi kompyuta ya wogwiritsa ntchito. Onse amasunga yankho ili kuti asasokoneze mosafunikira machitidwe apamwamba.
Nthawi zambiri, dzina la seva limalemba za domain.com idzasungidwa kale pa imodzi mwa otumiza awa, kuti ma seva a mizu asasokonezedwe. Komabe, pakadali pano tikukamba za mtundu wa ulalo womwe timaudziwa - womwe umasinthidwa kukhala tsamba lawebusayiti. Zopempha za Chrome zili pamlingo apamwamba izi, pa sitepe ya masango okha root-servers.net.
Chromium ndi NXDomain cheke
Chromium imayang'ana "kodi seva ya DNS iyi ikundipusitsa?" amawerengera pafupifupi theka la magalimoto onse omwe amafika pagulu la Verisign la ma seva a DNS.
Msakatuli wa Chromium, pulojekiti ya makolo a Google Chrome, Microsoft Edge yatsopano, ndi osatsegula osawerengeka odziwika bwino, akufuna kupatsa ogwiritsa ntchito mosavuta kusaka mubokosi limodzi, lomwe nthawi zina limatchedwa "Omnibox." Mwa kuyankhula kwina, wogwiritsa ntchito amalowetsa ma URL enieni ndi mafunso a injini zosaka m'malemba omwewo pamwamba pa zenera la osatsegula. Kutenganso gawo lina kuti muchepetse, sikukakamizanso wogwiritsa ntchito kulowa nawo gawo la URL http:// kapena https://.
Momwe izi zilili zosavuta, njirayi imafuna kuti osatsegula amvetsetse zomwe ziyenera kuonedwa ngati ulalo komanso zomwe ziyenera kuwonedwa ngati funso losaka. Nthawi zambiri izi zimakhala zoonekeratu - mwachitsanzo, chingwe chokhala ndi mipata sichingakhale ulalo. Koma zinthu zitha kukhala zovutirapo mukaganizira ma intranet - maukonde achinsinsi omwe amathanso kugwiritsa ntchito madambwe apamwamba kwambiri kuti athetse mawebusayiti enieni.
Ngati wogwiritsa ntchito pa intraneti ya kampani yawo alemba "zotsatsa" ndipo intraneti ya kampaniyo ili ndi tsamba lamkati lomwe lili ndi dzina lomweli, ndiye kuti Chromium imawonetsa bokosi lazidziwitso kufunsa wogwiritsa ntchito ngati akufuna kusaka "zamalonda" kapena pitani https://marketing. Izi sizingakhale choncho, koma ma ISPs ambiri ndi opereka ma Wi-Fi pagulu "amabera" ulalo uliwonse wosapelekedwa molakwika, kumulozera wogwiritsa patsamba lina lodzaza zikwangwani.
Kubadwa mwachisawawa
Madivelopa a Chromium sanafune kuti ogwiritsa ntchito pamanetiweki wamba aziwona bokosi lazidziwitso ndikufunsa zomwe akutanthauza nthawi iliyonse akafufuza liwu limodzi, kotero adayesa kuyesa: Akayambitsa msakatuli kapena kusintha maukonde, Chromium imayang'ana DNS katatu. opangidwa mwachisawawa "ma domain" apamwamba, zilembo zisanu ndi ziwiri mpaka khumi ndi zisanu kutalika. Ngati ziwiri mwa zopemphazi zibwerera ndi adilesi ya IP yomweyo, ndiye kuti Chromium imaganiza kuti netiweki yapafupi "ikuba" zolakwikazo. NXDOMAIN, zomwe ziyenera kulandira, kotero msakatuli amawona mafunso onse a mawu amodzi omwe alowetsedwa ngati kuyesa kusaka mpaka atadziwitsidwanso.
Mwatsoka, mu maukonde kuti osati amaba zotsatira za mafunso a DNS, ntchito zitatuzi nthawi zambiri zimakwera pamwamba kwambiri, mpaka kumaseva amtundu wa mizu okha: seva yakomweko sadziwa momwe angathetsere. qwajuixk, kotero tumizani pempholi kwa wotumiza, yemwe amachitanso chimodzimodzi, mpaka potsiriza a.root-servers.net kapena mmodzi wa βabaleβ ake sadzakakamizika kunena kuti βPepani, koma uwu si ufumu.β
Popeza pali pafupifupi 1,67 * 10 ^ 21 zotheka mayina abodza kuyambira zilembo zisanu ndi ziwiri mpaka khumi ndi zisanu muutali, odziwika kwambiri aliyense kuchokera pamayesero awa ochitidwa pa netiweki "yoona mtima", imafika ku seva ya mizu. Izi ndi zochuluka theka kuchokera ku katundu wonse pa muzu wa DNS, malinga ndi ziwerengero zochokera ku gawolo la masango root-servers.net, omwe ndi a Verisign.
Mbiri imadzibwereza yokha
Aka si koyamba kuti polojekiti ipangidwe ndi zolinga zabwino kapena pafupifupi kusefukira kwa anthu ndi magalimoto osafunikira - izi zidatikumbutsa nthawi yayitali mbiri yakale komanso yomvetsa chisoni ya seva ya D-Link ndi Poul-Henning Kamp's NTP (Network Time Protocol) chapakati pa zaka za m'ma 2000.
Mu 2005, wopanga FreeBSD Poul-Henning, yemwenso anali ndi seva yokhayo ya Stratum 1 Network Time Protocol yaku Denmark, adalandira ndalama zosayembekezereka komanso zazikulu zamagalimoto opatsirana. Mwachidule, chifukwa chake chinali chakuti opanga D-Link adalemba maadiresi a ma seva a Stratum 1 NTP, kuphatikizapo seva ya Kampa, mu firmware ya mzere wa kampani wa ma switches, routers ndi malo olowera. Izi zinaonjezera kuchuluka kwa ma seva a Kampa kasanu ndi kamodzi, zomwe zinachititsa Danish Internet Exchange (Denmark's Internet Exchange Point) kusintha mtengo wake kuchoka ku "Free" kufika "$9 pachaka."
Vuto silinali kuti panali ma routers ambiri a D-Link, koma kuti "anali kunja kwa mzere." Mofanana ndi DNS, NTP iyenera kugwira ntchito mwadongosolo - Ma seva a Stratum 0 amapereka zambiri ku ma seva a Stratum 1, omwe amatumiza zambiri ku ma seva a Stratum 2, ndi zina zotero. Rauta yapanyumba, kusintha, kapena malo olowera ngati D-Link yomwe idakonzedwa ndi ma adilesi a seva ya NTP imatha kutumiza zopempha ku seva ya Stratum 2 kapena Stratum 3.
Pulojekiti ya Chromium, mwina ndi zolinga zabwino kwambiri, idabwerezanso vuto la NTP muvuto la DNS, ndikutsitsa ma seva a intaneti ndi zopempha zomwe sanafunikire kuthana nazo.
Pali chiyembekezo cha yankho lachangu
Pulojekiti ya Chromium ili ndi gwero lotseguka , zomwe zimafuna kuletsa Intranet Redirect Detector mwachisawawa kuti athetse vutoli. Tiyenera kuyamikira pulojekiti ya Chromium: cholakwikacho chinapezeka zisanachitikemomwe Verisign a Matt Thomas adamubweretsera chidwi chake pa APNIC blog. Vutoli linapezeka mu June, koma linayiwalika mpaka positi ya Thomas; Atasala kudya, anayamba kuyangβaniridwa kwambiri.
Tikukhulupirira kuti vutoli lithetsedwa posachedwa, ndipo ma seva a DNS sadzafunikanso kuyankha mafunso abodza pafupifupi 60 biliyoni tsiku lililonse.
Pa Ufulu Wotsatsa
Ma seva a Epic Ndi kapena Linux yokhala ndi mapurosesa amphamvu amtundu wa AMD EPYC komanso ma drive a Intel NVMe othamanga kwambiri. Fulumirani kuyitanitsa!
Source: www.habr.com