Chithunzi chochokera kwa wolemba
1. Mbiri
Bubble memory, kapena cylindrical magnetic domain memory, ndi kukumbukira kosasunthika komwe kudapangidwa ku Bell Labs mu 1967 ndi Andrew Bobeck. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti madera ang'onoang'ono a maginito a cylindrical amapangidwa mu mafilimu ochepa kwambiri a kristalo a ferrites ndi ma garnet pamene mphamvu ya maginito yokwanira imayendetsedwa pamtunda wa filimuyo. Posintha mphamvu ya maginito, thovuli limatha kusuntha. Zinthu zotere zimapangitsa kuti thovu la maginito likhale loyenera kumanga zosungirako zambiri, monga cholembera chosinthira, momwe kupezeka kapena kusapezeka kwa thovu pamalo enaake kumawonetsa ziro kapena mtengo umodzi pang'ono. Kuwirako ndi gawo limodzi mwa magawo khumi a micron m'mimba mwake, ndipo chip chimodzi chimatha kusunga masauzande a data. Kotero, mwachitsanzo, m'chaka cha 1977, Texas Instruments inayamba kugulitsa chip chomwe chili ndi mphamvu zokwana 92304 bits. Chikumbukirochi ndi chosasunthika, ndikuchipangitsa kukhala chofanana ndi tepi ya maginito kapena disk, koma chifukwa ndi malo olimba ndipo alibe ziwalo zosuntha, ndi zodalirika kuposa tepi kapena disk, zimafuna kusamalidwa, ndipo ndizochepa kwambiri komanso zopepuka. angagwiritsidwe ntchito kunyamula zipangizo.
Poyambirira, woyambitsa bubble memory, Andrew Bobek, adakonza zokumbukira za "dimensional" imodzi, mu mawonekedwe a ulusi pomwe kachingwe kakang'ono kakang'ono ka ferromagnetic kumavulala. Kukumbukira kotereku kumatchedwa "twistor" kukumbukira, ndipo kunapangidwa mochuluka, koma posakhalitsa kunasinthidwa ndi "two-dimensional" version.
Mukhoza kuwerenga za mbiri ya chilengedwe cha kuwira kukumbukira mu [1-3].
2. Mfundo yoyendetsera ntchito
Pano ndikukupemphani kuti mundikhululukire, sindine katswiri wa sayansi, kotero kuwonetserako kudzakhala kofanana kwambiri.
Zida zina (monga gadolinium gallium garnet) zimakhala ndi mphamvu ya maginito kumbali imodzi yokha, ndipo ngati mphamvu ya maginito yokhazikika ikugwiritsidwa ntchito pambaliyi, zigawo za maginito zidzapanga chinachake ngati thovu, monga momwe chithunzi chili pansipa. Kuwira kulikonse kumangokhala ma microns ochepa m'mimba mwake.
Tiyerekeze kuti tili ndi filimu yopyapyala, pa dongosolo la 0,001 inchi, filimu ya crystalline ya zinthu zotere zomwe zimayikidwa pazinthu zopanda maginito, monga galasi, gawo lapansi.
Zonse ndi zamatsenga. Chithunzi kumanzere - palibe maginito, chithunzi kumanja - mphamvu ya maginito imayendetsedwa perpendicular kwa filimu pamwamba.
Ngati pamwamba pa filimu ya zinthu zotere chitsanzo chimapangidwa kuchokera ku maginito, mwachitsanzo, permalloy, chitsulo-nickel alloy, ndiye kuti thovu lidzapangidwa ndi magnetized kuzinthu za chitsanzo ichi. Nthawi zambiri, mawonekedwe amtundu wa T kapena V-mawonekedwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Phokoso limodzi limatha kupangidwa ndi maginito a 100-200 oersteds, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyang'ana filimu ya maginito ndipo amapangidwa ndi maginito okhazikika, ndi maginito ozungulira omwe amapangidwa ndi ma coils awiri mu njira za XY, amakulolani kusuntha. madera a buluu kuchokera ku "chilumba" cha maginito kupita ku china, monga izi zikuwonetsedwa pachithunzichi. Pambuyo pakusintha kanayi panjira ya maginito, derali lidzasuntha kuchoka pachilumba china kupita ku china.
Zonsezi zimatilola kulingalira chipangizo cha CMD ngati kaundula wosinthira. Ngati tipanga thovu kumapeto kwa kaundula ndikuzizindikira kwina, ndiye kuti titha kuwomba mtundu wina wa thovu mozungulira ndikugwiritsa ntchito dongosolo ngati chida chokumbukira, kuwerenga ndi kulemba ma bits nthawi zina.
Kuchokera apa tsatirani ubwino ndi kuipa kwa kukumbukira CMD: ubwino ndi ufulu wodziyimira pawokha (malinga ngati gawo la perpendicular lopangidwa ndi maginito okhazikika likugwiritsidwa ntchito, thovu silidzatha kulikonse ndipo silingachoke pa malo awo), ndipo choyipa ndi nthawi yayitali yofikira, chifukwa kuti mupeze pang'onopang'ono, muyenera kusuntha regista yonse yosinthira kupita komwe mukufuna, ndipo ikatalika, m'pamenenso izi zimafunika kuti zizizungulira.
Chitsanzo cha zinthu zamaginito pa CMD maginito filimu.
Kulengedwa kwa maginito amatchedwa "nucleation" m'Chingerezi, ndipo kumachokera ku mfundo yakuti maginito mazana angapo a milliamp amagwiritsidwa ntchito pozungulira kwa nthawi pafupifupi 100 ns, ndipo mphamvu ya maginito imapangidwa yomwe imakhala yozungulira. filimu ndi zotsutsana ndi munda wa maginito okhazikika. Izi zimapanga maginito "kuwira" - cylindrical magnetic domain mufilimuyi. Njirayi, mwatsoka, imadalira kwambiri kutentha, ndizotheka kuti kulemba ntchito kulephera popanda kuwira kupangidwa, kapena kuti matope angapo apange.
Njira zingapo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito powerenga deta kuchokera mufilimu.
Njira imodzi, kuwerenga kosawononga, ndikuzindikira mphamvu ya maginito ya cylindrical domain pogwiritsa ntchito magnetoresistive sensor.
Njira yachiwiri ndiyo kuwerenga kowononga. Kuwirako kumalunjikitsidwa ku njira yapadera ya m'badwo / kuzindikira, komwe kuwirako kumawonongeka ndi kutsogolo kwazinthu. Ngati zinthuzo zinali ndi maginito osinthika, mwachitsanzo, kuwira komwe kunalipo, izi zitha kupangitsa kuti koyiloyo ikhale yochulukirapo ndipo izi zitha kuzindikirika ndi zozungulira zamagetsi. Pambuyo pake, kuwirako kumayenera kupangidwanso panjira yapadera yojambulira.
Komabe, ngati kukumbukira kukonzedwa ngati gulu limodzi lolumikizana, ndiye kuti kudzakhala ndi zovuta ziwiri zazikulu. Choyamba, nthawi yofikira idzakhala yayitali kwambiri. Kachiwiri, cholakwika chimodzi mu unyolo chidzapangitsa kusagwira ntchito kwathunthu kwa chipangizo chonsecho. Chifukwa chake, amapanga kukumbukira kokonzedwa mwanjira ya njanji imodzi yayikulu, ndi ma track ambiri ochepera, monga momwe tawonetsera pachithunzichi.
Kukumbukira kwa Bubble ndi nyimbo imodzi yopitilira
Memory Bubble yokhala ndi ma track a master/akapolo
Kukonzekera kwa kukumbukira koteroko sikungothandiza kuchepetsa kwambiri nthawi yofikira, komanso kumalola kupanga zipangizo zamakumbukiro zomwe zili ndi chiwerengero china cha nyimbo zolakwika. Woyang'anira kukumbukira ayenera kuziganizira ndikuzidumpha panthawi yowerenga / kulemba.
Chithunzi chomwe chili pansipa chikuwonetsa gawo la "chip" chokumbukira kuwira.
Mutha kuwerenganso za mfundo ya bubble memory mu [4, 5].
3. Intel 7110
Intel 7110 - module memory bubble, MBM (magnetic-bubble memory) yokhala ndi 1 MB (1048576 bits). Ndi iye amene akuwonetsedwa pa KDPV. 1 megabit ndi mphamvu yosungira deta ya ogwiritsa ntchito, poganizira ma track osafunikira, mphamvu yonse ndi 1310720 bits. Chipangizochi chili ndi ma 320 looped tracks (loops) okhala ndi ma bits 4096 chilichonse, koma 256 okha ndi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa data ya ogwiritsa ntchito, ena onse ndi malo osungiramo mayendedwe "osweka" ndikusunga khodi yowongolera zolakwika. Chipangizocho chili ndi kamangidwe kake kakang'ono ka loop. Zambiri zokhudzana ndi mayendedwe okhazikika zili mumtundu wina woyambira (bootstrap loop). Pa KDPV, mutha kuwona nambala ya hexadecimal yosindikizidwa pomwepo. Awa ndi mapu a mayendedwe "osweka", manambala 80 a hexadecimal amayimira ma data 320, omwe akugwira ntchito amaimiridwa ndi pang'ono, osagwira ntchito ndi ziro.
Mutha kuwerenga zolemba zoyambirira za gawoli mu [7].
Chipangizocho chili ndi kachipangizo kamene kamakhala ndi mizere iwiri ndipo imayikidwa popanda soldering (mu socket).
Mapangidwe a module akuwonetsedwa pachithunzichi:
Kukumbukira kumagawidwa mu "magawo a theka" awiri (magawo a theka), omwe amagawidwa mu "quarters" ziwiri (quads), kotala lililonse lili ndi ma track 80 akapolo. Mutuwu uli ndi mbale yokhala ndi maginito yomwe ili mkati mwa ma windings awiri a orthogonal omwe amapanga maginito ozungulira. Kuti tichite izi, zizindikiro zamakono za mawonekedwe a katatu, zosunthidwa ndi madigiri 90 okhudzana ndi wina ndi mzake, zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa ma windings. Kusonkhana kwa mbale ndi ma windings amayikidwa pakati pa maginito okhazikika ndikuyikidwa mu chishango cha maginito chomwe chimatseka maginito othamanga omwe amapangidwa ndi maginito osatha ndikuteteza chipangizocho ku maginito akunja. Mbaleyi imayikidwa pamtunda wa 2,5 digiri, yomwe imapanga malo ang'onoang'ono osamutsidwa pamtunda. Munda uwu ndi wosasamala poyerekeza ndi munda wa ma coils, ndipo susokoneza kayendedwe ka thovu panthawi yogwiritsira ntchito chipangizocho, koma amasuntha thovu kumalo okhazikika okhudzana ndi zinthu za permalloy pamene chipangizocho chazimitsidwa. Amphamvu perpendicular chigawo chimodzi cha maginito okhazikika amathandiza kukhalapo kwa kuwira maginito madambwe.
Module ili ndi mfundo zotsatirazi:
- Nyimbo zokumbukira. Molunjika mayendedwe azinthu za permalloy zomwe zimagwira ndikuwongolera thovu.
- jenereta yobwereza. Amatumikira kubwereza kwa kuwira, amene nthawi zonse alipo pa malo m'badwo.
- Lowetsani njira ndi ma node osinthira. Ma thovu opangidwa amayenda motsatira njira yolowera. Ma Bubble amasamutsidwa kupita ku imodzi mwa nyimbo 80 za akapolo.
- Zotulutsa ndi node yobwereza. Mabubu amachotsedwa pamayendedwe a data popanda kuwawononga. Kuwira kugawanika mu magawo awiri, ndipo mmodzi wa iwo amapita linanena bungwe njanji.
- Chodziwira. Mithunzi yochokera kumayendedwe otuluka imalowa mu chowunikira cha magnetoresistive.
- Kutsegula nyimbo. Dongosolo la boot lili ndi chidziwitso chokhudza ma track omwe akugwira ntchito komanso osagwira ntchito.
Pansipa tiwona mfundozi mwatsatanetsatane. Mutha kuwerenganso kufotokozera kwa node mu [6].
kupanga kuwira
Kuti apange thovu, kumayambiriro kwenikweni kwa njanji yolowera pali kondakitala wopindidwa ngati kalupu kakang'ono. Kugunda kwamakono kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa izo, zomwe zimapanga mphamvu ya maginito m'dera laling'ono kwambiri lamphamvu kuposa gawo la maginito okhazikika. Mphamvuyi imapanga kuwira panthawiyi, yomwe imakhalabe yokhazikika ndi mphamvu ya maginito yosalekeza ndipo imazungulira pambali pa permalloy element mothandizidwa ndi maginito ozungulira. Ngati tifunika kulemba chigawo kukumbukira, timayika phokoso lalifupi pazitsulo zoyendetsera, ndipo zotsatira zake, mabulosi awiri amabadwa (akuwonetsedwa ngati bubble kugawanika mbewu pachithunzi). Imodzi mwa thovulo imathamangitsidwa ndi gawo lozungulira panjira ya permalloy, yachiwiri imakhalabe m'malo mwake ndipo imapeza kukula kwake koyambirira. Kenako imasunthira ku imodzi mwa njira za akapolo, ndikusinthanitsa malo ndi thovu lomwe limazungulira momwemo. Izo, nazonso, zimafika kumapeto kwa njira yolowera ndikuzimiririka.
kuwira kusinthanitsa
Kusinthana kwa bubble kumachitika pamene kugunda kwamakono kwamakona anayi kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa kokondakita wofananira. Pankhaniyi, kuwira si unagawanika pawiri.
Kuwerenga deta
Detayo imatumizidwa kumayendedwe otuluka mwa kubwereza, ndipo imapitilira kufalikira munjira yake ikawerengedwa. Choncho, chipangizochi chimagwiritsa ntchito njira yosawononga yowerengera. Kuti abwereze, kuwirako kumayendetsedwa pansi pa chinthu chaching'ono cha permalloy, chomwe chimatambasulidwa. Pamwambapa palinso woyendetsa ngati mawonekedwe a loop, ngati phokoso lamakono likugwiritsidwa ntchito pazitsulo, phokosolo lidzagawidwa magawo awiri. Kugunda kwapano kumakhala ndi gawo lalifupi lokhala ndi mphamvu yayikulu kuti ligawanitse kuwira m'magawo awiri, ndi gawo lalitali lokhala ndi zocheperako kuti liwongolere kuwirako kunjira yotuluka.
Kumapeto kwa njanji yotulutsa ndi Bubble Detector, mlatho wa magnetoresistive wopangidwa ndi zinthu za permalloy zomwe zimapanga gawo lalitali. Pamene kuwira kwa maginito kugwera pansi pa permalloy element, kukana kwake kumasintha, ndipo kusiyana komwe kungakhalepo kwa ma millivolts angapo kumawonekera pa kutuluka kwa mlatho. Maonekedwe a zinthu za permalloy amasankhidwa kuti thovulo liziyenda pambali pawo, pamapeto pake limagunda tayala lapadera la "alonda" ndikutha.
Kuperewera
Chipangizocho chili ndi nyimbo za 320, iliyonse ili ndi 4096 bits. Mwa awa, 272 akugwira ntchito, 48 ndi opuma, osagwira ntchito.
Njira yoyambira (Boot Loop)
Chipangizochi chili ndi ma data 320, omwe 256 amapangidwira kusunga deta ya ogwiritsa ntchito, ena onse akhoza kukhala olakwika kapena akhoza kukhala osungira kuti alowe m'malo olakwika. Nyimbo ina yowonjezera ili ndi chidziwitso chokhudza kugwiritsa ntchito ma track a data, ma bits 12 pa track iliyonse. Dongosolo likayatsidwa, liyenera kukhazikitsidwa. Panthawi yoyambira, wolamulirayo ayenera kuwerenga nyimbo yoyambira ndikulemba zambiri kuchokera ku kaundula wapadera wa chip / sensor yapano. Kenako wowongolera adzagwiritsa ntchito mayendedwe okhawo, ndipo osagwira ntchito adzanyalanyazidwa ndipo sadzalembedwa.
Deta Warehouse - Kapangidwe
Kuchokera pakuwona kwa wogwiritsa ntchito, deta imasungidwa mumasamba a 2048 a 512 bits aliyense. 256 bytes of data, 14 bits of error correction code ndi 2 bits zosagwiritsidwa ntchito zimasungidwa mu theka lililonse la chipangizocho.
Kuwongolera Kolakwika
Kuzindikira zolakwika ndikuwongolera kungathe kuchitidwa ndi chipangizo chamakono cha sensor, chomwe chili ndi 14-bit code decoder yomwe imakonza cholakwika chimodzi mpaka 5 bits yaitali (kuphulika kolakwika) mu chipika chilichonse cha 270 bits (kuphatikizapo code yokha). Khodiyo imawonjezeredwa mpaka kumapeto kwa chipika chilichonse cha 256-bit. Khodi yokonza ikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kapena kusagwiritsidwa ntchito, pa pempho la wogwiritsa ntchito, kutsimikizira kachidindo kungathe kutsegulidwa kapena kuzimitsa mu wolamulira. Ngati palibe code yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito, ma bits onse 270 angagwiritsidwe ntchito pa data ya ogwiritsa ntchito.
Nthawi yofikira
Mphamvu ya maginito imazungulira pafupipafupi 50 kHz. Nthawi yofikira pagawo loyamba la tsamba loyamba ndi 41 ms, yomwe ndi theka la nthawi yomwe imafunika kuti mumalize kuzungulira mozungulira njanjiyo kuphatikiza nthawi yomwe imatenga kuti mudutse nyimboyo.
Nyimbo 320 zogwira ntchito komanso zopuma zimagawidwa m'magawo anayi a mayendedwe 80 iliyonse. Bungweli limachepetsa nthawi yofikira. Kotala amayankhulidwa awiriawiri: magawo awiri aliwonse amakhala ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta mawu, motsatana. Chipangizocho chili ndi mayendedwe anayi olowera okhala ndi thovu zinayi zoyambira, ndi nyimbo zinayi zotulutsa. Njira zotulutsa zimagwiritsa ntchito zowunikira ziwiri, zimakonzedwa m'njira yakuti thovu ziwiri kuchokera m'mayendedwe awiri sizimagunda chojambulira chimodzi nthawi imodzi. Chifukwa chake, mitsinje inayi yamadzimadzi imachulukitsidwa ndikusinthidwa kukhala mitsinje iwiri ndikusungidwa m'kaundula wa chip sensor chip. Kumeneko, zomwe zili m'kaundula zimachulukitsanso ndikutumizidwa kwa wolamulira kudzera mu mawonekedwe a serial.
Mu gawo lachiwiri la nkhaniyi, tiyang'ana mozama za kayendedwe ka bubble memory controller.
4. Maumboni
Wolembayo adapezeka m'makona amdima kwambiri pa intaneti ndikukusungirani zambiri zaukadaulo zamakumbukidwe pa CMD, mbiri yake ndi zina zofananira:
1. - Zokumbukira ziwiri za injiniya Bobek
2. - Zokumbukira ziwiri za injiniya Bobek (gawo 2)
3. - Kukumbukira kwamphamvu
4. Kusintha kwa Magnetic Bubble Memory mu Standard Microcomputer Environment
5. - Texas Instruments TIB 0203 Bubble Memory
6. - Memory Components Handbook. Intel 1983.
7. 7110 1-Megabit Bubble Memory
Source: www.habr.com