Mutu wa cholembachi wakhala ukuyamba kwa nthawi yayitali. Ndipo ngakhale pempho la owerenga njira , Ndinkangofuna kulemba za ntchito yotetezeka ndi hydrogen peroxide, koma pamapeto pake, pazifukwa zosadziwika kwa ine (pano, inde!), Kuwerenga kwina kwautali kunapangidwa. Kusakaniza kwa popsci, mafuta a rocket, "coronavirus disinfection" ndi permanganometric titration. Bwanji kulondola sungani hydrogen peroxide, ndi zida zotani zodzitchinjiriza zomwe mungagwiritse ntchito mukamagwira ntchito komanso momwe mungapulumukire ngati mutakhala ndi poizoni - timayang'ana pansi.
ps kachilomboka pachithunzichi amatchedwa "bombardier". Ndipo adatayikanso kwinakwake pakati pa mankhwala :)
Odzipereka kwa "ana a peroxide" ...
M'bale wathu ankakonda hydrogen peroxide, o, momwe ankakondera. Ndimaganizira izi nthawi iliyonse ndikakumana ndi funso ngati "botolo la hydrogen peroxide laphulika. Zoyenera kuchita?" Mwa njira, ndimakumana nanu pafupipafupi :)
N'zosadabwitsa kuti m'madera post-Soviet hydrogen peroxide (3% yankho) - mmodzi wa ankakonda "anthu" antiseptics. Ndi kuthira pabala, ndi kuthira madzi m'madzi, ndi kuwononga coronavirus (posachedwa). Koma ngakhale zikuwoneka kuti ndizosavuta komanso zopezeka, reagent ndiyosamveka bwino, yomwe ndilankhulanso.
Nditayenda pa "nsonga" zachilengedwe ...
Tsopano zonse zomwe zili ndi prefix eco ndizowoneka bwino: zokometsera zachilengedwe, ma shampoos okonda zachilengedwe, zinthu zokomera chilengedwe. Monga ndikumvetsetsa, anthu amafuna kugwiritsa ntchito ma adjectives amenewa kuti asiyanitse zinthu zomwe zili ndi biogenic (ie, zomwe zimapezeka poyamba mu zamoyo) kuchokera kuzinthu zopangidwa mwangwiro ("hard chemistry"). Chifukwa chake, choyamba, mawu oyambira pang'ono, omwe ndikuyembekeza kuti agogomezera kuyanjana kwachilengedwe kwa hydrogen peroxide ndikuwonjezera chidaliro kwa anthu ambiri :)
Choncho, hydrogen peroxide ndi chiyani? Izi zosavuta peroxide pawiri, yomwe ili ndi maatomu awiri okosijeni nthawi imodzi (iwo olumikizidwa ndi chomangira -UU-). Kumene kuli kugwirizana kwa mtundu uwu, pali kusakhazikika, pali mpweya wa atomiki, ndi katundu wamphamvu wa okosijeni ndi chirichonse, chirichonse. Koma ngakhale kuopsa kwa mpweya wa atomiki, hydrogen peroxide ilipo mu zamoyo zambiri, kuphatikizapo. ndi mwa munthu. Imapangidwa muzachulukidwe kakang'ono panthawi yovuta yazachilengedwe komanso imakoketsa mapuloteni, membrane lipids komanso DNA (chifukwa cha ma radicals a peroxide). Thupi lathu, m'kati mwa chisinthiko, laphunzira kuthana ndi peroxide moyenera. Amachita izi mothandizidwa ndi enzyme ya superoxide dismutase, yomwe imawononga mankhwala a peroxide ku oxygen ndi hydrogen peroxide, kuphatikiza enzyme. amene amasintha peroxide kukhala mpweya ndi madzi kamodzi kapena kawiri.
Ma enzyme ndi okongola mumitundu ya XNUMXD
Anabisa pansi pa wowononga. Ndimakonda kuwayang'ana, koma mwadzidzidzi wina sakonda ...
Mwa njira, ndi chifukwa cha zochita za catalase, zomwe zilipo mu minofu ya thupi lathu, kuti magazi "amawomba" pochiza zilonda (padzakhala zolemba zosiyana za mabala pansipa).
Hydrogen peroxide imakhalanso ndi "ntchito yoteteza" yofunika mkati mwathu. Zamoyo zambiri zimakhala ndi organelle yosangalatsa (kapangidwe kofunikira kuti cell igwire ntchito) monga . Mapangidwe awa ndi ma lipid vesicles mkati mwake muli phata ngati galasi lopangidwa ndi biological tubular "". Njira zosiyanasiyana za biochemical zimachitika mkati mwa phata, chifukwa chake ... hydrogen peroxide imapangidwa kuchokera ku mpweya wa mumlengalenga ndi zovuta zowonongeka zamtundu wa lipid!
Koma chochititsa chidwi kwambiri apa ndi chomwe peroxide iyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, m'maselo a chiwindi ndi impso, H2O2 yopangidwa imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwononga ndi kuchepetsa poizoni wolowa m'magazi. Acetaldehyde, yomwe imapangidwa panthawi ya metabolism ya zakumwa zoledzeretsa,) - ichi ndi choyenera kwa antchito athu aang'ono osatopa a peroxisomes, ndi "amayi" hydrogen peroxide.
Kotero kuti zonse sizikuwoneka bwino ndi peroxides, mwadzidzidzi Ndiroleni ndikukumbutseni zamachitidwe a radiation pa minofu yamoyo. Mamolekyulu azinthu zachilengedwe amatenga mphamvu zama radiation ndikukhala ionized, i.e. kudutsa m'boma lothandizira kupanga zosakaniza zatsopano (nthawi zambiri zosafunikira kwenikweni m'thupi). Madzi ndi nthawi zambiri komanso osavuta kuyika ionization; zimachitika . Pamaso pa okosijeni, mothandizidwa ndi cheza cha ionizing, ma radicals aulere osiyanasiyana (OH- ndi ena monga iwo) ndi mankhwala a peroxide (H2O2 makamaka) amawuka.
The peroxides chifukwa mwachangu kucheza ndi mankhwala pawiri m`thupi. Ngakhale, ngati titengera chitsanzo cha superoxide anion (O2-) yomwe nthawi zina imapangidwa panthawi ya radiolysis, ndiyenera kunena kuti ion iyi imapangidwanso pansi pazikhalidwe zabwinobwino, m'thupi lathanzi, popanda ma radicals aulere. ΠΈ chitetezo chathu sichinathe kuwononga matenda a bakiteriya. Iwo. popanda izi konse Izi sizingatheke - zimatsagana ndi zochitika za biogenic oxidation. Vuto limabwera akakhala ambiri.
Ndiko kulimbana ndi mankhwala a peroxide "ochuluka" omwe anthu adatulukira zinthu monga antioxidants. Iwo ziletsa makutidwe ndi okosijeni njira organics zovuta ndi mapangidwe peroxides, etc. ma free radicals ndipo potero amachepetsa mlingo .
Kupsinjika kwa okosijeni ndi njira ya kuwonongeka kwa ma cell chifukwa cha okosijeni (= ma free radicals ambiri m'thupi)
Ngakhale, makamaka, maulumikizanowa sawonjezera china chatsopano ku zomwe zilipo kale, i.e. "Ma antioxidants amkati" - superoxide dismutase ndi catalase. Ndipo kawirikawiri, ngati kugwiritsidwa ntchito molakwika, kupanga antioxidants sikungathandize, koma kupsinjika komweku kwa okosijeni kudzawonjezekanso.
Nenani za "peroxide ndi mabala". Ngakhale kuti hydrogen peroxide imapangidwa m'makabati am'nyumba (komanso ogwira ntchito), pali umboni kuti kugwiritsa ntchito H2O2 kumasokoneza machiritso a zilonda ndikuyambitsa zipsera chifukwa peroxide. . Zochepa kwambiri zokha zimakhala ndi zotsatira zabwino (0,03% yankho, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti muyenera kusungunula 3% yankho lamankhwala nthawi 100), ndipo pokhapokha mutagwiritsa ntchito kamodzi. Mwa njira, "coronavirus okonzeka" 0,5% yankho nawonso . Chifukwa chake, monga akunena, khulupirirani, koma tsimikizirani.
Hydrogen peroxide m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku komanso "motsutsa coronavirus"
Ngati hydrogen peroxide imathanso kusintha Mowa kukhala acetaldehyde m'chiwindi, ndiye kuti zingakhale zachilendo kusagwiritsa ntchito ma okosijeni odabwitsawa m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito motere:
Theka la hydrogen peroxide onse opangidwa ndi makampani opanga mankhwala amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyeretsa mapadi ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mapepala. Malo achiwiri (20%) omwe amafunidwa amakhala ndi kupanga ma bleach osiyanasiyana otengera ma peroxides achilengedwe (sodium percarbonate, sodium perborate, etc., etc.). Izi peroxides (nthawi zambiri kuphatikiza ndi kuchepetsa kutentha kwa bleaching, chifukwa mchere wa peroxo sagwira ntchito pa kutentha pansi pa madigiri 60) amagwiritsidwa ntchito mumitundu yonse ya "Persol", ndi zina zotero. (mutha kuwona zambiri ). Kenaka pamabwera, ndi malire ang'onoang'ono, kupukuta kwa nsalu ndi ulusi (15%) ndi kuyeretsa madzi (10%). Ndipo potsiriza, gawo lomwe latsalira limagawidwa mofanana pakati pa zinthu za mankhwala ndi kugwiritsa ntchito hydrogen peroxide pazifukwa zachipatala. Ndikambirana mwatsatanetsatane mwatsatanetsatane chifukwa mwina mliri wa coronavirus usintha manambala omwe ali pachithunzicho (ngati sichinasinthe).
Hydrogen peroxide imagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachangu kuyeretsa malo osiyanasiyana (kuphatikiza zida zopangira opaleshoni) ndipo, posachedwa, komanso ngati mawonekedwe a nthunzi (yotchedwa - vaporized hydrogen peroxide) pochotsa malo. Chithunzi chomwe chili pansipa chikuwonetsa chitsanzo cha jenereta ya nthunzi yotere ya peroxide. Malo abwino kwambiri omwe sanafikebe kuzipatala zapakhomo ...
Nthawi zambiri, peroxide imasonyeza mphamvu yoteteza tizilombo toyambitsa matenda osiyanasiyana mavairasi, mabakiteriya, yisiti ndi spores bakiteriya. Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti kwa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa ma enzymes omwe amawola peroxide (otchedwa peroxidases, vuto lapadera lomwe ndi catalase tatchula pamwambapa), kulolerana (~ kukana) kungawonedwe. Izi ndizowona makamaka pamayankho omwe ali pansi pa 1%. Koma mpaka pano palibe, osati kachilombo, osati bakiteriya spore, akhoza kukana 3%, ndipo makamaka 6-10%.
M'malo mwake, pamodzi ndi mowa wa ethyl ndi isopropyl ndi sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide ili pamndandanda wamankhwala "ofunikira" adzidzidzi opha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda motsutsana ndi COVID-19. Ngakhale osati kuchokera ku COVID-19 kokha. koyambirira kwa coronavirus bacchanalia yonse, tili ndi owerenga mwachangu ntchito malangizo ochokera . Malingalirowa amagwira ntchito ku ma coronaviruses ambiri, makamaka COVID-19. Chifukwa chake ndikupangira kutsitsa ndikusindikiza nkhaniyi (kwa omwe ali ndi chidwi ndi nkhaniyi).
Chizindikiro chofunikira kwa mankhwala achichepere
Munthawi yomwe yadutsa kuchokera pomwe mliri udayamba, palibe chomwe chasintha kwambiri pokhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa ntchito. Koma chomwe chasintha, mwachitsanzo, ndi mitundu yomwe hydrogen peroxide ingagwiritsidwe ntchito. Pano ndikufuna kukumbukira nthawi yomweyo chikalatacho yokhala ndi zida zopangira mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Ndinkakonda zopukuta pamndandandawu (mwachikhalidwe, chifukwa ndimakonda zopukuta, ma hypochlorite , ndipo ndine 100% wokhutira nawo). Pankhaniyi, ndinali ndi chidwi ndi American mankhwala monga Oxivir Amapukuta (kapena kufanana kwake Oxivir 1 AmapukutaKuchokera ku Diversey Inc.
Pali zosakaniza zochepa zomwe zatchulidwa:
Hyrojeni Peroxide 0.5%
Zosavuta komanso zokoma. Koma kwa iwo omwe akufuna kubwereza izi ndikupukuta zopukuta zawo zonyowa, ndinena kuti kuwonjezera pa hydrogen peroxide, njira yopangira mimba ilinso:
Phosphoric acid (phosphoric acid - stabilizer) 1-5%
2-Hydroxybenzoic Acid (salicylic acid) 0,1-1,5%
Chifukwa chiyani "zonyansa" zonsezi zidzamveka bwino mukawerenga gawo la kukhazikika.
Kuphatikiza pa zolembazo, ndikufunanso kukumbutsani zomwe limanena kwa Oxivir yomwe yatchulidwa. Palibe chatsopano (chimodzimodzi ndi tebulo loyamba), koma ndimakonda ma virus angapo omwe amatha kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Ndi ma virus ati omwe angagonjetse peroxide?
Ndipo sindikadakhala ndekha ngati sindikadakukumbutsaninso za kuwonekera pakukonza. Monga kale (= monga nthawi zonse) tikulimbikitsidwa kutero Mukapukutidwa ndi zopukuta zonyowa, malo onse olimba, opanda porous amakhala onyowa kwa masekondi 30. (kapena kulibwinobe, miniti!) kuti muchotse zonse ndi aliyense (kuphatikizanso COVID-19 yanu).
Hydrogen peroxide ngati mankhwala
Tayenda m'tchire, tsopano ndi nthawi yoti tilembe za hydrogen peroxide kuchokera kumalingaliro a akatswiri. Mwamwayi, ndi funso ili (osati momwe peroxisome imawonekera) yomwe nthawi zambiri imakondweretsa wogwiritsa ntchito wosadziwa yemwe wasankha kugwiritsa ntchito H2O2 pazolinga zake. Tiyeni tiyambe ndi mawonekedwe a mbali zitatu (monga momwe ndikuwonera):
Momwe mtsikanayo Sasha amawonera mawonekedwewo, akuwopa kuti peroxide ikhoza kuphulika (zambiri pa izi pansipa)
"kuthamanga kwa cockerel kuchokera pansi"
Peroxide yoyera ndi madzi omveka bwino (okhala ndi bluish chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwambiri). Kuchulukana kwa njira zochepetsera kuli pafupi ndi kachulukidwe ka madzi (1 g/cm3), mayankho okhazikika amakhala wandiweyani (35% - 1,13 g/cm3...70% - 1,29 g/cm3, etc.). Ndi kachulukidwe (ngati muli ndi ma hydrometer), mutha kudziwa molondola kuchuluka kwa yankho lanu (chidziwitso chochokera ku ).
Pakhomo luso la hydrogen peroxide akhoza giredi atatu: A = ndende 30-40%, B = 50-52%, C = 58-60%. Dzina lakuti "perhydrol" nthawi zambiri limapezeka (pananso mawu akuti "perhydrol blonde"). M'malo mwake, akadali "mtundu A", i.e. hydrogen peroxide yankho ndi ndende pafupifupi 30%.
Ndemanga za bleaching. Popeza tidakumbukira za ma blondes, zitha kudziwika kuti kuchepetsedwa kwa hydrogen peroxide (2-10%) ndi ammonia adagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati blekning ya tsitsi la "operhydrolyzing". Izi tsopano sizimachitidwa kawirikawiri. Koma pali peroxide mano whitening. Mwa njira, kuyera kwa khungu la manja pambuyo pa kukhudzana ndi peroxide ndi mtundu wa "operhydration" chifukwa cha zikwi. ,ndi. blockages wa capillaries ndi mpweya thovu anapanga pa kuwonongeka peroxide.
Medical luso peroxide amakhala pamene demineralized madzi anawonjezera peroxide ndi ndende ya 59-60%, diluting maganizo kwa mlingo ankafuna (3% m'dziko lathu, 6% mu USA).
Kuphatikiza pa kachulukidwe, gawo lofunikira ndi mulingo wa pH. Hydrogen peroxide ndi asidi ofooka. Chithunzi chomwe chili pansipa chikuwonetsa kudalira kwa pH ya yankho la hydrogen peroxide pagulu lambiri:
Mukathirira kwambiri yankho, pH yake imayandikira pH yamadzi. pH yochepa (= ya acidic kwambiri) imapezeka pamagulu a 55-65% (kalasi B malinga ndi gulu la pakhomo).
Ndikoyenera kudziwa apa, modandaula, kuti pH singagwiritsidwe ntchito kuwerengera ndende pazifukwa zingapo. Choyamba, pafupifupi peroxide yonse yamakono imapezeka kudzera mu oxidation ya anthraquinones. Izi zimapanga ma acidic byproducts omwe amatha kumapeto kwa peroxide. Iwo. PH ikhoza kusiyana ndi yomwe yasonyezedwa patebulo pamwambapa kutengera chiyero cha H2O2. Ultra-pure peroxide (mwachitsanzo, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mafuta a rocket ndi yomwe ndilankhule padera) ilibe zonyansa. Kachiwiri, ma acid stabilizers nthawi zambiri amawonjezeredwa ku malonda a hydrogen peroxide (peroxide imakhala yokhazikika pa pH yochepa), yomwe "imapangitsa" zowerengera. Ndipo chachitatu, chelate stabilizers (pomanga zonyansa zachitsulo, zambiri za iwo pansipa) angakhalenso amchere kapena acidic ndipo amakhudza pH ya yankho lomaliza.
Njira yabwino yodziwira kukhazikika ndi (). Njirayi ndi yofanana, koma ma reagents onse ofunikira pakuyesa amapezeka mosavuta. Mufunika sulfuric acid (battery electrolyte) ndi potaziyamu permanganate wamba. Monga B. Gates anafuula kuti, "640 kb ya kukumbukira ndi yokwanira kwa aliyense!", Ndidzafuulanso tsopano, "Aliyense akhoza titrate peroxide!" :). Ngakhale kuti chidziwitso changa chimandiuza kuti ngati mugula hydrogen peroxide mu pharmacy ndipo osasunga kwa zaka zambiri, ndiye kuti kusinthasintha kwa ndende sikungathe kupitirira Β± 1%, komabe ndikufotokozerani njira yoyesera, popeza ma reagents ndi. zilipo ndipo aligorivimu ndi yosavuta.
Kuyang'ana malonda a hydrogen peroxide kwa nsabwe
Monga momwe mungaganizire, timayang'ana pogwiritsa ntchito titration. Njirayi imalola munthu kudziwa molondola kuchuluka kwa 0,25 mpaka 50%.
Algorithm yotsimikizira ili motere:
1. Konzani njira ya 0,1N ya potaziyamu permanganate. Kuti muchite izi, sungunulani 3,3 magalamu a potaziyamu permanganate mu madzi okwanira 1 litre. Kutenthetsa yankho kwa chithupsa ndi wiritsani kwa mphindi 15.
2. Sankhani voliyumu yofunika ya peroxide kuti ayesedwe (malingana ndi ndende kuyembekezera, i.e. ngati munali ndi 3%, kuyembekezera kuti mwadzidzidzi anakhala 50% ndi opusa):
Timasamutsa voliyumu yosankhidwa mu botolo ndikuyesa pamiyeso (kumbukirani kukanikiza batani la Tara kuti musaganizire kulemera kwa botolo lokha)
3. Thirani chitsanzo chathu mu botolo la volumetric 250 ml (kapena botolo la mwana lomwe lili ndi chizindikiro cha voliyumu) ββndikuwonjezera mpaka ("250") chizindikiro ndi madzi osungunuka. Sakanizani.
4. Thirani 500 ml ya madzi osungunuka mu 250 ml conical botolo (= "theka-lita mtsuko"), kuwonjezera 10 ml ya concentrated sulfuric acid ndi 25 ml ya yankho kuchokera sitepe 3.
5. Tsitsani dontho ndi dontho (makamaka kuchokera ku pipette yokhala ndi voliyumu yolemba) yankho la 0,1N potaziyamu permanganate mumtsuko wa theka la lita kuchokera pa sitepe 4. Kugwetsa - kusakaniza, kugwetsa - kusakaniza. Ndipo kotero timapitiriza mpaka yankho lowonekera lipeza utoto wonyezimira pang'ono. Chifukwa cha zomwe zimachitika, peroxide imawola kupanga mpweya ndi madzi, ndipo manganese (VI) mu potassium permanganate imachepetsedwa kukhala manganese (II).
5H2O2 + 2KMnO4 + 4H2SO4 = 2KHSO4 +2MnSO4 + 5O2 + 8H2O
6. Timawerengera kuchuluka kwa peroxide yathu: C H2O2 (misa%) = [Volumu ya yankho la potaziyamu permanganate mu ml * 0,1 * 0,01701 * 1000]/[unyinji wa zitsanzo mu magalamu, kuchokera pa sitepe 2] PHINDU!!!
Zokambirana zaulere pa kukhazikika kosungirako
Hydrogen peroxide imatengedwa kuti ndi chinthu chosakhazikika chomwe chimakonda kuwonongeka modzidzimutsa. Mlingo wa kuwonongeka ukuwonjezeka ndi kuwonjezeka kutentha, ndende ndi pH. Iwo. Kawirikawiri lamuloli limagwira ntchito:
...kuzizira, kusungunula, zosakaniza za asidi zimasonyeza kukhazikika kwabwino kwambiri...
Kuwola kumalimbikitsidwa ndi: kutentha kwachulukidwe (kuwonjezeka kwa liwiro ndi 2,2 nthawi iliyonse pa 10 digiri Celsius, ndi kutentha pafupifupi madigiri 150, kumayang'ana kwambiri. kuwola ngati chigumukire ndi kuphulika, kuwonjezeka kwa pH (makamaka pH> 6-8)
Ndemanga za galasi: Peroxide yokha ya acidified imatha kusungidwa m'mabotolo agalasi, chifukwa galasi limakonda kutulutsa malo amchere likakumana ndi madzi oyera, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti zimathandizira kuwola kwachangu.
Zimakhudza kuchuluka kwa kuwonongeka ndi kukhalapo kwa zonyansa (makamaka zitsulo zosinthika monga mkuwa, manganese, chitsulo, siliva, platinamu), kukhudzana ndi cheza cha ultraviolet. Nthawi zambiri, chifukwa chachikulu chovuta ndikuwonjezeka kwa pH komanso kukhalapo kwa zonyansa. Pa avareji, ndi 30% wa hydrogen peroxide amataya pafupifupi .
Kuchotsa zonyansa, kusefera kwa ultrafine (kupatula particles) kapena chelates (complexing agents) omwe amamanga zitsulo zitsulo amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chelates , koloko kapena sodium pyrophosphate (25-250 mg / l), organophosphonates, nitrate (+ pH regulators ndi corrosion inhibitors), phosphoric acid (+ pH regulator), sodium silicate (stabilizer).
Chikoka cha cheza cha ultraviolet pamlingo wa kuwonongeka sikudziwika monga pH kapena kutentha, komanso kumachitika (onani chithunzi):
Zitha kuwoneka kuti kutha kwa ma molekyulu kumawonjezeka ndi kuchepa kwa kuwala kwa ultraviolet.
The molar extinction coefficient ndi muyeso wa mphamvu yomwe mankhwala amatengera kuwala pa utali wotchulidwa.
Mwa njira, kuwonongeka kumeneku komwe kumayambitsidwa ndi ma photons kumatchedwa photolysis:
Photolysis (yomwe imadziwikanso kuti photodissociation ndi photodecomposition) ndi machitidwe omwe mankhwala (inorganic kapena organic) amaphwanyidwa ndi ma photons atalumikizana ndi molekyulu yomwe mukufuna. Photon iliyonse yokhala ndi mphamvu zokwanira (zapamwamba kuposa mphamvu ya dissociation ya chomangira chandamale) zingayambitse kuwonongeka. Mphamvu yofanana ndi ya cheza ya ultraviolet imatha kupezeka komanso ma X-ray ndi Ξ³-ray.
Kodi tinganene chiyani kwenikweni? Ndipo mfundo yakuti peroxide iyenera kusungidwa mu chidebe chowoneka bwino, kapena bwino, m'mabotolo agalasi a bulauni omwe amalepheretsa kuwala kochulukirapo (ngakhale kuti "amayamwa" != "amawola nthawi yomweyo"). Simuyenera kusunga botolo la peroxide pafupi ndi makina a X-ray mwina :) Chabwino, kuchokera ili (UR 203Ex (?):
...kuchokera""peroxide (ndi wokondedwa wanu, kunena zoona) ayeneranso kuchotsedwa.
Ndikofunika kuti kuwonjezera pa kukhala opaque, chidebe / botolo liyenera kupangidwa ndi "peroxide-resistant" zipangizo, monga zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri kapena galasi (chabwino, + mapulasitiki ena ndi zitsulo zotayidwa). Chizindikiro chingakhale chothandiza pakuwongolera (zingakhalenso zothandiza kwa madokotala omwe azikonza zida zawo):
Nthano yodziwika bwino ndi iyi: A - kufananira bwino, B - kuyanjana kwabwino, kukhudzidwa pang'ono (micro-corrosion kapena discoloration), C - kusagwirizana (osavomerezeka kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito nthawi yayitali, kutaya mphamvu kumatha, etc.), D - palibe kuyanjana (= sikungagwiritsidwe ntchito). Mzere umatanthauza "palibe chidziwitso chomwe chilipo." Zolemba za digito: 1 - zokhutiritsa pa 22 Β° C, 2 - zokhutiritsa pa 48 Β° C, 3 - zokhutiritsa zikagwiritsidwa ntchito mu gaskets ndi zisindikizo.
Njira zodzitetezera mukamagwira ntchito ndi hydrogen peroxide
Ndizodziwikiratu kwa aliyense amene wawerengapo mpaka pano kuti peroxide ndi mankhwala amphamvu okosijeni, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ndikofunikira kuti isungidwe kutali ndi zinthu zomwe zimatha kuyaka / kuyaka komanso zochepetsera. H2O2, yonse yoyera komanso yochepetsedwa, imatha kupanga pokhudzana ndi ma organic compounds. Poganizira zonsezi, tikhoza kulemba motere
Peroxide ya haidrojeni sigwirizana ndi zinthu zoyaka moto, zamadzimadzi zilizonse zoyaka ndi zitsulo ndi mchere wake (pofuna kuchepa mphamvu) - osmium, palladium, platinamu, iridium, golide, siliva, manganese, cobalt, mkuwa, kutsogolera.
Kulankhula za zitsulo zowonongeka zazitsulo, munthu sangalephere kutchula padera . Sikuti ndi chitsulo cholimba kwambiri padziko lapansi, komanso chida chabwino kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi chophwanyira hydrogen peroxide.
Zotsatira za kufulumizitsa kuwonongeka kwa hydrogen peroxide pazitsulo izi zimawonedwa muzinthu zambiri zomwe sizingadziwike ndi njira iliyonse yowunikira - kuti zitheke bwino (nthawi x3-x5 poyerekeza ndi peroxide popanda chothandizira) kuwononga peroxide mu mpweya ndi madzi, mumangofunika 1 gramu ya osmium pa matani 1000 a peroxide wa hydrogen.
Ndemanga za "munthu wophulika": (Nthawi yomweyo ndinafuna kulemba "Ndine peroxide", koma ndinachita manyazi). Pankhani ya hydrogen peroxide, mtsikana wozungulira Sasha, yemwe amayenera kugwira ntchito ndi peroxide iyi, nthawi zambiri amawopa kuphulika. Ndipo kwenikweni, mantha a Alexandra amamveka. Kupatula apo, peroxide imatha kuphulika pazifukwa ziwiri. Choyamba, chifukwa chakuti mu chidebe chosindikizidwa padzakhala kuwonongeka kwapang'onopang'ono kwa H2O2, kumasulidwa ndi kudzikundikira kwa mpweya. Kupanikizika mkati mwa chidebecho kumawonjezeka ndikuwonjezeka ndipo pamapeto pake BOOM! Kachiwiri, pali kuthekera kuti hydrogen peroxide ikakumana ndi zinthu zina, mapangidwe osakhazikika a peroxide amachitika, omwe amatha kuphulika chifukwa champhamvu, kutentha, ndi zina zambiri. M'buku lozizira la mabuku asanu Zambiri zanenedwa za izi mpaka ndinaganiza zobisala pansi pa wowononga. Zambiri zikukhudza hydrogen peroxide wokhazikika > = 30% ndi <50%:
Kusagwirizana kotheratu
amaphulika pokhudzana ndi: mowa + sulfuric acid, acetal + acetic acid + kutentha, acetic acid + N-heterocycles (pamwamba pa 50 Β°C), mafuta onunkhira a hydrocarbon + trifluoroacetic acid, azelaic acid + sulfuric acid (pafupifupi 45 Β°C), tert-butanol + sulfuric acid , carboxylic acids (formic, acetic, tartaric), diphenyl diselenide (pamwamba pa 53 Β°C), 2-ethoxyethanol + polyacrylamide gel + toluene + kutentha, gallium + hydrochloric acid, iron (II) sulfate + nitric acid + carboxymethyl +cellulose, nitric acid ketoni (2-butanone, 3-pentanone, cyclopentanone, cyclohexanone), maziko a nayitrogeni (ammonia, hydrazine hydrate, dimethylhydrazine), mankhwala achilengedwe (glycerin, acetic acid, ethanol, aniline, quinoline, cellulose, fumbi la malasha), organic sulfurics + asidi (makamaka m'malo otsekeredwa), madzi + okhala ndi okosijeni (acetaldehyde, acetic acid, acetone, ethanol, formaldehyde, formic acid, methanol, propanol, propanal), vinyl acetate, alcohols + malata chloride, phosphorous oxide (V), phosphorous, nitric acid, stibnite, arsenic trisulfide, chlorine + potassium hydroxide + chlorosulfonic acid, copper sulfide, iron (II) sulfide, formic acid + organic contaminants, hydrogen selenide, lead di- ndi monoxide, lead (II) sulfide, manganese dioxide. , mercury oxide (I), molybdenum disulfide, sodium iodate, mercuric oxide + nitric acid, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, thiourea + acetic acid
kuyatsa pokhudzana ndi: mowa wa furfuryl, zitsulo za ufa (magnesium, zinki, iron, nickel), utuchi
chiwawa anachita ndi: aluminium isopropoxide + heavy metal salt, makala, malasha, lithiamu tetrahydroaluminate, alkali zitsulo, methanol + phosphoric acid, unsaturated organic compounds, tini (II) chloride, cobalt oxide, iron oxide, lead hydroxide, nickel oxide
M'malo mwake, ngati mumalemekeza peroxide yokhazikika ndipo osayiphatikiza ndi zinthu zomwe tazitchula pamwambapa, ndiye kuti mutha kugwira ntchito bwino kwa zaka zambiri osaopa chilichonse. Koma Mulungu amateteza zabwino kwambiri, choncho timapita bwinobwino ku zida zodzitetezera.
PPE ndi mayankho
Lingaliro lolemba nkhani lidabwera pomwe ndidaganiza zolembera , odzipereka ku nkhani za ntchito yotetezeka yokhala ndi mayankho okhazikika a H2O2. Mwamwayi, owerenga ambiri adagula zitini za perhydrol (ngati "palibe kanthu mu pharmacy" / "sitingathe kufika ku pharmacy") ndipo ngakhale anatha kupeza kutentha kwa mankhwala kutentha kwa mphindi. Chifukwa chake, zambiri zomwe zalembedwa pansipa (ndi pamwambapa) zimagwira ntchito makamaka pamayankho omwe ali pamwamba pa 6%. Kuchulukirachulukira, kumapangitsanso kupezeka kwa PPE.
Kuti mugwire ntchito yotetezeka, zonse zomwe mukufunikira ngati zida zodzitetezera ndi magolovesi opangidwa ndi polyvinyl chloride / butyl rabara, polyethylene, polyester ndi mapulasitiki ena kuti muteteze khungu la manja anu, magalasi kapena masks oteteza opangidwa ndi zinthu zowonekera polima kuti muteteze maso anu. Ngati ma aerosol apangidwa, onjezani chopumira chokhala ndi chitetezo chotsutsana ndi aerosol ku zida (kapena kuposa apo, katiriji ya sefa ya kaboni ABEK yokhala ndi chitetezo cha P3). Pogwira ntchito ndi mayankho ofooka (mpaka 6%), magolovesi ndi okwanira.
Ndikhala pa "zotsatira zoyipa" mwatsatanetsatane. Hydrogen peroxide ndi chinthu chowopsa kwambiri chomwe chimayambitsa kuyaka kwa mankhwala chikakhudza khungu ndi maso. Zowopsa ngati mutakowetsedwa kapena kumeza. Onani chithunzi kuchokera ku SDS (βOxidizerβ - βCorrodesβ - βIrritantβ):
Kuti ndisamenye chitsamba, ndilemba nthawi yomweyo zomwe ndiyenera kuchita ngati hydrogen peroxide yokhala ndi> 6% ikumana ndi munthu wina wozungulira popanda zida zodzitetezera.
pa kukhudzana ndi khungu - pukuta ndi nsalu youma kapena swab wothira mowa. Kenako muyenera kutsuka khungu lowonongeka ndi madzi ambiri kwa mphindi 10.
pa kukhudzana ndi maso - nthawi yomweyo muzimutsuka maso otseguka, komanso pansi pa zikope, ndi madzi ofooka (kapena 2% yankho la soda) kwa mphindi 15. Lumikizanani ndi ophthalmologist.
Ngati atamezedwa - Imwani zamadzimadzi zambiri (=madzi opanda madzi mu malita), wothira mpweya (piritsi limodzi pa 1 kg ya kulemera kwake), saline laxative (magnesium sulfate). Osayambitsa kusanza (= kuchapa chapamimba CHOKHA ndi dokotala, pogwiritsa ntchito kafukufuku, komanso osayambitsa "zala ziwiri pakamwa"). Osapereka chilichonse chapakamwa kwa munthu yemwe wakomoka.
Nthawi zambiri kuyamwa ndikoopsa kwambiri, popeza pakuvunda m'mimba mpweya wambiri umapangidwa (nthawi 10 kuchuluka kwa yankho la 3%), zomwe zimayambitsa kutupa ndi kupsinjika kwa ziwalo zamkati. Izi ndi zomwe activated carbon ndi...
Ngati zonse ziri zomveka bwino ndi chithandizo cha zotsatira za thupi, ndiye kuti ndi bwino kunena mawu ochepa okhudza kutaya kwa owonjezera / akale / otayika hydrogen peroxide chifukwa chosadziwa.
... hydrogen peroxide imasinthidwanso mwina ndi a) kuisungunula ndi madzi ndikuithira mu ngalande, kapena b) kuwola pogwiritsa ntchito zopangira (sodium pyrosulfite, ndi zina zotero), kapena c) kuwola potenthetsa (kuphatikiza kuwira)
Nachi chitsanzo cha momwe zonse zimawonekera. Mwachitsanzo, mu labotale ndinataya mwangozi lita imodzi ya 30% ya hydrogen peroxide. Sindipukuta kalikonse, koma onjezani madziwo mosakaniza zofananira (1: 1: 1) +mchenga + (=" bentonite filler for trays"). Kenako ndimanyowetsa kusakaniza uku ndi madzi mpaka slurry ipangike, ndikukankhira slurry mu chidebe ndikusamutsira ku ndowa yamadzi (ziwiri mwa zitatu zodzaza). Ndipo kale mumtsuko wamadzi ndimawonjezera pang'onopang'ono yankho la sodium pyrosulfite ndi 20% yowonjezera. Kuti muchepetse zonsezi ndikuchita:
Na2S2O5 + 2H2O2 = Na2SO4 + H2SO4 + H2O
Ngati mutsatira zikhalidwe za vutoli (lita imodzi ya 30% yankho), ndiye kuti chifukwa neutralization muyenera 838 magalamu a pyrosulfite (kilogalamu mchere amatuluka owonjezera). Kusungunuka kwa chinthu ichi m'madzi ndi ~ 650 g/l, i.e. Pafupifupi lita imodzi ndi theka ya yankho lokhazikika lidzafunika. Makhalidwe abwino ndi awa: mwina musatayire pansi perhydrol, kapena muchepetse mwamphamvu kwambiri, apo ayi simupeza zosokoneza mokwanira :)
Pofufuza zomwe zingatheke m'malo mwa pyrosulfite, Captain Obvious akulangiza kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala omwe samatulutsa mpweya wochuluka kwambiri pochita ndi hydrogen peroxide. Izi zikhoza kukhala, mwachitsanzo, chitsulo (II) sulphate. Amagulitsidwa m'masitolo a hardware komanso ku Belarus. Kuti muchepetse H2O2, yankho la acidified ndi sulfuric acid limafunikira:
2FeSO4 + H2O2 + H2SO4 = Fe2(SO4)3 + 2H2O
Mukhozanso kugwiritsa ntchito ayodini wa potaziyamu (komanso acidified ndi sulfuric acid):
2KI + H2O2 + H2SO4 = I2 + 2H2O + K2SO4
Ndiroleni ndikukumbutseni kuti malingaliro onse amachokera pavuto loyambira (30% yankho); ngati mwathira peroxide pamlingo wocheperako (3-7%), mutha kugwiritsanso ntchito potaziyamu permanganate acidified ndi sulfuric acid. Ngakhale mpweya utatulutsidwa kumeneko, ndiye chifukwa cha kuchepa kochepa sikungathe "kuchita zinthu" ngakhale ngati akufuna.
Za kachilomboka
Koma sindinayiwale za iye, wokondedwa. Idzakhala ngati mphotho kwa iwo amene anamaliza kuwerenga wanga wotsatira owerenga nthawi yayitali. Sindikudziwa ngati wokondedwa Alexey JetHackers Statsenko aka za ma jetpacks anga, koma ndinali ndi malingaliro otere. Makamaka nditapeza mwayi wowonera (kapena kuwoneranso) filimu yopepuka ya nthano ya Disney pa tepi ya VHS."(mu choyambirira Rocketeer).
Kulumikizana apa kuli motere. Monga ndidalemba kale, hydrogen peroxide yokhazikika kwambiri (monga kalasi B) yokhala ndi kuyeretsedwa kwakukulu (chidziwitso - chomwe chimatchedwa peroxide yapamwamba kapena ) angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati mafuta mu mizinga (ndi torpedoes). Komanso, angagwiritsidwe ntchito monga oxidizer mu injini ziwiri chigawo chimodzi (mwachitsanzo, m'malo mpweya wamadzimadzi), ndi mawonekedwe otchedwa. monofuel. Pamapeto pake, H2O2 imaponyedwa mu "chipinda choyaka moto", pomwe imawonongeka pazitsulo zachitsulo (zitsulo zilizonse zomwe tazitchula kale m'nkhaniyi, mwachitsanzo, siliva kapena platinamu) ndipo, mopanikizika, mu mawonekedwe a nthunzi. ndi kutentha pafupifupi 600 Β° C, amatuluka nozzle, kupanga traction.
Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi chakuti kachilomboka kakang'ono kamene kamachokera ku subfamily kachikumbu kakang'ono kamene kali ndi mkati mwake ("chipinda choyaka moto", mphuno, ndi zina zotero) mkati mwa thupi lake. imatchedwa mwalamulo, koma kwa ine kapangidwe kake ka mkati (= chithunzi chomwe chili koyambirira kwa nkhaniyi) chimandikumbutsa za gawo la filimu ya 1991 yomwe yatchulidwa pamwambapa :)
Kachilomboka amatchedwa bombardier chifukwa amatha kuwombera mochulukira madzi otentha ndi fungo losasangalatsa lochokera ku glands kumbuyo kwa mimba.
Kutentha kwa ejection kumatha kufika madigiri 100 Celsius, ndipo liwiro la ejection ndi 10 m / s. Kuwombera kumodzi kumatenga 8 mpaka 17 ms, ndipo kumakhala ndi 4-9 pulses nthawi yomweyo kutsatira wina ndi mzake. Kuti ndisabwererenso koyambirira, ndibwereza chithunzichi apa (zikuwoneka kuti zatengedwa m'magazini. kuchokera m'nkhani ya dzina lomwelo).
Chikumbu chimapanga "zigawo ziwiri za rocket fuel" mkati mwake (ndiko kuti, si "monopropellant"). Mphamvu yochepetsera - (yomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito kale ngati wopanga zithunzi). Ndipo wothandizila wamphamvu wa okosijeni ndi hydrogen peroxide. Chikumbuchi chikawopsezedwa, chimamanga minofu yomwe imakankhira zinthu ziwiri zotulutsa mpweya kudzera m'machubu a valve kupita m'chipinda chosakanikirana chomwe chili ndi madzi ndi ma enzyme osakanikirana (peroxidases) omwe amawola peroxide. Pamene pamodzi, ndi reagents kubala zachiwawa exothermic anachita, madzi zithupsa ndi kusandulika mpweya (= "chiwonongeko"). Nthawi zambiri, kachilomboka kamawotcha mdani yemwe angakhalepo ndi madzi otentha (koma mwachiwonekere siwokwanira kuti ayambe kukankha). Koma ... Osachepera kachilomboka amatha kuonedwa ngati fanizo la gawolo Njira zodzitetezera mukamagwira ntchito ndi hydrogen peroxide. Moral ndi iyi:
%USERNAME%, musakhale ngati kachilomboka, osasakaniza peroxide ndi mankhwala ochepetsera osamvetsetsa! π
Zowonjezera zaΡ : "Zikuwoneka ngati kachilomboka ka Earth bombardier kachikumbu kochokera ku Starship Troopers." Imangokhala ndi mphamvu zokwanira (osati kukankhira!) kuti ikulitse liwiro loyamba lothawa; makinawo adapangidwa panthawi yachisinthiko ndipo adagwiritsidwa ntchito kuponya spores mu orbit kuti awonjezere kuchuluka kwake, komanso inali yothandiza ngati chida cholimbana ndi adani ovuta. β
Chabwino, ndinamuuza za kachilomboka ndikukonza peroxide. Tiyeni tiyime pamenepo.
Zofunika! Zina zonse (kuphatikiza zokambirana za zolemba, zolemba zapakatikati ndi zofalitsa zanga zonse) zitha kupezeka panjira ya telegraph. . Lembani ndikutsatira zolengeza.
Chotsatira pamzere wolingaliridwa ndi sodium dichloroisocyanurate ndi "mapiritsi a chlorine."
Zothokoza: Wolembayo akuthokoza kwambiri onse omwe atenga nawo mbali gulu LAB-66 - anthu omwe amathandizira pazachuma "kona yathu ya sayansi ndi luso" (= telegalamu njira), macheza athu (ndi akatswiri omwe amapereka chithandizo chaumisiri nthawi zonse (!!!)), komanso wolemba womaliza mwiniwake. Zikomo chifukwa cha zonsezi, anyamata, ochokera !
"osmium catalyst" pakukula ndi chitukuko cha anthu omwe atchulidwa pamwambapa: ===>
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5. Khalani
Magwero ogwiritsidwa ntchito
Shandala M.G. Nkhani zamakono za general disinfectology. Nkhani zosankhidwa. - M.: Mankhwala, 2009. 112 p.
Lewis, R. J. Sr. Zowopsa za Sax za Zida Zamakampani. Kope la 12. Malingaliro a kampani Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2012, p. nsi 4:2434
Haynes, WM CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Chithunzi cha 95th. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton: FL 2014-2015, p. 4-67
WT Hess "Hydrogen Peroxide". Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 13 (4 ed.). New York: Wiley. (1995). pp. 961-995.
C. W. Jones, J. H. Clark. Kugwiritsa ntchito haidrojeni peroxide ndi zotumphukira. Royal Society of Chemistry, 1999.
Ronald Hage, Achim Lienke; Lienke Ntchito za Transition-Metal Catalysts to Textile and Wood-Pulp Bleaching. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 45(2):206β222. (2005).
Schildknecht, H.; Holoubek, K. Chikumbu cha bombardier ndi kuphulika kwake kwa mankhwala. Angewandte Chemie. 73:1β7 . (1961).
Jones, Craig W. Kugwiritsa ntchito hydrogen peroxide ndi zotumphukira zake. Royal Society of Chemistry (1999)
Goro, G.; Glenneberg, J.; Jacobi, S. Hydrogen Peroxide. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. (2007).
Ascenzi, Joseph M., ed. Buku lopha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi antiseptics. New York: M. Dekker. p. 161. (1996).
Rutala, WA; Weber, DJ Disinfection ndi Sterilization mu Malo Othandizira Zaumoyo: Zomwe Achipatala Ayenera Kudziwa. Matenda Opatsirana Achipatala. 39(5):702β709. (2004).
Block, Seymour S., ed. Mutu 9: Mankhwala a Peroxygen. Kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, kutsekereza, ndi kusunga (5th ed.). Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger. pp. 185β204. (2000).
O'Neil, M. J. The Merck IndexβAn Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013, p. 889
Larranaga, MD, Lewis, RJ Sr., Lewis, RA; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 16th Edition. Malingaliro a kampani John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ 2016, p. 735
Sittig, M. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, 1985. 2nd ed. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Data Corporation, 1985, p. 510
Larranaga, MD, Lewis, RJ Sr., Lewis, RA; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 16th Edition. Malingaliro a kampani John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ 2016, p. 735
Kutoleredwa kwa zida zofunika kwambiri zovomerezeka pazakupha, kutsekereza, kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, deratization: M'mabuku 5 / Inform.-ed. pakati pa State Committee for Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision of Russia. Federation, Research Institute of Prevention. toxicology ndi disinfection; Pansi wamba ed. M. G. Shandaly. - M.: Rarog LLP, 1994
Ndipo ndidatsala pang'ono kuyiwala, chenjezo kwa abwenzi osasamala :)
chandalama: zidziwitso zonse zomwe zafotokozedwa m'nkhaniyi zaperekedwa chifukwa chazidziwitso zokhazokha ndipo sizikuyitanitsa kuchitapo kanthu. Mumachita chinyengo chonse ndi ma reagents amankhwala ndi zida mwangozi komanso pachiwopsezo chanu. Wolembayo alibe udindo uliwonse wosamalira mosasamala mayankho ankhanza, kusaphunzira, kusowa kwa chidziwitso choyambirira cha sukulu, ndi zina zotero. Ngati mulibe chidaliro pomvetsetsa zomwe zalembedwa, funsani wachibale / mnzanu / mnzako yemwe ali ndi maphunziro apadera kuti aziyang'anira zomwe mukuchita. Ndipo onetsetsani kuti mukugwiritsa ntchito PPE mosamala kwambiri.
Source: www.habr.com