Peronet yochokera ku nkhunda ikadali njira yofulumira kwambiri yotumizira zidziwitso zambiri

Njiwa yonyamulira yodzaza ndi makhadi a microSD imatha kusamutsa zambiri mwachangu komanso zotsika mtengo kuposa njira ina iliyonse.

Zindikirani transl.: ngakhale zoyambilira za nkhaniyi zidawonekera patsamba la IEEE Spectrum pa Epulo 1, mfundo zonse zomwe zalembedwamo ndizodalirika.

Mu Okutobala SanDisk yalengeza za kutulutsidwa kwa khadi yoyamba yapadziko lapansi ya microSD yokhala ndi mphamvu ya 1 terabyte. Iwo, monga makhadi ena mumtundu uwu, ndi ang'onoang'ono, olemera 15 x 11 x 1 mm okha, ndipo amalemera 250 mg. Itha kukwanira kuchuluka kwa data m'malo ochepa kwambiri, ndipo itha kugulidwa ndi $550. Kuti mumvetse, makadi oyambirira a 512 GB microSD adawonekera chaka chimodzi m'mbuyomo, mu February 2018.

Tazolowera kwambiri momwe zinthu zikuyendera pamakompyuta kotero kuti kuchuluka kwa kachulukidwe kosungirako sikudziwika, nthawi zina timapeza zofalitsa ndi mabulogu kapena ziwiri. Chosangalatsa kwambiri (ndipo chomwe chingakhale ndi zotsatira zazikulu) ndi momwe luso lathu lopanga ndikusunga deta likukulirakulira poyerekeza ndi kuthekera kwathu kotumiza pamamanetiweki omwe anthu ambiri amawafikira.

Vutoli si lachilendo, ndipo kwa zaka zambiri tsopano mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya "cunnets" yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kunyamula deta kuchokera kumalo amodzi kupita kumalo - ndi phazi, makalata, kapena njira zachilendo. Imodzi mwa njira zotumizira deta zomwe zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito mwakhama kwa zaka chikwi zapitazo ndi nkhunda zonyamulira, zomwe zimatha kuyenda makilomita mazana kapena zikwi zambiri, kubwerera kunyumba, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira zoyendayenda, zomwe sizinachitikepo. anaphunzitsidwa ndendende. Zikuoneka kuti potengera kutulutsa (kuchuluka kwa deta yomwe imasamutsidwa pamtunda woperekedwa nthawi ina), Peronet yochokera ku nkhunda imakhalabe yogwira ntchito kuposa maukonde wamba.

Kuchokera ku "IP Datagram Transmission Standard for Air Carriers"

Pa Epulo 1, 1990, David Weitzman adapereka lingaliro Internet Engineering Council Pempho la Ndemanga (RFC) lotchedwa "muyezo wotumizira ma datagram a IP ndi zonyamula mpweya", yomwe tsopano imadziwika kuti IPoAC. RFC 1149 ikufotokoza za "njira yoyesera yotsekera ma datagram a IP mu zonyamulira mpweya", ndipo yakhala ndi zosintha zingapo zokhudzana ndi mtundu wa ntchito ndi kusamuka kupita ku IPv6 (yosindikizidwa pa Epulo 1, 1999 ndi Epulo 1, 2011, motsatana).

Kutumiza RFC pa Tsiku la Epulo Fool ndi mwambo womwe unayamba mu 1978 ndi RFC 748, yomwe idati kutumiza lamulo la IAC DONT RANDOMLY-LOSE ku seva ya telnet kuyimitsa seva kutaya data mwachisawawa. Lingaliro labwino ndithu, sichoncho? Ndipo ichi ndi chimodzi mwazinthu za RFC ya April Fool, akufotokoza Brian Carpenter, yemwe adatsogolera Networking Working Group ku CERN kuyambira 1985 mpaka 1996, adatsogolera IETF kuyambira 2005 mpaka 2007, ndipo tsopano akukhala ku New Zealand. "Ziyenera kukhala zotheka mwaukadaulo (ie, sizikuphwanya malamulo a sayansi) ndipo muyenera kuwerenga tsamba musanazindikire kuti ndi nthabwala," akutero. "Ndipo, mwachibadwa, ziyenera kukhala zopanda pake."

Carpenter, pamodzi ndi mnzake Bob Hinden, adalemba RFC ya April Fool, yomwe inalongosola Kusintha kwa IPoAC ku IPv6, mu 2011. Ndipo ngakhale patatha zaka makumi awiri kukhazikitsidwa kwake, IPoAC imadziwikabe. “Aliyense amadziwa za zonyamulira ndege,” Carpenter anatiuza motero. "Ine ndi Bob tinkacheza tsiku lina pamsonkhano wa IETF wokhudza kuchuluka kwa IPv6, ndipo lingaliro lowonjezera ku IPoAC linadza mwachibadwa."

RFC 1149, yomwe poyambirira idatanthauzira IPoAC, ikufotokoza zabwino zambiri za muyezo watsopano:

Ntchito zambiri zosiyanasiyana zitha kuperekedwa kudzera pakuyika patsogolo. Kuphatikiza apo, pali kuzindikira kokhazikika komanso kuwononga mphutsi. Popeza IP sikutsimikizira kuperekedwa kwa paketi 100%, kutayika kwa chonyamulira kumatha kuloledwa. Pakapita nthawi, onyamula amachira okha. Kuwulutsa sikunadziwike ndipo mphepo yamkuntho imatha kuwononga deta. Ndizotheka kuyesetsa mosalekeza pakubweretsa mpaka chonyamuliracho chatsika. Njira zowerengera zimangodzipangira zokha ndipo nthawi zambiri zimapezeka m'ma tray a chingwe komanso pamitengo [Chingerezi log amatanthauza zonse "chipika" ndi "chipika cholembera" / pafupifupi. kumasulira].

Kusintha kwamtundu (RFC 2549) kumawonjezera zambiri zofunika:

Multicasting, ngakhale imathandizidwa, imafuna kukhazikitsidwa kwa chipangizo cha cloning. Zonyamulira zimatha kutayika ngati zidziyimitsa pamtengo womwe ukudulidwa. Zonyamulira zimagawidwa pamtengo wa cholowa. Onyamula ali ndi TTL yapakati ya zaka 15, kotero kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo pakukulitsa kusaka kwa mphete kumakhala kochepa.

Nthiwatiwa zitha kuwonedwa ngati zonyamulira zina, zokhala ndi mphamvu zochulukirapo zotumizira zambiri, koma zimapereka kuperekera pang'onopang'ono komanso kumafuna milatho pakati pa madera osiyanasiyana.

Kukambitsirana kowonjezera kwaubwino wautumiki kungapezeke mu Mtsogoleri wa Michelin.

Sintha kuchokera kwa Carpenter, pofotokoza IPv6 ya IPoAC, imatchula, mwa zina, zovuta zomwe zingagwirizane ndi mapaketi oyendetsa:

Kudutsa kwa zonyamulira kudutsa gawo la zonyamulira zofanana ndi iwo, popanda kukhazikitsa mapangano pa kusinthanitsa mauthenga a anzawo, kungayambitse kusintha kwakukulu kwa njira, kutulutsa phukusi ndi kutumiza kunja. Kudutsa kwa zonyamulira kudutsa m'dera la adani kungayambitse kutaya kwakukulu kwa phukusi. Ndikofunikira kuti izi ziganizidwe mu algorithm yopangira tebulo la routing. Amene adzagwiritse ntchito njirazi, kuti awonetsetse kutumizidwa kodalirika, ayenera kuganizira za njira zomwe zimapewa madera omwe onyamula nyama ndi olanda amakhala ambiri.

Pali umboni woti onyamula ena amakhala ndi chizolowezi chodya zonyamulira zina ndiyeno kunyamula katundu wodyedwayo. Izi zitha kupereka njira yatsopano yosinthira mapaketi a IPv4 kukhala mapaketi a IPv6, kapena mosemphanitsa.

Muyezo wa IPoAC udaperekedwa mu 1990, koma mauthenga adatumizidwa ndi nkhunda zonyamula kwa nthawi yayitali: chithunzichi chikuwonetsa njiwa yonyamula ikutumizidwa ku Switzerland, pakati pa 1914 ndi 1918.

Ndizomveka kuyembekezera kuchokera muyeso, lingaliro lomwe linapangidwa kale mu 1990, kuti mawonekedwe oyambirira otumizira deta kudzera mu protocol ya IPoAC adagwirizanitsidwa ndi kusindikiza zilembo za hexadecimal pamapepala. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, zambiri zasintha, ndipo kuchuluka kwa deta yomwe ikugwirizana ndi voliyumu yakuthupi ndi kulemera kwake kwawonjezeka kwambiri, pamene kukula kwa malipiro a njiwa kumakhalabe komweko. Nkhunda zimatha kunyamula katundu wochuluka kwambiri wa kulemera kwa thupi lawo - pafupifupi njiwa ya homing imalemera pafupifupi magalamu 500, ndipo kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 75 amatha kunyamula makamera a XNUMX magalamu kuti adziwenso m'dera la adani.

Tinakambirana ndi Drew Lesofsky, wokonda mipikisano ya nkhunda wa ku Maryland, anatsimikizira kuti nkhunda zimatha kunyamula mosavuta magalamu 75 (ndipo mwinanso ochulukirapo) “pamtunda uliwonse tsiku lonse.” Panthawi imodzimodziyo, amatha kuwuluka mtunda wautali - mbiri ya dziko lapansi ya njiwa imagwiridwa ndi mbalame imodzi yopanda mantha, yomwe inatha kuuluka kuchokera ku Arras ku France kupita kunyumba kwawo ku Ho Chi Minh City ku Vietnam, yomwe inayenda ulendo wa 11. km m'masiku 500. N’zoona kuti nkhunda zambiri sizitha kuuluka kutali choncho. Utali wanthawi zonse wanjira yayitali yothamanga, malinga ndi Lesofsky, ndi pafupifupi 24 km, ndipo mbalame zimaphimba pa liwiro la pafupifupi 1000 km / h. Pa mtunda waufupi, othamanga amatha kuthamanga mpaka 70 km / h.

Kuyika zonsezi, titha kuwerengera kuti ngati titanyamula njiwa yonyamulira mpaka magalamu 75 okhala ndi makadi a 1 TB a microSD, iliyonse yomwe imalemera 250 mg, ndiye kuti njiwa imatha kunyamula 300 TB ya data. Kuyenda kuchokera ku San Francisco kupita ku New York (makilomita 4130) pa liwiro lapamwamba kwambiri, kukanatha kukwanitsa kuthamanga kwa data 12 TB/ola, kapena 28 Gbit/s, komwe ndi maulamuliro angapo apamwamba kuposa ma intaneti ambiri. Ku US, mwachitsanzo, kuthamanga kwachangu kotsitsa kumawonedwa ku Kansas City, komwe Google Fiber imasamutsa deta pa liwiro la 127 Mbps. Pa liwiro limeneli, zingatenge masiku 300 kutsitsa 240 TB - ndipo panthawiyo njiwa yathu imatha kuwuluka padziko lonse lapansi maulendo 25.

Tinene kuti chitsanzochi sichikuwoneka chowona chifukwa chimafotokoza za mtundu wina wa nkhunda zapamwamba, ndiye tiyeni tichepetse. Tiyeni titenge liwiro la kuthawa kwa 70 km / h, ndikunyamula mbalameyo ndi theka la katundu wambiri mu makadi okumbukira a terabyte - 37,5 magalamu. Ndipo komabe, ngakhale tiyerekeze njira iyi ndi kugwirizana kwachangu kwa gigabit, njiwa imapambana. Nkhunda imatha kuzungulira pafupifupi theka la dziko lapansi panthawi yomwe idzatengere kuti mafayilo athu amalize, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti kudzakhala mwachangu kutumiza deta ndi nkhunda kulikonse padziko lapansi kusiyana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti kuti isamutse.

Mwachibadwa, uku ndikufanizira kwa zotulukapo zoyera. Sitiganizira nthawi ndi khama lofunika kukopera deta pa microSD makadi, kuziika pa njiwa, ndi kuwerenga deta mbalame ikafika kumene ikupita. Latency mwachiwonekere ndi yokwera, kotero china chilichonse kupatula kusamutsira njira imodzi sichingakhale chotheka. Cholepheretsa chachikulu ndikuti njiwa ya homing imawulukira mbali imodzi ndikupita kumalo amodzi, kotero simungathe kusankha komwe mungatumizire deta, komanso muyenera kunyamula nkhunda kupita komwe mukufuna kuzitumiza, zomwe zimalepheretsanso ntchito zawo zothandiza .

Komabe, zoona zake n’zakuti ngakhale kuyerekezera kolondola kwa malipiro a njiwa ndi liwiro lake, komanso kulumikizidwa kwa intaneti, kutulutsa koyera kwa njiwa sikophweka.

Poganizira zonsezi, ndi bwino kutchula kuti kulankhulana kwa nkhunda kwayesedwa m'dziko lenileni, ndipo kumagwira ntchito yabwino kwambiri. Gulu la ogwiritsa ntchito a Bergen Linux ochokera ku Norway mu 2001 adakhazikitsa IPoAC, kutumiza ping imodzi ndi njiwa iliyonse pamtunda wa makilomita asanu:

Ping idatumizidwa pafupifupi 12:15 p.m. Tinaganiza zopanga mphindi 7,5 pakati pa mapaketi, zomwe zikanapangitsa kuti mapaketi angapo akhale osayankhidwa. Komabe, zinthu sizinayende choncho. Mnansi wathu anali ndi nkhunda zowuluka pa malo ake. Ndipo nkhunda zathu sizinkafuna kuwulukira kunyumba, poyamba zinkafuna kuuluka ndi nkhunda zina. Ndipo ndani angawadzudzule, popeza dzuwa linatuluka kwa nthawi yoyamba pambuyo pa masiku angapo amtambo?

Komabe, chibadwa chawo chinapambana, ndipo tinaona mmene, njiwa zingapo zitaseŵera kwa pafupifupi ola limodzi, zinachoka pagulu n’kupita kunjira yoyenera. Tinasangalala. Ndipo zinalidi nkhunda zathu, chifukwa izi zitangochitika kumene, tinalandira uthenga wochokera kumalo ena kuti njiwa yatera padenga.

Kenako njiwa yoyamba inafika. Phukusi la data lidachotsedwa mosamalitsa pazanja lake, kumasulidwa ndikufufuzidwa. Pambuyo poyang'ana pamanja OCR ndi kukonza zolakwika zingapo, phukusilo linavomerezedwa kuti ndiloyenera ndipo chimwemwe chathu chinapitirira.

Pazinthu zazikulu kwambiri za deta (monga kuti kuchuluka kwa nkhunda kumakhala kovuta kutumikira), njira zoyendetsera thupi ziyenera kugwiritsidwabe ntchito. Amazon imapereka chithandizo Mphepo yamoto - 45-foot shipping chidebe pagalimoto. One Snowmobile imatha kunyamula mpaka 100 PB (100 TB) ya data. Siziyenda mofulumira ngati gulu lofanana la nkhunda mazana angapo, koma zidzakhala zosavuta kugwira nawo ntchito.

Anthu ambiri amawoneka okhutitsidwa ndi kutsitsa mwapang'onopang'ono, ndipo alibe chidwi chofuna kuyika nkhunda zawo zonyamulira. Ndizowona kuti pamafunika ntchito yambiri, akutero Drew Lesofsky, ndipo nkhundazo nthawi zambiri sizikhala ngati mapaketi a data:

Ukadaulo wa GPS ukuthandiza kwambiri okonda mpikisano wa nkhunda ndipo tikumvetsetsa bwino momwe nkhunda zathu zimawulukira komanso chifukwa chake zina zimawulukira mwachangu kuposa zina. Mzere wamfupi kwambiri pakati pa mfundo ziwiri ndi mzere wowongoka, koma nkhunda siziwuluka molunjika. Nthawi zambiri amazungulirazungulira, akuwulukira kumene akufuna, kenako n’kusintha kumene akupita. Ena a iwo ali amphamvu mwakuthupi ndipo amauluka mofulumira, koma njiwa yolunjika bwino, ilibe vuto la thanzi ndi yophunzitsidwa mwakuthupi imatha kuthamanga kuposa njiwa yowuluka mofulumira yokhala ndi kampasi yosauka.

Lesofsky ali ndi chidaliro chokwanira mu nkhunda monga zonyamulira deta: "Ndingadzidalira kwambiri kutumiza zidziwitso ndi nkhunda zanga," akutero, pomwe akuda nkhawa ndi kuwongolera zolakwika. "Ndimamasula osachepera atatu panthawi imodzi kuti nditsimikizire kuti ngakhale mmodzi wa iwo ali ndi kampasi yoipa, ena awiriwo adzakhala ndi kampasi yabwino, ndipo pamapeto pake liŵiro la onse atatu lidzakhala lachangu."

Mavuto pakukhazikitsa IPoAC komanso kudalirika kowonjezereka kwa maukonde othamanga kwambiri (ndipo nthawi zambiri opanda zingwe) atanthauza kuti mautumiki ambiri omwe amadalira nkhunda (ndipo panali zambiri) asinthira ku njira zachikhalidwe zosinthira deta zaka makumi angapo zapitazi.

Ndipo chifukwa cha kukonzekera koyambirira komwe kumafunikira kukhazikitsa dongosolo la data la njiwa, njira zofananira (monga mapiko osasunthika) zitha kukhala zothandiza. Komabe, njiwa zikadali ndi ubwino wina: zimakula bwino, zimagwirira ntchito mbewu, zimakhala zodalirika, zimakhala ndi zovuta kwambiri zopewera zopinga zomwe zimapangidwira mwa iwo onse pa pulogalamu ya pulogalamu ndi hardware, ndipo amatha kudzipangira okha.

Kodi zonsezi zikhudza bwanji tsogolo la muyezo wa IPoAC? Pali muyezo, umapezeka kwa aliyense, ngakhale utakhala wopanda pake pang'ono. Tidafunsa Brian Carpenter ngati akukonzekera kusintha kwina, ndipo adati akuganiza ngati nkhunda zitha kunyamula qubits. Koma ngakhale IPoAC ndizovuta pang'ono (komanso zopusa pang'ono) pazosowa zanu zosinthira deta, mitundu yonse ya maukonde olumikizana omwe si oyenera mtsogolomo, ndipo kuthekera kwathu kopanga zambiri kumapitilira kukula mwachangu. kuposa luso lathu lofalitsa.

Zikomo kwa wogwiritsa ntchito AyrA_ch pomufotokozera zambiri positi pa Reddit, ndi yabwino IPoAC Calculator, zomwe zimathandiza kuwerengera momwe nkhunda zilili kutali ndi njira zina zotumizira deta.

Source: www.habr.com