Masiku angapo atsala mpaka kuyamba kwa kuyenda kwatsopano pamlingo kuchokera ku OTUS. Pachifukwa ichi, tikufuna kugawana nanu kumasulira kwazinthu zothandiza pamutuwu.
Mndandanda wa zolemba zamabulogu pa maupangiri ndi zidule zazovuta za IPv6 ping (ICMPv6 Echo Request/Echo Reply)
Chonde dziwani kuti ndikugwiritsa ntchito Linux (makamaka Fedora 31), komabe mawu a ping amachitidwe ena ogwiritsira ntchito ayenera kukhala ofanana kwambiri.
Ping ma node onse a IPv6 panjira
Mfundo yoyamba komanso yosavuta ndiyo kuyimba ma node onse a IPv6 pa ulalo.
IPv6 imagwiritsa ntchito maadiresi amtundu uliwonse pamitundu yonse ya mauthenga amodzi kapena ambiri. Palibe ma adilesi owulutsa (kapena owulutsa) IPv6. Izi zimasiyanitsa IPv6 ndi IPv4, pomwe pali mitundu ingapo ya maadiresi owulutsa, mwachitsanzo, adilesi ya "kuwulutsa kochepa" 255.255.255.255 [RFC1122].
Komabe, pali "all-nodes multicast" IPv6 adilesi, kotero tidzagwiritsa ntchito ping ma node onse a IPv6 pa ulalo. (Adilesi ya "kuwulutsa" kwenikweni ndi adilesi yodziwika bwino kwambiri, yomwe ndi gulu la ma multicast lomwe limaphatikizapo ma node onse. Dziwani kuti, mwachitsanzo, "gulu" kapena ma adilesi ambiri amayatsidwa mu ma adilesi owulutsa a Efaneti pagawo la ulalo. ).
All-nodes multicast IPv6 adilesi ya tchanelo: ff02::1. ff adiresi ya IPv6 ya multicast. 0 wotsatira ndi gawo la mbendera lomwe lili ndi ma bits osayikidwa.
anapitiriza 2 imatanthawuza dera la gulu la multicast. Mosiyana ndi ma adilesi ambiri a IPv4, ma adilesi ambiri a IPv6 ali ndi kukula. Kuchuluka kwake kumawonetsa gawo la netiweki pomwe paketi ya multicast imaloledwa kutumizidwa. Phukusi likafika pamalire azomwe zafotokozedwa, paketiyo iyenera kugwetsedwa, mosasamala kanthu kuti gawo lake la Hop Count ndi lopanda pake. Zachidziwikire, ngati chiwerengero cha hop chikafika pa ziro chisanafike malire a gulu la multicast, chimakhazikitsidwanso nthawi yomweyo. Nawu mndandanda wathunthu wa IPv6 multicast scope.
Pomaliza ::1 imatchula gulu lonse la multicast.
Za adilesi ff02::1 Tiyenera kuzindikira kuti ndizosamvetsetseka. Pa IPv6 host yokhala ndi ma interfaces angapo, monga rauta kapena multihomed host, adilesi ff02::1 palibe chomwe mungafotokozere mawonekedwe oti mutumize zopempha za ICMPv6 kapena kuyembekezera kulandira mayankho a ICMPv6 akafika. ff02::1 ndizovomerezeka ndipo zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pamakina aliwonse ndi mayendedwe olumikizidwa ku node yamitundu yambiri.
Chifukwa chake tikamayimba ma node onse a IPv6 pa ulalo, tiyenera kuwuzanso zofunikira ping kwa IPv6, mawonekedwe omwe mungagwiritse ntchito.
Kufotokozera Ma Interfaces - Command Line Option
Monga tawonera kale, ma adilesi onse a multicast omwe tikufuna kugwiritsa ntchito ndi - ff02::1 - sichipereka chidziwitso chilichonse chokhudza mawonekedwe omwe mungatumize ndikulandila ICMPv6 echo pempho ndi mapaketi oyankha.
Ndiye, timafotokozera bwanji mawonekedwe omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito pa malo adilesi ya multicast kapena malo a unicast Link-Local adilesi?
Njira yoyamba komanso yodziwikiratu ndikuyipereka ngati gawo la pulogalamu yomwe tikugwiritsa ntchito.
Za zothandiza ping timapereka kudzera mwa njira -I.
[mark@opy ~]$ ping -w 1 -I enp3s2 ff02::1
ping: Warning: source address might be selected on device other than: enp3s2
PING ff02::1(ff02::1) from :: enp3s2: 56 data bytes
64 bytes from fe80::1d36:1fff:fefd:82be%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.438 ms
64 bytes from fe80::f31c:ccff:fe26:a6d9%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.589 ms (DUP!)
64 bytes from fe80::7e31:f5ff:fe1b:9fdb%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=5.15 ms (DUP!)
64 bytes from fe80::f7f8:15ff:fe6f:be6e%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=58.0 ms (DUP!)
64 bytes from fe80::877d:4ff:fe1a:b881%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=62.3 ms (DUP!)
64 bytes from fe80::877d:4ff:fe1a:ad79%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=62.8 ms (DUP!)
--- ff02::1 ping statistics ---
1 packets transmitted, 1 received, +5 duplicates, 0% packet loss, time 0ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.438/31.544/62.786/29.566 ms
[mark@opy ~]$Pogwiritsa ntchito ma multicast ping awa, tidalandira mayankho kuchokera ku 6 IPv6 node. Mayankho adachokera ku ma adilesi a Link-Local IPv6, kuyambira ndi prefix fe80::/10.
kuti ping sichipitiriza kutumiza zopempha za ICMPv6 kwamuyaya mpaka titazisokoneza, nthawi zambiri timatchula chiwerengero cha mapaketi oti titumize kudzera pa -c. Komabe, izi zimalepheretsanso ping kuvomereza ndikuwonetsa mayankho oposa a ICMPv6 echo potumiza pempho la echo la multicast ICMPv6. M'malo mwake, tidagwiritsa ntchito -w kuti tifotokoze kuti ping iyenera kumaliza pakatha mphindi imodzi, ziribe kanthu kuchuluka kwa zopempha za ICMPv1 echo kapena mayankho a echo adatumizidwa kapena kulandiridwa.
Chinthu china choyenera kumvetsera ndi (DUP!) zotsatira pa yankho lachiwiri ndi lotsatira. Mapaketiwa amadziwika ngati mayankho obwereza chifukwa ali ndi mtengo wofananira wa ICMP monga zopempha za ICMPv6 zomwe zidatumizidwa koyambirira. Amawoneka chifukwa pempho la ICMPv6 multicast echo limabweretsa mayankho angapo amtundu uliwonse. Chiwerengero cha zobwereza chikuwonetsedwanso mu chidule cha ziwerengero.
Kufotokozera Zolumikizana - Zone ID
Njira ina yowonetsera mawonekedwe kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito ndi gawo la IPv6 adilesi.
Titha kuwona chitsanzo cha izi muzotulutsa za ping, pomwe ma adilesi a omwe akuyankha a IPv6 alinso ndi cholumikizira. %enp3s2, mwachitsanzo:
64 bytes from fe80::1d36:1fff:fefd:82be%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.438 msNjira iyi yofotokozera molunjika ikufotokozedwa mu [RFC4007], "IPv6 Defined Address Architecture." Ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri amatchedwa mawonekedwe ogwiritsira ntchito, amatanthauzira zina zambiri - "zone" kapena "scope."
Chifukwa chokhalira ndi madera ambiri kapena madera ambiri ndikuti, monga tafotokozera mu [RFC4007], node ya IPv6 imatha kukhala ndi ma IPv6 osiyanasiyana olumikizidwa kunjira yomweyo. Ma interfaces awa ndi mamembala a zone yomweyo.
Ziyenera kukhala zotheka kuyika magawo angapo mkati mwa zone pansi pa opareshoni; Pakadali pano sindikudziwa ngati izi ndizotheka pansi pa Linux kapena momwe mungachitire.
Kugwiritsa ntchito suffix %<zone_id>, tikhoza kuchotsa njira ya mzere wa lamulo -I ping.
[mark@opy ~]$ ping -w 1 ff02::1%enp3s2
PING ff02::1%enp3s2(ff02::1%enp3s2) 56 data bytes
64 bytes from fe80::2392:6213:a15b:66ff%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.106 ms
64 bytes from fe80::1d36:1fff:fefd:82be%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.453 ms (DUP!)
64 bytes from fe80::f31c:ccff:fe26:a6d9%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.606 ms (DUP!)
64 bytes from fe80::7e31:f5ff:fe1b:9fdb%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=6.23 ms (DUP!)
64 bytes from fe80::f7f8:15ff:fe6f:be6e%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=157 ms (DUP!)
64 bytes from fe80::877d:4ff:fe1a:ad79%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=159 ms (DUP!)
64 bytes from fe80::877d:4ff:fe1a:b881%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=161 ms (DUP!)
64 bytes from fe80::23d:e8ff:feec:958c%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=179 ms (DUP!)
--- ff02::1%enp3s2 ping statistics ---
1 packets transmitted, 1 received, +7 duplicates, 0% packet loss, time 0ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.106/82.858/179.216/81.281 ms
[mark@opy ~]$Mayankho a Maadiresi Akuluakulu
Kuchokera pa ma multicast ping onsewa tidalandira mayankho 6 apadera.
Mayankho awa adachokera ku unicast Link-Local IPv6 host host. Mwachitsanzo, nali yankho loyamba:
64 bytes from fe80::2392:6213:a15b:66ff%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.106 msMaadiresi a Unicast Link-Local IPv6 amafunikira pamakina onse omwe ali ndi IPv6 [RFC4291], "IP Version 6 Addressing Architecture". Chifukwa cha izi ndikuti IPv6 node nthawi zonse imakhala ndi adilesi ya IPv6 ya unicast, yomwe imatha kugwiritsa ntchito kulumikizana ndi ma node ena pamalumikizidwe ake olumikizidwa mwachindunji. Izi zikuphatikiza kulumikizana ndi mapulogalamu a omwe amalandila ena kudzera pama adilesi a Link-Local host.
Izi zimathandizira kupanga ndi kukhazikitsa ma protocol monga IPv6 Neighbor Discovery ndi OSPFv3. Imalolezanso mapulogalamu ogwiritsa ntchito kumapeto kwa makamu kuti azilankhulana kudzera pa tchanelo popanda kufunikira zida zina za IPv6 panjira. Kulankhulana kwachindunji pakati pa makamu olumikizidwa a IPv6 sikufuna rauta ya IPv6 kapena seva ya DHCPv6 pa intaneti.
Ma adilesi a Link-Local amayamba ndi 10-bit prefix fe80, yotsatiridwa ndi 54 ziro bits ndiyeno 64-bit interface identifier (IID). Mu yankho loyamba pamwambapa 2392:6213:a15b:66ff ndi 64-bit IID.
Looped Multicast
Mwachikhazikitso, mapaketi a multicast amabwezeretsedwa mkati mu node yomwe idawatumiza. Izi zimachitika pama adilesi onse a IPv6 ndi IPv4.
Chifukwa cha khalidwe losasinthikali ndikuti pamene mapaketi a multicast atumizidwa, pangakhalenso pulogalamu yomvetsera yamtundu wanji yomwe ikuyendetsa pa wotumiza yekha, komanso kwinakwake pa intaneti. Pulogalamu yakomwekoyi iyeneranso kulandila mapaketi a multicast.
Titha kuwona kuzungulira kwamtundu wamtundu wa multicast pazotulutsa zathu za ping:
[mark@opy ~]$ ping -w 1 ff02::1%enp3s2
PING ff02::1%enp3s2(ff02::1%enp3s2) 56 data bytes
64 bytes from fe80::2392:6213:a15b:66ff%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.106 ms
64 bytes from fe80::1d36:1fff:fefd:82be%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.453 ms (DUP!)
...Yankho loyamba komanso lachangu kwambiri (0,106 ms poyerekeza ndi 0,453 ms) limachokera ku adilesi ya Link-Local yokonzedwa pa mawonekedwe omwewo. enp3s2.
[mark@opy ~]$ ip addr show dev enp3s2 | grep fe80
inet6 fe80::2392:6213:a15b:66ff/64 scope link noprefixroute
[mark@opy ~]$Zothandiza ping imapereka njira yopondereza mayankho amtundu wanyimbo wamba pogwiritsa ntchito chizindikiro -L. Ngati titumiza ma ping amitundu yonse ndi mbendera iyi, ndiye kuti mayankho amangopezeka patali. Sitilandira yankho kuchokera ku adilesi ya Link-Local ya mawonekedwe otumizira.
[mark@opy ~]$ ping -L -w 1 ff02::1%enp3s2
PING ff02::1%enp3s2(ff02::1%enp3s2) 56 data bytes
64 bytes from fe80::1d36:1fff:fefd:82be%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.383 ms
64 bytes from fe80::f31c:ccff:fe26:a6d9%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.467 ms (DUP!)
...Ping Link-Maadiresi Am'deralo
Monga momwe mungaganizire, ma adilesi a unicast Link-Local pawokha samapereka chidziwitso chokwanira kuwonetsa mawonekedwe oti mugwiritse ntchito kuti muwafikire. Monga momwe zilili ndi ma multicast ping onse, tifunikanso kufotokozera mawonekedwewo ngati mzere wolamula ping kapena zone ID yokhala ndi adilesi mukayimba ma adilesi a Link-Local.
Nthawi ino tingagwiritse ntchito -ckuchepetsa chiwerengero cha mapaketi ndi mayankho otumizidwa ndi kulandiridwa ping, chifukwa tikuchita unicast ping.
[mark@opy ~]$ ping -c 1 fe80::f31c:ccff:fe26:a6d9%enp3s2
PING fe80::f31c:ccff:fe26:a6d9%enp3s2(fe80::fad1:11ff:feb7:3704%enp3s2) 56 data bytes
64 bytes from fe80::f31c:ccff:fe26:a6d9%enp3s2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.395 ms
--- fe80::f31c:ccff:fe26:a6d9%enp3s2 ping statistics ---
1 packets transmitted, 1 received, 0% packet loss, time 0ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.395/0.395/0.395/0.000 ms
[mark@opy ~]$Ping (onse) ma adilesi ena a IPv6?
M'nkhaniyi, tawona momwe tingayankhire ma node onse a IPv6 pa tchanelo pogwiritsa ntchito adilesi ya IPv6 yamitundu yonse. ff02::1. Tidawonanso momwe tingafotokozere mawonekedwe omwe mungagwiritse ntchito ndi adilesi ya IPv6 yamitundu yonse, popeza ma adilesiyo sangathe kupereka izi. Tinagwiritsa ntchito njira ya mzere wolamula ping, kapena kutchula mawonekedwe pogwiritsa ntchito suffix %<zone_id>.
Kenako tidaphunzira za ma adilesi a unicast Link-Local, omwe ndi ma adilesi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyankha zopempha za multicast ICMPv6 echo.
Tidawonanso momwe mapaketi a multicast amabwezeredwa kumalo otumizira mwachisawawa komanso momwe mungaletsere izi kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito. ping.
Pomaliza, tidayika adilesi imodzi ya Link-Local pogwiritsa ntchito suffix %<zone_id>, popeza ma adilesi a Link-Local nawonso samapereka chidziwitso cha mawonekedwe otuluka.
Nanga bwanji za ping ma node ena onse ndikupeza ma adilesi awo amtundu wapadziko lonse (GUAs) (ndiko kuti, ma adilesi awo onse pa intaneti) kapena ma adilesi awo apadera akumaloko (ULA)? Tiwona izi mu positi yotsatira yabulogu.
Ndizo zonse.
Mutha kudziwa zambiri zamaphunziro athu pa.
Source: www.habr.com