Mutha kupeza zida zambiri za protocol ya RSTP pa intaneti. M'nkhaniyi, ndikufanizira RSTP protocol ndi proprietary protocol kuchokera - Kuwonjezedwa kwa mphete Kudumpha.
Tsatanetsatane wa Kukhazikitsa kwa RSTP
Mfundo zambiri
Convergence nthawi - 1-10 s
N'zotheka topology - iliyonse
Ambiri amakhulupirira kuti RSTP imangolola masiwichi kuti agwirizane ndi mphete:
Koma RSTP imakupatsani mwayi wolumikiza masiwichi mwanjira iliyonse yomwe mukufuna. Mwachitsanzo, RSTP imatha kuthana ndi topology iyi.
Mfundo yogwirira ntchito
RSTP imachepetsa topology iliyonse kukhala mtengo. Chimodzi mwa masiwichi chimakhala pakati pa topology - chosinthira mizu. Mizu yosinthira imanyamula zambiri kudzera mwa iyo yokha.
Mfundo yogwiritsira ntchito RSTP ndi motere:
- mphamvu imaperekedwa ku masiwichi;
- chosinthira mizu chimasankhidwa;
- masiwichi otsala amasankha njira yofulumira kwambiri yolowera muzu;
- njira zotsalira zatsekedwa ndikukhala zosunga zobwezeretsera.
Kusankha Root Switch
Kusinthana ndi RSTP kusinthanitsa mapaketi a BPDU. BPDU ndi paketi yautumiki yomwe ili ndi zambiri za RSTP. BPDU imabwera m'mitundu iwiri:
- Kusintha kwa BPDU.
- Chidziwitso cha Kusintha kwa Topology.
Kukonzekera kwa BPDU kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga topology. Chosinthira muzu chokha chimatumiza. Kusintha kwa BPDU kuli:
- ID ya wotumiza (ID ya Bridge);
- ID ya Root Bridge;
- chizindikiritso cha doko lomwe paketiyi idatumizidwa (Port ID);
- mtengo wanjira yopita ku switch switch (Root Path Cost).
Kusintha kulikonse kumatha kutumiza Chidziwitso cha Kusintha kwa Topology. Amatumizidwa pamene topology ikusintha.
Mukayatsa, masiwichi onse amadziona ngati ma switch a mizu. Amayamba kutumiza mapaketi a BPDU. Chosinthira chikangolandira BPDU yokhala ndi ID yotsika ya Bridge kuposa yake, sichidziwonanso ngati chosinthira muzu.
Bridge ID ili ndi zinthu ziwiri - adilesi ya MAC ndi Bridge Priority. Sitingathe kusintha adilesi ya MAC. Bridge Priority mwachisawawa ndi 32768. Ngati simusintha Bridge Priority, switch yomwe ili ndi adilesi yotsika kwambiri ya MAC ikhala mizu yosinthira. Kusintha kokhala ndi adilesi yaying'ono kwambiri ya MAC ndi yakale kwambiri ndipo mwina sikungakhale kothandiza kwambiri. Ndikofunikira kuti mufotokozere pamanja kusintha kwa mizu ya topology yanu. Kuti muchite izi, muyenera kukhazikitsa Bridge yaing'ono (mwachitsanzo, 0) pa switch switch. Mutha kufotokozeranso zosinthira zosunga zosunga zobwezeretsera pozipereka kwa Bridge Priority yapamwamba pang'ono (mwachitsanzo, 4096).
Kusankha njira yopita ku root switch
Kusintha kwa mizu kumatumiza mapaketi a BPDU kumadoko onse omwe akugwira ntchito. BPDU ili ndi gawo la Path Cost. Path Cost ikuwonetsa mtengo wanjira. Mtengo wokwera wa njirayo, umatenga nthawi yayitali kuti paketi itumizidwe. BPDU ikadutsa padoko, mtengo umawonjezeredwa kumunda wa Path Cost. Nambala yowonjezeredwa imatchedwa Port Cost.
Imawonjezera mtengo wina ku Path Cost pamene BPDU idutsa padoko. Mtengo womwe umawonjezera umatchedwa mtengo wadoko ndipo ukhoza kudziwidwa pamanja kapena zokha. Mtengo wa Port ungadziwike pamanja kapena zokha.
Pamene chosinthira chopanda mizu chili ndi njira zingapo zolowera muzu, chimasankha yothamanga kwambiri. Imafananiza Mtengo wa Njira zanjira izi. Doko lomwe BPDU idabwera ndi Njira yotsika mtengo kwambiri imakhala Root Port.
Mitengo yamadoko yomwe imaperekedwa yokha imatha kuwonedwa patebulo:
Mtengo wa Port Baud
Mtengo wa doko
10 Mbps
2 000 000
100 Mbps
200 000
1 Gb / s
20 000
10 Gb / s
2 000
Maudindo adoko ndi ma status
Kusintha madoko ali ndi masitepe angapo komanso ntchito zamadoko.
Zolemba padoko (za STP):
- Woyima - osagwira ntchito.
- Kutsekereza - kumamvera BPDU, koma sikutumiza. Satumiza deta.
- Kumvetsera - kumvetsera ndi kufalitsa BPDU. Satumiza deta.
- Kuphunzira - kumvetsera ndi kufalitsa BPDU. Kukonzekera kusamutsa deta - imadzaza tebulo la adilesi ya MAC.
- Kutumiza - kutumiza deta, kumvera ndi kutumiza BPDU.
STP convergence nthawi ndi 30-50 masekondi. Mukayatsa chosinthira, madoko onse amadutsa ma status onse. Doko limakhalabe pamalo aliwonse kwa masekondi angapo. Mfundo yoyendetsera ntchitoyi ndichifukwa chake STP ili ndi nthawi yayitali yolumikizana. RSTP ili ndi madoko ochepa.
Makhalidwe adoko (za RSTP):
- Kutaya - osagwira ntchito.
- Kutaya - kumamvera BPDU, koma sikutumiza. Satumiza deta.
- Kutaya - kumvetsera ndi kufalitsa BPDU. Satumiza deta.
- Kuphunzira - kumvetsera ndi kufalitsa BPDU. Kukonzekera kusamutsa deta - imadzaza tebulo la adilesi ya MAC.
- Kutumiza - kutumiza deta, kumvera ndi kutumiza BPDU.
- Mu RSTP, ziwerengero za Olemala, Kuletsa ndi Kumvetsera zimaphatikizidwa kukhala chimodzi - Kutaya.
Maudindo padoko:
- Root port - doko lomwe deta imatumizidwa. Imakhala ngati njira yofulumira kwambiri yolowera muzu.
- Doko losankhidwa - doko lomwe deta imatumizidwa. Zimatanthauziridwa pagawo lililonse la LAN.
- Doko lina - doko lomwe data silimatumizidwa. Ndi njira ina yosinthira mizu.
- Doko losunga zosunga zobwezeretsera - doko lomwe data silimasamutsidwa. Ndi njira yosunga zobwezeretsera gawo lomwe doko limodzi lothandizira RSTP lalumikizidwa kale. Doko losunga zobwezeretsera limagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira ziwiri zosinthira zilumikizidwa ndi gawo limodzi (werengani hub).
- Doko lolemala - RSTP ndiyoyimitsidwa padoko ili.
Kusankhidwa kwa Root Port kwafotokozedwa pamwambapa. Kodi Doko Losankhidwa limasankhidwa bwanji?
Choyamba, tiyeni tifotokoze chomwe gawo la LAN ndi. Gawo la LAN ndi gawo la kugundana. Kwa chosinthira kapena rauta, doko lililonse limapanga dera losiyana. Gawo la LAN ndi njira pakati pa ma switch kapena ma routers. Ngati tilankhula za hub, ndiye kuti malowa ali ndi madoko ake onse mumalo ogundana omwewo.
Doko Lokha Lokha Lokha limaperekedwa pagawo lililonse.
Pankhani ya magawo omwe ali kale Root Ports, zonse zimveka bwino. Doko lachiwiri pagawoli limakhala Doko Losankhidwa.
Koma patsala mayendedwe osunga zobwezeretsera, pomwe padzakhala Doko Lokhalo limodzi ndi Doko lina Limodzi. Kodi adzasankhidwa bwanji? Doko Losankhidwa lidzakhala doko lomwe lili ndi Njira yotsika kwambiri yolowera muzu. Ngati Mtengo wa Njira ndi wofanana, ndiye kuti Doko Losankhidwa lidzakhala doko lomwe lili pa switch ndi ID yotsika kwambiri ya Bridge. Ngati ID ya Bridge ndi yofanana, ndiye kuti Doko Losankhidwa limakhala doko lomwe lili ndi nambala yotsika kwambiri. Doko lachiwiri lidzakhala Losintha.
Pali mfundo imodzi yomaliza: ndi liti pamene gawo la Backup liperekedwa ku doko? Monga momwe zalembedwera kale, doko la Backup limagwiritsidwa ntchito pokhapokha ngati njira ziwiri zosinthira zilumikizidwa ndi gawo lomwelo, ndiye kuti, ku hub. Pankhaniyi, Portated Port imasankhidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zomwezo:
- Njira Yotsika Kwambiri Mtengo wopita ku switch switch.
- Waling'ono Bridge ID.
- Dongosolo Laling'ono Kwambiri ID.
Chiwerengero chochulukira cha zida pamanetiweki
Muyezo wa IEEE 802.1D ulibe zofunikira zokhwima pa kuchuluka kwa zida pa LAN yokhala ndi RSTP. Koma muyezo umalimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito zosaposa 7 masiwichi mu nthambi imodzi (osapitirira 7 hops), i.e. osapitirira 15 mu mphete. Mtengo uwu ukadutsa, nthawi yolumikizana ndi maukonde imayamba kuwonjezeka.
Zambiri za ERR.
Mfundo zambiri
Convergence nthawi
Nthawi yolumikizira ERR ndi 15 ms. Ndi kuchuluka kwa masinthidwe mu mphete ndi kukhalapo kwa mphete zolumikizirana - 18 ms.
N'zotheka topology
ERR siyilola zida kuti ziphatikizidwe momasuka ngati RSTP. ERR ili ndi ma topology omveka bwino omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito:
- Lembani
- Mphete yobwereza
- Gwirizanitsani mpaka mphete zitatu
Lembani
Pamene ERR ikuphatikiza masiwichi onse kukhala mphete imodzi, ndiye pa switch iliyonse ndikofunikira kukonza madoko omwe adzachita nawo pomanga mphete.
mphete ziwiri
Kusintha kungaphatikizidwe kukhala mphete iwiri, yomwe imawonjezera kwambiri kudalirika kwa mphete.
Zoletsa pawiri:
- Mphete yapawiri singagwiritsidwe ntchito polumikizira masiwichi ndi mphete zina. Kuti muchite izi muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito Ring Coupling.
- Mphete iwiri singagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati mphete yokwerera.
Kumangirira mphete
Mukalumikizana, sipangakhale zida zopitilira 200 pamaneti.
Kuphatikiza mphete kumaphatikizapo kuphatikiza mphete zotsalazo kukhala mphete ina.
Ngati mpheteyo ilumikizidwa ndi mphete yolumikizirana kudzera pa switch imodzi, ndiye kuti izi zimatchedwa kulumikiza mphete kudzera pa switch imodzi. Ngati masiwichi awiri kuchokera ku mphete yakomweko alumikizidwa ndi mphete ya mawonekedwe, ndiye izi zikhala kulumikizana ndi masiwichi awiri.
Mukalumikizana ndi chosinthira chimodzi pa chipangizocho, madoko onsewa amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Nthawi ya convergence mu nkhani iyi idzakhala pafupifupi 15-17 ms. Ndi kuphatikizika koteroko, chosinthira chophatikizira chidzakhala cholephera, chifukwa Potaya switch iyi, mphete yonse imatayika nthawi imodzi. Kulumikizana ndi masiwichi awiri kumapewa izi.
Ndizotheka kugwirizanitsa mphete zobwereza.
Kuwongolera Njira
Ntchito Yoyang'anira Njira imakupatsani mwayi wokonza madoko omwe deta idzapatsidwe mwachizolowezi. Ngati tchanelo chalephera ndipo netiweki imamangidwanso ku topology yosunga zobwezeretsera, ndiye kuti njirayo ikabwezeretsedwa, maukonde amamangidwanso ku topology yomwe yatchulidwa.
Mbali imeneyi amalola kupulumutsa pa zosunga zobwezeretsera chingwe. Komanso, topology yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pothetsa mavuto imadziwika nthawi zonse.
Topology yayikulu imasinthira ku topology yosunga zobwezeretsera mu 15 ms. Kusintha mmbuyo pamene netiweki yabwezeretsedwa idzatenga pafupifupi 30 ms.
Zolepheretsa:
- Sitingagwiritsidwe ntchito molumikizana ndi Dual Ring.
- Ntchitoyi iyenera kuyatsidwa pamasinthidwe onse a netiweki.
- Chimodzi mwa masinthidwewo chimakonzedwa ngati mbuye wa Path Control.
- Kusintha kwachindunji kupita ku topology yayikulu pambuyo pochira kumachitika pakatha sekondi imodzi mwachisawawa (gawoli lingasinthidwe pogwiritsa ntchito SNMP kuyambira 1 s mpaka 0 s).
Mfundo yogwirira ntchito
Mfundo yogwiritsira ntchito ERR
Mwachitsanzo, lingalirani masiwichi asanu ndi limodzi - 1-6. Masinthidwe amaphatikizidwa kukhala mphete. Kusintha kulikonse kumagwiritsa ntchito madoko awiri kuti alumikizane ndi mphete ndikusunga ma status awo. Imasinthira masitepe otumizirana madoko. Zipangizozi zimagwiritsa ntchito deta iyi kuti zikhazikitse momwe madoko ayambira.
Madoko ali ndi maudindo awiri okha - Yaletsedwa ΠΈ Kupititsa patsogolo.
Kusintha komwe kuli ndi adilesi yapamwamba kwambiri ya MAC kumatchinga doko lake. Madoko ena onse mu mphete akutumiza deta.
Ngati doko Loletsedwa lisiya kugwira ntchito, doko lotsatira lomwe lili ndi adilesi yapamwamba kwambiri ya MAC imatsekedwa.
Akangotsegulidwa, masiwichi amayamba kutumiza Ring Protocol Data Units (R-PDUs). R-PDU imafalitsidwa pogwiritsa ntchito ma multicast. R-PDU ndi uthenga wautumiki, monga BPDU mu RSTP. R-PDU ili ndi mawonekedwe osinthira ndi adilesi yake ya MAC.
Algorithm ya zochita ngati njira yalephera
Ulalo ukalephera, masiwichi amatumiza ma R-PDU kuti adziwitse kuti madoko asintha.
Algorithm ya zochita pobwezeretsa njira
Ulalo wolephera ukabwera pa intaneti, masiwichi amatumiza ma R-PDU kuti adziwitse madoko zakusintha kwa mawonekedwe.
Kusintha komwe kuli ndi adilesi yapamwamba ya MAC kumakhala kusintha kwatsopano.
Njira yolephera imakhala yosunga zobwezeretsera.
Pambuyo pa kubwezeretsedwa, imodzi mwa madoko a chiteshi imakhalabe yotsekedwa, ndipo yachiwiri imasamutsidwa kupita kumalo otumizira. Doko lotsekedwa limakhala doko lothamanga kwambiri. Ngati kuthamanga kuli kofanana, ndiye kuti doko losinthira lomwe lili ndi adilesi yapamwamba ya MAC lidzatsekedwa. Mfundoyi imakulolani kuti mutseke doko lomwe lidzasuntha kuchoka ku dziko lotsekedwa kupita kumalo otumizira pa liwiro lalikulu.
Chiwerengero chochulukira cha zida pamanetiweki
Chiwerengero chachikulu cha masinthidwe mu mphete ya ERR ndi 200.
Kugwirizana pakati pa ERR ndi RSTP
RSTP itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi ERR. Koma mphete ya RSTP ndi mphete ya ERR iyenera kungodutsana ndi switch imodzi.
Chidule
ERR ndiyabwino pakukonza ma topology. Mwachitsanzo, mphete kapena mphete yobwerezabwereza.
Ma topology oterowo nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pakuwonongeka kwa mafakitale.
Komanso, mothandizidwa ndi ERR, topology yachiwiri imatha kukhazikitsidwa mosadalirika, koma yotsika mtengo. Izi zitha kuchitika pogwiritsa ntchito mphete yobwereza.
Koma sizotheka kugwiritsa ntchito ERR nthawi zonse. Pali ndithu zosowa ziwembu. Tinayesa topology yotsatirayi ndi m'modzi mwa makasitomala athu.
Pankhaniyi, ERR sizingatheke kugwiritsa ntchito. Pachiwembu ichi tidagwiritsa ntchito RSTP. Makasitomala anali ndi chofunikira chokhazikika cha nthawi yolumikizana - zosakwana 3 s. Kuti tikwaniritse nthawiyi, kunali koyenera kufotokozera momveka bwino zosinthira mizu (zoyambirira ndi zosunga zobwezeretsera), komanso mtengo wa madoko mumachitidwe amanja.
Chotsatira chake, ERR ili ndi ubwino wodziwika bwino pa nthawi ya convergence, koma sichipereka kusinthasintha komwe RSTP imapereka.
Source: www.habr.com