M'nkhaniyi, ndikuuzani za DAG (Directed Acyclic Graph) ndi ntchito yake m'mabuku ogawidwa, ndipo tidzafanizira ndi blockchain.
DAG sichinthu chachilendo padziko lapansi la cryptocurrencies. Mwina mudamvapo ngati njira yothetsera mavuto a blockchain scalability. Koma lero sitilankhula za scalability, koma zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ma cryptocurrencies akhale osiyana ndi china chilichonse: kugawikana, kusowa kwa oyimira pakati komanso kukana kuwunika.
Ndikuwonetsanso kuti DAG ndiyosavomerezeka kwambiri pakuwunika ndipo palibe oyimira kuti apeze bukulo.
M'ma blockchains omwe timawadziwa, ogwiritsa ntchito alibe mwayi wopita ku ledger yokha. Pamene mukufuna kuwonjezera malonda ku ledger, muyenera "kufunsa" wopanga block (aka "miner") kuti achite. Ndi ogwira ntchito m'migodi omwe amasankha kuti awonjezere malonda ku chipika chotsatira ndi chiyani. Ndi ogwira ntchito ku migodi omwe ali ndi mwayi wopeza midadada ndi ufulu wosankha kuti ndi ntchito yandani yomwe ivomerezedwe kuti ilowetsedwe m'mabuku.
Ogwira ntchito m'migodi ndi oyimira pakati pa inu ndi leja yogawidwa.
Pochita, nthawi zambiri madziwe ochepa a migodi amalamulira pamodzi oposa theka la mphamvu zamakompyuta za intaneti. Kwa Bitcoin awa ndi maiwe anayi, a Ethereum - awiri. Ngati agwirizana, atha kuletsa zochitika zilizonse zomwe akufuna.
Pazaka zingapo zapitazi, mitundu yambiri ya blockchains yaperekedwa, yosiyana ndi mfundo zosankha opanga block. Koma opanga block iwowo sakupita kulikonse, akadali "atayimilira pa chotchinga": ntchito iliyonse iyenera kudutsa mwa wopanga block, ndipo ngati savomereza, ndiye kuti kugulitsako kulibe.
Ili ndi vuto losapeΕ΅eka ndi blockchain. Ndipo ngati tikufuna kuthetsa, tiyenera kusintha kwambiri mapangidwe ndi kuchotsa midadada ndi blockers opanga. Ndipo m'malo momanga unyolo wa midadada, tidzalumikiza zochitikazo, kuphatikiza ma hashes angapo am'mbuyomu pakugulitsa kulikonse. Zotsatira zake, timapeza dongosolo lodziwika mu masamu ngati graph acyclic graph - DAG.
Tsopano aliyense ali ndi mwayi wolowera ku registry, popanda oyimira pakati. Mukafuna kuwonjezera ndalama ku ledja, mumangowonjezera. Mumasankha zochita zingapo za makolo, kuwonjezera deta yanu, kusaina ndikutumiza zomwe mwachita kwa anzanu pa netiweki. Okonzeka. Palibe amene angakulepheretseni kuchita izi, chifukwa chake ntchito yanu ili kale pamabuku.
Iyi ndiye njira yodziwika bwino kwambiri, yotsimikizira kuwunika kwambiri kuti muwonjezere zochitika pamabuku opanda amkhalapakati. Chifukwa aliyense amangowonjezera zochitika zawo ku registry popanda kupempha chilolezo kwa aliyense.
Ma DAG amatha kuonedwa ngati gawo lachitatu pakusinthika kwama registries. Choyamba, panali zolembera zapakati, pomwe gulu limodzi linkawalamulira. Kenako adabwera ma blockchains, omwe anali kale ndi olamulira angapo omwe adalemba zochitika m'mabuku. Ndipo potsiriza, palibe olamulira konse mu DAG; ogwiritsa ntchito amawonjezera zochitika zawo mwachindunji.
Tsopano popeza tili ndi ufulu umenewu, suyenera kuyambitsa chisokonezo. Tiyenera kukhala ndi mgwirizano pazochitika za registry. Ndipo mgwirizano uwu, kapena kuvomereza, nthawi zambiri amatanthauza mgwirizano pa zinthu ziwiri:
- Chinachitika ndi chiyani?
- Kodi zimenezi zinachitika motani?
Titha kuyankha funso loyamba mosavuta: mukangopanga zopanga zolondola, zachitika. Ndipo nthawi. Zambiri za izi zitha kufikira onse otenga nawo mbali nthawi zosiyanasiyana, koma pamapeto pake ma node onse alandila izi ndikudziwa kuti zidachitika.
Zikadakhala blockchain, ochita migodi akanasankha zomwe zimachitika. Chilichonse chomwe wachimba mgodi wasankha kuti alowe mu block ndi zomwe zimachitika. Chilichonse chomwe sakuphatikiza mu block sikuchitika.
Mu blockchains, oyendetsa migodi amathetsanso vuto lachiwiri la mgwirizano: dongosolo. Amaloledwa kuyitanitsa zochitika mkati mwa chipika momwe akufunira.
Momwe mungadziwire dongosolo la zochitika mu DAG?
Chifukwa chakuti graph yathu imawongoleredwa, tili ndi dongosolo lina. Chilichonse chimatanthawuza chimodzi kapena zingapo zam'mbuyo, za makolo. Makolo nawonso amatchula makolo awo, ndi zina zotero. Makolo mwachiwonekere amawonekera pamaso pa zochitika za ana. Ngati chilichonse mwazochitachi chikhoza kufikiridwa ndi kusintha kwa maulalo a kholo ndi mwana, timadziwa ndendende dongosolo lomwe liripo pakati pa malondawo.
Koma dongosolo pakati pa malonda silingadziwike nthawi zonse kuchokera ku mawonekedwe a graph yokha. Mwachitsanzo, pamene zochitika ziwiri zagona pa nthambi zofanana za graph.
Kuti tithane ndi kusamveka bwino muzochitika zotere, timadalira omwe amatchedwa opereka madongosolo. Timawatchanso kuti "mboni." Awa ndi ogwiritsa ntchito wamba omwe ntchito yawo ndi kutumiza mosalekeza zochitika pa intaneti mwadongosolo, i.e. kotero kuti chilichonse mwazochita zawo zam'mbuyomu zitha kufikiridwa mwa kusinthana ndi maulalo a kholo ndi mwana. Opereka maoda ndi ogwiritsa ntchito odalirika, ndipo maukonde onse amadalira iwo kuti asaswe lamuloli. Ndicholinga choti mwanzeru kuwakhulupirira, timafuna kuti aliyense wopereka maoda akhale munthu wodziwika (wosadziwika) kapena bungwe ndipo akhale ndi kena kake komwe angataye ngati aphwanya malamulo, monga mbiri kapena bizinesi yozikidwa pakukhulupirira.
Opereka maoda amasankhidwa ndi ogwiritsa ntchito, ndipo wogwiritsa ntchito aliyense amaphatikiza mndandanda wa omwe amawadalira pazochita zilizonse zomwe amatumiza ku netiweki. Mndandandawu uli ndi opereka 12. Ichi ndi chiwerengero chaching'ono chokwanira kuti munthu atsimikizire kuti ndi ndani ndi mbiri ya aliyense wa iwo, komanso zokwanira kuti atsimikizire kuti maukonde akupitirizabe kugwira ntchito pakachitika mavuto osapeΕ΅eka ndi ochepa omwe amapereka dongosolo.
Mndandanda wa operekawu umasiyana malinga ndi wogwiritsa ntchito, koma mindandanda yazogulitsa zoyandikana nayo imatha kusiyana ndi wopereka m'modzi.
Tsopano popeza tili ndi opereka maoda, titha kusankha zochita zawo kukhala DAG ndikuyitanitsa zochitika zina zonse mozungulira dongosolo lomwe adapanga. Ndizotheka kupanga algorithm yotere (onani. zaukadaulo).
Koma dongosolo la netiweki yonse silingadziwike nthawi yomweyo; timafunikira nthawi yoti opereka madongosolo atumize kuchuluka kokwanira kwa zomwe achita kuti atsimikizire dongosolo lomaliza la zomwe zachitika kale.
Ndipo, popeza dongosololi limatsimikiziridwa ndi malo a operekera operekera ku DAG, ma node onse pa intaneti posachedwa kapena mtsogolo adzalandira zonse zomwe zachitika ndikufika pamalingaliro omwewo okhudzana ndi dongosolo lazogulitsazo.
Chifukwa chake, tili ndi mgwirizano pazomwe tikuwona kuti zidachitika: ntchito iliyonse yomwe imatha mu DAG idachitika. Tilinso ndi mgwirizano pa dongosolo la zochitika: izi mwina zimawonekera kuchokera ku maubwenzi a zochitika, kapena zimatengedwa kuchokera ku dongosolo la zochitika zomwe zimatumizidwa ndi opereka maoda. Kotero ife tiri ndi mgwirizano.
Tili ndi mgwirizano uwu ku Obyte. Ngakhale kuti mwayi wopita ku Obyte ledger uli wogawidwa kwathunthu, mgwirizano wokhudzana ndi kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake udakali pakati chifukwa Othandizira 10 mwa 12 amalamulidwa ndi Mlengi (Anton Churyumov), ndipo awiri okha omwe ali odziimira okha. Tikuyang'ana ofuna kukhala m'modzi mwa odziyimira pawokha kuti atithandize kuyitanitsa ma leja.
Posachedwapa, munthu wachitatu wodziyimira pawokha watulukira wokonzeka kukhazikitsa ndi kusunga malo operekera madongosolo - University of Nicosia.
Tsopano kodi timalamulira bwanji ndalama ziwiri?
Malinga ndi malamulowa, ngati zochitika ziwiri zipezeka kuti zikugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zomwezo, zomwe zimabwera koyamba mu dongosolo lomaliza lazochita zonse zimapambana. Yachiwiri ndiyoletsedwa ndi algorithm yogwirizana.
Ngati n'kotheka kukhazikitsa dongosolo pakati pa zochitika ziwiri zogwiritsira ntchito ndalama zomwezo (kudzera mu mgwirizano wa makolo ndi mwana), ndiye kuti ma node onse amakana nthawi yomweyo kuyesa kowirikiza kawiri.
Ngati dongosololi silikuwoneka kuchokera ku ubale wa makolo pakati pa zochitika ziwiri zotere, zonse zimavomerezedwa mu leja, ndipo tidzafunika kudikirira kuvomerezana ndikukhazikitsa dongosolo pakati pawo pogwiritsa ntchito opereka madongosolo. Kenako ntchito yoyambirira idzapambana, ndipo yachiwiri idzakhala yosavomerezeka.
Ngakhale ntchito yachiwiriyo ikhala yosavomerezeka, imakhalabe m'kaundula chifukwa ili kale ndi zochitika zotsatila, zomwe sizinaphwanye kalikonse ndipo sindimadziwa kuti ntchitoyi idzakhala yosavomerezeka mtsogolomo. Kupanda kutero, tikanayenera kuchotsa kholo lazochita zabwino zotsatila, zomwe zingasemphane ndi mfundo yayikulu yapaintaneti - chilichonse cholondola chikuvomerezedwa mu bukuli.
Ili ndi lamulo lofunikira kwambiri lomwe limalola kuti dongosolo lonse lisakane kuyesa kuyesa.
Tiyerekeze kuti opereka madongosolo onse amalumikizana poyesa "kuwunika" chinthu china. Iwo akhoza kunyalanyaza izo ndipo osasankha ngati "kholo" pazochita zawo, koma sikokwanira, zochitikazo zikhoza kuphatikizidwabe mwachisawawa ngati kholo la zochitika zina zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi wogwiritsa ntchito pa intaneti yemwe sakugwirizana. M'kupita kwa nthawi, kugulitsa kotereku kudzalandira ana ochulukirapo, zidzukulu ndi zidzukulu kuchokera kwa ogwiritsa ntchito wamba, akukula ngati chipale chofewa, ndipo onse omwe adagwirizana nawo adzayenera kunyalanyaza izi. Pamapeto pake, adzayenera kuyang'ana maukonde onse, zomwe zili ngati kuwononga.
Mwanjira imeneyi, DAG imakhalabe yosagwirizana ndi censorship-resistant ngakhale pali mgwirizano pakati pa opereka madongosolo, potero amaposa blockchain yosagwira censorship momwe sitingathe kuchita chilichonse ngati ochita migodi asankha kuti asaphatikizepo chilichonse mwazochitazo. Ndipo izi zimachokera ku katundu wamkulu wa DAG: kutenga nawo mbali mu kaundula ndi kodziyimira pawokha komanso popanda amkhalapakati, ndipo zochitika sizingasinthe.
Source: www.habr.com