Mbali zosiyanasiyana za ntchito ya DNS zakhala zikukhudzidwa mobwerezabwereza ndi wolemba angapo lofalitsidwa ngati gawo la blog. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, kutsindika kwakukulu nthawi zonse kwakhala kukonzanso chitetezo cha intaneti iyi yofunika kwambiri.
Mpaka posachedwapa, ngakhale chiwopsezo chodziwikiratu cha magalimoto a DNS, omwe adakali, nthawi zambiri, amafalitsidwa momveka bwino, kuzinthu zoipa za opereka omwe akufuna kuwonjezera ndalama zawo poyika malonda muzinthu, mabungwe a chitetezo cha boma ndi kufufuza, komanso zigawenga chabe, ndondomeko , ngakhale kukhalapo kwa matekinoloje osiyanasiyana monga DNSSEC/DANE, DNScrypt, DNS-over-TLS ndi DNS-over-HTTPS, adayimitsidwa. Ndipo ngati mayankho a seva, ndipo ena mwa iwo akhalapo kwa nthawi yayitali, amadziwika kwambiri komanso amapezeka, chithandizo chawo kuchokera ku mapulogalamu a kasitomala chimasiya kufunidwa.
Mwamwayi, zinthu zikusintha. Makamaka, omwe amapanga msakatuli wotchuka wa Firefox za mapulani kuti athe kuthandizira mode mwachisawawa (DoH) posachedwa. Izi zikuyenera kuteteza kuchuluka kwa magalimoto a DNS a WWW ku ziwopsezo zomwe zili pamwambapa, koma zitha kuyambitsa zatsopano.
1. Mavuto a DNS-over-HTTPS
Kungoyang'ana koyamba, kuyambika kwakukulu kwa DNS-over-HTTPS mu pulogalamu yapaintaneti kumabweretsa zabwino zokha. Komabe, mdierekezi, monga akunena, ali mwatsatanetsatane.
Vuto loyamba lomwe limachepetsa kuchuluka kwa ntchito kwa DoH ndikungoyang'ana pa intaneti. Zowonadi, HTTP protocol ndi mtundu wake wapano wa HTTP/2, pomwe DoH idakhazikitsidwa, ndiwo maziko a WWW. Koma intaneti si intaneti yokha. Pali mautumiki ambiri otchuka, monga imelo, amithenga osiyanasiyana pompopompo, makina otengera mafayilo, makanema ojambula pamanja, etc., omwe sagwiritsa ntchito HTTP. Chifukwa chake, ngakhale ambiri a DoH amawona ngati njira yothetsera vutoli, zimakhala zosagwira ntchito popanda kuyesetsa kowonjezera (komanso kosafunikira) pa china chilichonse kupatula matekinoloje asakatuli. Mwa njira, DNS-over-TLS ikuwoneka ngati woyenera kwambiri paudindowu, womwe umakhazikitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa magalimoto wamba a DNS mu protocol yotetezedwa ya TLS.
Vuto lachiwiri, lomwe lingakhale lofunika kwambiri kuposa loyamba, ndikusiyidwa kwenikweni kwa kugawikana kwa DNS ndi mapangidwe mokomera kugwiritsa ntchito seva imodzi ya DoH yomwe yatchulidwa pasakatuli. Makamaka, Mozilla akuwonetsa kugwiritsa ntchito ntchito kuchokera ku Cloudflare. Ntchito yofananayi idayambitsidwanso ndi anthu ena otchuka pa intaneti, makamaka Google. Zikuoneka kuti kukhazikitsidwa kwa DNS-over-HTTPS mu mawonekedwe omwe akufunsidwa pano kumangowonjezera kudalira kwa ogwiritsa ntchito kumapeto kwa ntchito zazikuluzikulu. Si chinsinsi kuti chidziwitso chomwe kusanthula kwa mafunso a DNS kungapereke kumatha kusonkhanitsa zambiri za izo, komanso kuonjezera kulondola kwake komanso kufunikira kwake.
Pachifukwa ichi, wolembayo anali ndipo adakali wothandizira kukhazikitsidwa kwakukulu osati kwa DNS-over-HTTPS, koma DNS-over-TLS pamodzi ndi DNSSEC/DANE monga chilengedwe chonse, chotetezeka komanso chosathandiza kupititsa patsogolo njira za intaneti. kuonetsetsa chitetezo cha magalimoto a DNS. Tsoka ilo, pazifukwa zodziwikiratu, munthu sangayembekezere kuyambitsidwa kwachangu kwa chithandizo chambiri cha njira zina za DoH kukhala pulogalamu yamakasitomala, ndipo akadali dera la okonda ukadaulo wachitetezo.
Koma popeza tsopano tili ndi DoH, bwanji osaigwiritsa ntchito pambuyo pothawa kuyang'aniridwa ndi mabungwe kudzera pa maseva awo kupita ku seva yathu ya DNS-over-HTTPS?
2. DNS-over-HTTPS protocol
Ngati muyang'ana pa muyezo pofotokoza protocol ya DNS-over-HTTPS, mutha kuwona kuti, kwenikweni, ndi API yapaintaneti yomwe imakulolani kuti muphatikize phukusi la DNS lokhazikika mu protocol ya HTTP/2. Izi zimayendetsedwa kudzera pamitu yapadera ya HTTP, komanso kutembenuka kwa mawonekedwe a binary a data ya DNS (onani. ndi zolemba zotsatila) kukhala mawonekedwe omwe amakulolani kuti muwatumize ndikuwalandira, komanso kugwira ntchito ndi metadata yofunikira.
Malinga ndi muyezo, HTTP/2 yokha ndi kulumikizana kotetezeka kwa TLS ndizomwe zimathandizidwa.
Kutumiza pempho la DNS kutha kuchitidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira za GET ndi POST. Pachiyambi choyamba, pempholi limasinthidwa kukhala chingwe cha base64URL-encoded, ndipo chachiwiri, kupyolera mu thupi la pempho la POST mu mawonekedwe a binary. Pankhaniyi, mtundu wapadera wa data wa MIME umagwiritsidwa ntchito panthawi ya pempho la DNS ndi kuyankha ntchito/dns-message.
root@eprove:~ # curl -H 'accept: application/dns-message' 'https://my.domaint/dns-query?dns=q80BAAABAAAAAAAAB2V4YW1wbGUDY29tAAABAAE' -v
* Trying 2001:100:200:300::400:443...
* TCP_NODELAY set
* Connected to eprove.net (2001:100:200:300::400) port 443 (#0)
* ALPN, offering h2
* ALPN, offering http/1.1
* successfully set certificate verify locations:
* CAfile: /usr/local/share/certs/ca-root-nss.crt
CApath: none
* TLSv1.3 (OUT), TLS handshake, Client hello (1):
* TLSv1.3 (IN), TLS handshake, Server hello (2):
* TLSv1.3 (IN), TLS handshake, Encrypted Extensions (8):
* TLSv1.3 (IN), TLS handshake, Certificate (11):
* TLSv1.3 (IN), TLS handshake, CERT verify (15):
* TLSv1.3 (IN), TLS handshake, Finished (20):
* TLSv1.3 (OUT), TLS change cipher, Change cipher spec (1):
* TLSv1.3 (OUT), TLS handshake, Finished (20):
* SSL connection using TLSv1.3 / TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384
* ALPN, server accepted to use h2
* Server certificate:
* subject: CN=my.domain
* start date: Jul 22 00:07:13 2019 GMT
* expire date: Oct 20 00:07:13 2019 GMT
* subjectAltName: host "my.domain" matched cert's "my.domain"
* issuer: C=US; O=Let's Encrypt; CN=Let's Encrypt Authority X3
* SSL certificate verify ok.
* Using HTTP2, server supports multi-use
* Connection state changed (HTTP/2 confirmed)
* Copying HTTP/2 data in stream buffer to connection buffer after upgrade: len=0
* Using Stream ID: 1 (easy handle 0x801441000)
> GET /dns-query?dns=q80BAAABAAAAAAAAB2V4YW1wbGUDY29tAAABAAE HTTP/2
> Host: eprove.net
> User-Agent: curl/7.65.3
> accept: application/dns-message
>
* TLSv1.3 (IN), TLS handshake, Newsession Ticket (4):
* Connection state changed (MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS == 100)!
< HTTP/2 200
< server: h2o/2.3.0-beta2
< content-type: application/dns-message
< cache-control: max-age=86274
< date: Thu, 12 Sep 2019 13:07:25 GMT
< strict-transport-security: max-age=15768000; includeSubDomains; preload
< content-length: 45
<
Warning: Binary output can mess up your terminal. Use "--output -" to tell
Warning: curl to output it to your terminal anyway, or consider "--output
Warning: <FILE>" to save to a file.
* Failed writing body (0 != 45)
* stopped the pause stream!
* Connection #0 to host eprove.net left intactKomanso tcherani khutu kumutu cache control: poyankha kuchokera pa seva yapaintaneti. Mu parameter zaka zambiri ili ndi mtengo wa TTL wa mbiri ya DNS yomwe ikubwezedwa (kapena mtengo wocheperako ngati seti yake ikubwezeredwa).
Kutengera zomwe tafotokozazi, kagwiridwe ka ntchito ka seva ya DoH kumakhala ndi magawo angapo.
- Landirani pempho la HTTP. Ngati ili ndi GET ndiye sinthani paketiyo kuchokera pa encoding ya base64URL.
- Tumizani paketi iyi ku seva ya DNS.
- Pezani yankho kuchokera ku seva ya DNS
- Pezani mtengo wocheperako wa TTL m'marekodi omwe mwalandira.
- Bweretsani yankho kwa kasitomala kudzera pa HTTP.
3. Seva yanu ya DNS-over-HTTPS
Njira yosavuta, yachangu komanso yothandiza kwambiri yoyendetsera seva yanu ya DNS-over-HTTPS ndikugwiritsa ntchito seva yapaintaneti ya HTTP/2. , zomwe wolemba adalemba kale mwachidule (onani "").
Kusankha kumeneku kumathandizidwa ndi mfundo yakuti ma code onse a seva yanu ya DoH akhoza kukhazikitsidwa mokwanira pogwiritsa ntchito womasulira wophatikizidwa mu H2O yokha. . Kuphatikiza pa malaibulale okhazikika, kuti musinthanitse deta ndi seva ya DNS, muyenera laibulale ya (mrbgem) Socket, yomwe, mwamwayi, idaphatikizidwa kale mu mtundu wamakono wa H2O 2.3.0-beta2 m'madoko a FreeBSD. Komabe, sizovuta kuwonjezera ku mtundu uliwonse wam'mbuyomu popanga chosungira ku katalogu /deps asanasankhidwe.
root@beta:~ # uname -v
FreeBSD 12.0-RELEASE-p10 GENERIC
root@beta:~ # cd /usr/ports/www/h2o
root@beta:/usr/ports/www/h2o # make extract
===> License MIT BSD2CLAUSE accepted by the user
===> h2o-2.2.6 depends on file: /usr/local/sbin/pkg - found
===> Fetching all distfiles required by h2o-2.2.6 for building
===> Extracting for h2o-2.2.6.
=> SHA256 Checksum OK for h2o-h2o-v2.2.6_GH0.tar.gz.
===> h2o-2.2.6 depends on file: /usr/local/bin/ruby26 - found
root@beta:/usr/ports/www/h2o # cd work/h2o-2.2.6/deps/
root@beta:/usr/ports/www/h2o/work/h2o-2.2.6/deps # git clone https://github.com/iij/mruby-socket.git
ΠΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² Β«mruby-socketΒ»β¦
remote: Enumerating objects: 385, done.
remote: Total 385 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0), pack-reused 385
ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²: 100% (385/385), 98.02 KiB | 647.00 KiB/s, Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎ.
ΠΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ: 100% (208/208), Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎ.
root@beta:/usr/ports/www/h2o/work/h2o-2.2.6/deps # ll
total 181
drwxr-xr-x 9 root wheel 18 12 Π°Π²Π³. 16:09 brotli/
drwxr-xr-x 2 root wheel 4 12 Π°Π²Π³. 16:09 cloexec/
drwxr-xr-x 2 root wheel 5 12 Π°Π²Π³. 16:09 golombset/
drwxr-xr-x 4 root wheel 35 12 Π°Π²Π³. 16:09 klib/
drwxr-xr-x 2 root wheel 5 12 Π°Π²Π³. 16:09 libgkc/
drwxr-xr-x 4 root wheel 26 12 Π°Π²Π³. 16:09 libyrmcds/
drwxr-xr-x 13 root wheel 32 12 Π°Π²Π³. 16:09 mruby/
drwxr-xr-x 5 root wheel 11 12 Π°Π²Π³. 16:09 mruby-digest/
drwxr-xr-x 5 root wheel 10 12 Π°Π²Π³. 16:09 mruby-dir/
drwxr-xr-x 5 root wheel 10 12 Π°Π²Π³. 16:09 mruby-env/
drwxr-xr-x 4 root wheel 9 12 Π°Π²Π³. 16:09 mruby-errno/
drwxr-xr-x 5 root wheel 14 12 Π°Π²Π³. 16:09 mruby-file-stat/
drwxr-xr-x 5 root wheel 10 12 Π°Π²Π³. 16:09 mruby-iijson/
drwxr-xr-x 5 root wheel 11 12 Π°Π²Π³. 16:09 mruby-input-stream/
drwxr-xr-x 6 root wheel 11 12 Π°Π²Π³. 16:09 mruby-io/
drwxr-xr-x 5 root wheel 10 12 Π°Π²Π³. 16:09 mruby-onig-regexp/
drwxr-xr-x 4 root wheel 10 12 Π°Π²Π³. 16:09 mruby-pack/
drwxr-xr-x 5 root wheel 10 12 Π°Π²Π³. 16:09 mruby-require/
drwxr-xr-x 6 root wheel 10 12 ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ. 16:10 mruby-socket/
drwxr-xr-x 2 root wheel 9 12 Π°Π²Π³. 16:09 neverbleed/
drwxr-xr-x 2 root wheel 13 12 Π°Π²Π³. 16:09 picohttpparser/
drwxr-xr-x 2 root wheel 4 12 Π°Π²Π³. 16:09 picotest/
drwxr-xr-x 9 root wheel 16 12 Π°Π²Π³. 16:09 picotls/
drwxr-xr-x 4 root wheel 8 12 Π°Π²Π³. 16:09 ssl-conservatory/
drwxr-xr-x 8 root wheel 18 12 Π°Π²Π³. 16:09 yaml/
drwxr-xr-x 2 root wheel 8 12 Π°Π²Π³. 16:09 yoml/
root@beta:/usr/ports/www/h2o/work/h2o-2.2.6/deps # cd ../../..
root@beta:/usr/ports/www/h2o # make install clean
...Kukonzekera kwa seva yapaintaneti nthawi zambiri kumakhala kokhazikika.
root@beta:/usr/ports/www/h2o # cd /usr/local/etc/h2o/
root@beta:/usr/local/etc/h2o # cat h2o.conf
# this sample config gives you a feel for how h2o can be used
# and a high-security configuration for TLS and HTTP headers
# see https://h2o.examp1e.net/ for detailed documentation
# and h2o --help for command-line options and settings
# v.20180207 (c)2018 by Max Kostikov http://kostikov.co e-mail: [email protected]
user: www
pid-file: /var/run/h2o.pid
access-log:
path: /var/log/h2o/h2o-access.log
format: "%h %v %l %u %t "%r" %s %b "%{Referer}i" "%{User-agent}i""
error-log: /var/log/h2o/h2o-error.log
expires: off
compress: on
file.dirlisting: off
file.send-compressed: on
file.index: [ 'index.html', 'index.php' ]
listen:
port: 80
listen:
port: 443
ssl:
cipher-suite: ECDHE-ECDSA-CHACHA20-POLY1305:ECDHE-RSA-CHACHA20-POLY1305:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:DHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:DHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-SHA:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-SHA384:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-SHA:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA:DHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256:DHE-RSA-AES128-SHA:DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA256:DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA:ECDHE-ECDSA-DES-CBC3-SHA:ECDHE-RSA-DES-CBC3-SHA:EDH-RSA-DES-CBC3-SHA:AES128-GCM-SHA256:AES256-GCM-SHA384:AES128-SHA256:AES256-SHA256:AES128-SHA:AES256-SHA:DES-CBC3-SHA:!DSS
cipher-preference: server
dh-file: /etc/ssl/dhparams.pem
certificate-file: /usr/local/etc/letsencrypt/live/eprove.net/fullchain.pem
key-file: /usr/local/etc/letsencrypt/live/my.domain/privkey.pem
hosts:
"*.my.domain":
paths: &go_tls
"/":
redirect:
status: 301
url: https://my.domain/
"my.domain:80":
paths: *go_tls
"my.domain:443":
header.add: "Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=15768000; includeSubDomains; preload"
paths:
"/dns-query":
mruby.handler-file: /usr/local/etc/h2o/h2odoh.rbChotsalira chokha ndi chogwirizira ulalo /dns-query zomwe seva yathu ya DNS-over-HTTPS, yolembedwa mruby ndikuyitanidwa kudzera pa chogwirizira, ndiyomwe ili ndi udindo. mruby.handler-file.
root@beta:/usr/local/etc/h2o # cat h2odoh.rb
# H2O HTTP/2 web server as DNS-over-HTTP service
# v.20190908 (c)2018-2019 Max Kostikov https://kostikov.co e-mail: [email protected]
proc {|env|
if env['HTTP_ACCEPT'] == "application/dns-message"
case env['REQUEST_METHOD']
when "GET"
req = env['QUERY_STRING'].gsub(/^dns=/,'')
# base64URL decode
req = req.tr("-_", "+/")
if !req.end_with?("=") && req.length % 4 != 0
req = req.ljust((req.length + 3) & ~3, "=")
end
req = req.unpack1("m")
when "POST"
req = env['rack.input'].read
else
req = ""
end
if req.empty?
[400, { 'content-type' => 'text/plain' }, [ "Bad Request" ]]
else
# --- ask DNS server
sock = UDPSocket.new
sock.connect("localhost", 53)
sock.send(req, 0)
str = sock.recv(4096)
sock.close
# --- find lowest TTL in response
nans = str[6, 2].unpack1('n') # number of answers
if nans > 0 # no DNS failure
shift = 12
ttl = 0
while nans > 0
# process domain name compression
if str[shift].unpack1("C") < 192
shift = str.index("x00", shift) + 5
if ttl == 0 # skip question section
next
end
end
shift += 6
curttl = str[shift, 4].unpack1('N')
shift += str[shift + 4, 2].unpack1('n') + 6 # responce data size
if ttl == 0 or ttl > curttl
ttl = curttl
end
nans -= 1
end
cc = 'max-age=' + ttl.to_s
else
cc = 'no-cache'
end
[200, { 'content-type' => 'application/dns-message', 'content-length' => str.size, 'cache-control' => cc }, [ str ] ]
end
else
[415, { 'content-type' => 'text/plain' }, [ "Unsupported Media Type" ]]
end
}Chonde dziwani kuti seva yapa caching ya komweko ili ndi udindo wokonza mapaketi a DNS, pakadali pano kuchokera pagawo lokhazikika la FreeBSD. Kuchokera pamalingaliro achitetezo, iyi ndiye njira yabwino kwambiri. Komabe, palibe chomwe chimakulepheretsani kusintha localhost ku adilesi ina ya DNS yomwe mukufuna kugwiritsa ntchito.
root@beta:/usr/local/etc/h2o # local-unbound verison
usage: local-unbound [options]
start unbound daemon DNS resolver.
-h this help
-c file config file to read instead of /var/unbound/unbound.conf
file format is described in unbound.conf(5).
-d do not fork into the background.
-p do not create a pidfile.
-v verbose (more times to increase verbosity)
Version 1.8.1
linked libs: mini-event internal (it uses select), OpenSSL 1.1.1a-freebsd 20 Nov 2018
linked modules: dns64 respip validator iterator
BSD licensed, see LICENSE in source package for details.
Report bugs to [email protected]
root@eprove:/usr/local/etc/h2o # sockstat -46 | grep unbound
unbound local-unbo 69749 3 udp6 ::1:53 *:*
unbound local-unbo 69749 4 tcp6 ::1:53 *:*
unbound local-unbo 69749 5 udp4 127.0.0.1:53 *:*
unbound local-unbo 69749 6 tcp4 127.0.0.1:53 *:*Zomwe zatsala ndikuyambitsanso H2O ndikuwona zomwe zimachokera.
root@beta:/usr/local/etc/h2o # service h2o restart
Stopping h2o.
Waiting for PIDS: 69871.
Starting h2o.
start_server (pid:70532) starting now...4. Kuyesedwa
Chifukwa chake, tiyeni tiwone zotsatira zake potumizanso pempho loyeserera ndikuyang'ana kuchuluka kwa maukonde pogwiritsa ntchito zofunikira wcputu.
root@beta/usr/local/etc/h2o # curl -H 'accept: application/dns-message' 'https://my.domain/dns-query?dns=q80BAAABAAAAAAAAB2V4YW1wbGUDY29tAAABAAE'
Warning: Binary output can mess up your terminal. Use "--output -" to tell
Warning: curl to output it to your terminal anyway, or consider "--output
Warning: <FILE>" to save to a file.
...
root@beta:~ # tcpdump -n -i lo0 udp port 53 -xx -XX -vv
tcpdump: listening on lo0, link-type NULL (BSD loopback), capture size 262144 bytes
16:32:40.420831 IP (tos 0x0, ttl 64, id 37575, offset 0, flags [none], proto UDP (17), length 57, bad cksum 0 (->e9ea)!)
127.0.0.1.21070 > 127.0.0.1.53: [bad udp cksum 0xfe38 -> 0x33e3!] 43981+ A? example.com. (29)
0x0000: 0200 0000 4500 0039 92c7 0000 4011 0000 ....E..9....@...
0x0010: 7f00 0001 7f00 0001 524e 0035 0025 fe38 ........RN.5.%.8
0x0020: abcd 0100 0001 0000 0000 0000 0765 7861 .............exa
0x0030: 6d70 6c65 0363 6f6d 0000 0100 01 mple.com.....
16:32:40.796507 IP (tos 0x0, ttl 64, id 37590, offset 0, flags [none], proto UDP (17), length 73, bad cksum 0 (->e9cb)!)
127.0.0.1.53 > 127.0.0.1.21070: [bad udp cksum 0xfe48 -> 0x43fa!] 43981 q: A? example.com. 1/0/0 example.com. A 93.184.216.34 (45)
0x0000: 0200 0000 4500 0049 92d6 0000 4011 0000 ....E..I....@...
0x0010: 7f00 0001 7f00 0001 0035 524e 0035 fe48 .........5RN.5.H
0x0020: abcd 8180 0001 0001 0000 0000 0765 7861 .............exa
0x0030: 6d70 6c65 0363 6f6d 0000 0100 01c0 0c00 mple.com........
0x0040: 0100 0100 0151 8000 045d b8d8 22 .....Q...].."
^C
2 packets captured
23 packets received by filter
0 packets dropped by kernelZotulutsa zikuwonetsa momwe pempho lingathetsere adilesi chitsanzo.com idalandiridwa ndikukonzedwa bwino ndi seva ya DNS.
Tsopano chomwe chatsala ndikutsegula seva yathu mu msakatuli wa Firefox. Kuti muchite izi, muyenera kusintha makonda angapo pamasamba osinthika za: config.
Choyamba, iyi ndi adilesi ya API yathu pomwe msakatuli adzafunsira zambiri za DNS network.trr.uri. Ndikulimbikitsidwanso kuti mutchule dzina la IP kuchokera pa URL iyi kuti mukhale otetezeka a IP pogwiritsa ntchito msakatuli womwewo popanda kulowa mu DNS network.trr.bootstrapAddress. Ndipo potsiriza, parameter yokha network.trr.mode kuphatikiza kugwiritsa ntchito DoH. Kuyika mtengo kukhala "3" kudzakakamiza msakatuli kuti agwiritse ntchito DNS-over-HTTPS yokha kuti asinthe dzina, pomwe "2" yodalirika komanso yotetezeka idzaika patsogolo DoH, kusiya kuyang'ana kwa DNS ngati njira yobwerera.
5. PHINDU!
Kodi nkhaniyi inali yothandiza? Ndiye chonde musachite manyazi ndikuthandizira ndi ndalama kudzera mu fomu yopereka (pansipa).
Source: www.habr.com