Cloud4Y yalankhula kale zosangalatsa , yopangidwa ku USSR. Kupitiliza mutuwu, tiyeni tikumbukire zomwe mapulojekiti ena anali ndi chiyembekezo chabwino, koma pazifukwa zingapo sanavomerezedwe mokulira kapena adasiyidwa palimodzi.
Malo okwerera mafuta
Pakukonzekera Olympic 80, anaganiza kusonyeza aliyense (ndi makamaka ku mayiko capitalist) modernity wa USSR. Ndipo malo opangira mafuta asanduka njira imodzi yowonetsera mphamvu ndi luso lapamwamba la dziko. Ku Japan, magwero angapo (malinga ndi magwero ena, 5 kapena 8, koma chiwerengerocho sicholondola) adayitanitsa malo opangira mafuta, omwe anali osiyana kwambiri ndi malo opangira mafuta.
Yoyamba idakhazikitsidwa pa Brovarsky Avenue ku Kyiv, pakati pa masiteshoni a metro Darnitsa ndi Livoberezhnaya. Mwa njira, malo opangira mafuta akugwira ntchito komanso , ngakhale kuti ma nozzles owonjezera mafuta samadyetsedwanso kuchokera pamwamba. Zina zonse zidagona m'nyumba yosungiramo katundu kwa nthawi yayitali, ndipo zinawola kapena kuba, koma zotsalazo zidangokwanira potengera mafuta ena. Anayikidwa pa msewu waukulu wa Kharkov.
Sanapangenso zowonjezeredwa ngati izi. Komabe, panali ena. Mwachitsanzo, ku Kuibyshev (tsopano Samara) pa mphambano ya Moskovskoye Highway ndi Revolutionary Street panali gasi, kumene mafuta ankaperekedwanso kuchokera pamwamba.
Pamsewu waukulu wa kugombe la Black Sea ku Nizhnyaya Khobz (pafupi ndi Sochi) panali malo ogulitsira mafuta. Sitimayi idamangidwa mu 1975 molingana ndi kapangidwe koyambirira, potengera momwe madera, nyengo, nyengo komanso zida zapakhomo.
Ndizomvetsa chisoni kuti apa ndi pomwe malingaliro opanga zokongoletsa malo opangira mafuta adatha. Dzikolo linalibe nthawi yokonza, kotero maonekedwe a malo opangira mafuta sanasinthe kwambiri mpaka lero. Inde, chirichonse chakhala chamakono komanso chosavuta, koma chenichenicho ndi chimodzimodzi. Kodi zinthu zikuyenda bwanji ndi kapangidwe ka malo opangira mafuta m'maiko ena? Pano pali kusankha kakang'ono ka malo okongola a gasi.
Zithunzi zambiri za malo opangira mafuta
Gasi pa Kharkov Highway
Malo okwerera mafuta ku Sochi tsopano
Pano pali kudzazidwa kwina kwachilendo. Chithunzicho chinalembedwa mu 1977
Sitima yamafuta ya POPS Arcadia Route 66 ku Oklahoma (USA) ikuwoneka kutali chifukwa cha botolo lalikulu la 20 mita kutalika.
Malo opangira mafuta ku tawuni ya ku America ya Zilla adalandira mawonekedwe awa polemekeza phiri lapafupi, mkati mwake momwe mafuta adatulutsidwa. Phirili linkatchedwa Dome la Teapot, lomwe limafanana ndi mawu akuti teapot - ndiko kuti, teapot
Koma sitidzamanganso nyumba yopangira mafuta ngati ku Canada. Amawoneka ngati chiwopsezo chamoto
Malo opangira mafuta ochokera ku tawuni ya Slovakia ya Matushkovo, yomangidwa mu 2011, ikuwonekanso yosangalatsa. Maonekedwe a canopy amawoneka ngati mbale zowuluka
Koma "zovala zagolide" izi zochokera ku Iraq zidzakupangitsani kumva ngati Mfumu Midas.
Malevich's tea set
Ayi, iye si wakuda. Choyera. Wojambula wotchuka adabwera ndi mawonekedwe achilendo a geometric. Kazimir adakhala moyo wake wonse kufunafuna mawonekedwe atsopano, akuyesera kusintha lingaliro la momwe zinthu zodziwika bwino zimawonekera. Ndipo pa nkhani ya utumiki anapambana.
Kupanga ntchitoyo kunatheka chifukwa chakuti pambuyo pa Revolution ya October, Imperial Porcelain Factory inayamba kupanga zadothi zomwe "zinali zosinthika muzinthu, zangwiro m'mawonekedwe ndi machitidwe abwino kwambiri." Ndipo adakopa mwachangu ojambula a avant-garde kuti apange zopereka zatsopano.
Utumiki wa Malevich, wopangidwa ndi zinthu zinayi, ndi chitsanzo chochititsa chidwi cha kukhazikitsidwa kwa malingaliro a avant-garde muzinthu zogwirira ntchito. Makapu anayi amapangidwa ngati mawonekedwe a hemispheres osavuta okhala ndi zogwirira zamakona anayi. Ndipo ketulo imatha kufotokozedwa ngati chigonjetso cha kapangidwe kake pakugwira ntchito komanso kusavuta. Maonekedwe ake achilendo adzakudodometsani.
Zakudya za Malevich sizinali zabwino, koma kwa wojambula lingaliro lokha ndilofunika kwambiri. Zogulitsa za ojambula a avant-garde sizinayambe kupanga zambiri, ngakhale ntchitoyo imapangidwabe ku Imperial Porcelain Factory.
Zithunzi zambiri
Lunar base "Zvezda"
Mapangidwe atsatanetsatane a maziko pa Mwezi. Lingaliro la mzinda wokhala ndi mwezi lidaganiziridwa m'ma 1960 ndi 70s. Zinakonzedwa kuti zigwiritse ntchito siteshoniyi pa Mwezi pazifukwa za sayansi, ngakhale kuti mazikowo analinso ndi mphamvu zankhondo: amatha kukhala ndi zida zankhondo ndi zida zolondolera zomwe zidalibe zida zapadziko lapansi. Pulogalamuyi yafika pomaliza, koma chifukwa cha zovuta zingapo, asayansi adayimitsa ntchitoyi.
Malinga ndi pulojekitiyi, woyamba kutera pa Mwezi anali "sitima yapamwezi" yokhala ndi astronaut 4. Mothandizidwa ndi sitimayi, mamembala a ulendowo ankafufuza mwatsatanetsatane malowa ndi kuyamba kumanga malo oyendera mwezi kwa kanthaΕ΅i. Zinakonzedwa kuti zipereke ma module a 9 kumalo a mwezi pogwiritsa ntchito magalimoto olemera oyambitsa. Gawo lirilonse linali ndi cholinga chake: labotale, yosungirako, malo ogwirira ntchito, galley, chipinda chodyera, malo othandizira odwala ndi malo ochitira masewera olimbitsa thupi ndi malo atatu okhala.
Kutalika kwa ma modules okhalamo kunali 8,6 m, m'mimba mwake - 3,3 m; kulemera kwathunthu - matani 18. Chofupikitsa chipika chosaposa 4 m kutalika chinaperekedwa ku Mwezi pamalopo. Ndiyeno, chifukwa cha chitsulo accordion, izo anatambasula kuti ankafuna kutalika. Mkati mwake munayenera kudzazidwa ndi mipando yowongoka, ndipo maselo amoyo anapangidwira anthu awiri.
Ogwira ntchito mumlengalenga adasankhidwa, ndipo maulendo apandege adakonzedwa kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1980. Chinalakwika ndi chiyani? Magalimoto otsegulira adalephera. Pulogalamuyi inatsekedwa pa November 24, 1972, pamene kukhazikitsidwa kwachinayi kwa N-1 "roketi ya mwezi" inatha pangozi ina. Malinga ndi akatswiri, chifukwa cha kuphulika kunali kulephera kogwirizana kulamulira chiwerengero chachikulu cha injini. Uku kunali kulephera kwakukulu kwa S.P. Mfumukazi. Kuphatikiza apo, okonzawo adawerengera kuti maulendo oyendera mwezi, kumanga ndi kukhala kwa maziko a mwezi kungafune pafupifupi ma ruble 50 biliyoni ($ 80 biliyoni). Zinali ndalama zambiri. Lingaliro lomanga maziko a mwezi linaimitsidwa mpaka pambuyo pake.
Kuwona ndi zojambula
OS DEMO
Pafupifupi 1982-1983 ku Institute of Atomic Energy yotchedwa pambuyo pake. I. V. Kurchatov anabweretsa magawo a UNIX opareshoni (v6 ndi v7). Pokhala nawo akatswiri a mabungwe ena pa ntchito, asayansi anayesa kusintha Os kuti zikhalidwe Soviet: kumasulira mu Russian ndi kukhazikitsa zogwirizana ndi zipangizo zapakhomo. Choyamba, ndi magalimoto a SM-4 ndi SM-1420. Kukhazikitsa malo kunachitika ndi Institute for Advanced Studies ya Ministry of Automotive Industry.
Pambuyo pophatikiza maguluwo, ntchitoyi idatchedwa DEMOS (Dialogue Unified Mobile Operating System). Ndizoseketsa kuti zitha kutchedwanso UNAS, ngati kusiyanitsa kuti UNIX ndi "yawo". Ndipo Ministry of Automotive Industry inatchulanso dongosolo la MNOS (Makina Odziimira Opaleshoni).
Soviet OS kwenikweni idaphatikiza mitundu iwiri ya Unix: 16-bit DEC PDP OS ndi makina akompyuta a 32-bit VAX. DEMOS adagwira ntchito pazomanga zonse ziwiri. Ndipo pamene kupanga kwa CM 1700, analogue ya VAX 730 inayamba pa Vilnius chomera, DEMOS OS anali atayikidwa kale pa izo.
Mu 1985, buku la DEMOS 2.0 linatulutsidwa, ndipo mu 1988, oyambitsa Soviet Os adapatsidwa Mphotho ya Unduna wa Unduna wa Sayansi ndi Umisiri wa USSR. Koma mβzaka za mβma 1990 ntchitoyi inatsekedwa. Ndizomvetsa chisoni ndithu. Kupatula apo, ndani akudziwa ngati chitukuko chathu chitha kupitilira mdani wa Microsoft?
Zithunzi zambiri
Opanga DEMOS pambuyo pamwambo wopereka mphotho
Panali ngakhale buku la Soviet OS. Ndipo iyenso kugula!
Kampaniyo, yomwe idatchulidwa pambuyo pa OS yomwe idapanga, idapulumuka ku USSR
Malo ogwira ntchito a Rodchenko
Mkati mwa constructivist Alexander Rodchenko, wotchedwa "Workers' Club", adawonetsedwa ku USSR Pavilion pa International Exhibition of Decorative Arts ku Paris mu 1925. Ichi chinali chionetsero chachikulu choyamba chapadziko lonse chomwe Soviet Union idachita nawo. Rodchenko adapanga malo ogwirira ntchito ambiri omwe amawonetsa malingaliro a anthu atsopano omwe akuyang'ana zam'tsogolo. Ankakhulupirira kuti mkati mwake mudzakhala mtundu wofunikira wa makalabu ogwira ntchito, popanga mapangidwe ndi mapulani.
Gulu la Ogwira Ntchito si chipinda chokongoletsedwa ndi kalembedwe ka constructivist. Iyi inali filosofi yeniyeni yopanga malo omwe ogwira ntchito ku Soviet amatha kusinthanitsa malingaliro, kupereka zokamba, kuchita maphunziro aumwini, kusewera chess, ndi zina zotero.
Mwachitsanzo, nsanja yopindika ingakhalenso malo ophunzirira, zisudzo, madzulo a zisudzo, komanso kuti asunge malo, tebulo la chess linapangidwa mozungulira, kotero kuti osewera amatha kusintha mtundu wa zidutswazo popanda kusiya mipando yawo. Malinga ndi Rodchenko, adatsogozedwa ndi mfundo "yomwe imatheketsa kukulitsa chinthucho pantchito yake kudera lalikulu, ndikulipinda molumikizana kumapeto kwa ntchitoyo."
Chojambulacho chinagwiritsa ntchito mitundu inayi - imvi, yofiira, yakuda ndi yoyera. Kupaka utoto kunali kofunika kwambiri - kumagogomezera momwe zinthu zilili komanso momwe zimagwiritsidwira ntchito.
Ntchitoyi inalandira mendulo ya siliva, ndipo pambuyo pa chiwonetserocho idaperekedwa ku French Communist Party, kotero kuti sichinawonetsedwe konse ku Russia. Komabe, mu 2008, akatswiri aku Germany adamanganso gululi kuti liwonetsere "Kuchokera ku ndege kupita kumlengalenga. Malevich ndi Modernism oyambirira," ndiyeno anapereka buku ku Tretyakov Gallery.
Zithunzi zambiri zaofesi
ngalawa yapansi panthaka
Nkhani yochititsa chidwi yodzaza ndi zilakolako za akazitape komanso kuphulika kwachinsinsi. M'zaka za m'ma 1930, injiniya Alexander Trebelsky (malinga ndi magwero ena - Trebelev) anali kunena momveka bwino za lingaliro la kupanga "subterrine" - galimoto yokhoza kuyenda mobisa ngati zishango zotchinga, koma nthawi yomweyo mofulumira, mopanda phokoso. ndi phindu lalikulu.
Poyamba, Trebelevsky anayesera kupanga superloop yotentha - chipangizo chomwe, ngati n'koyenera, chikhoza kutentha chipolopolo chakunja cha boti mobisa ndikuwotcha pansi. Koma pambuyo pake adasiya lingaliro ili, ndikupanga mapangidwe omwe mfundo zake zogwirira ntchito zidabwereka ku mole wamba. Nyama zimenezi zimakumba pansi potembenuza zikhadabo ndi mutu, kenako nβkukankha thupi lawo ndi miyendo yakumbuyo. Pamenepa, dziko lapansi limakankhidwira m'makoma a dzenje lomwe limachokera.
Bwato la pansi pa nthaka linapangidwa mofananamo. Panali kubowola kwamphamvu pa uta, pakati panali ma augers omwe amakanikizira mwala m'makoma a zitsimezo, ndipo kumbuyo kunali jekeseni zinayi zamphamvu zomwe zinasunthira chipangizocho patsogolo. Kubowolako kukazungulira liwiro la 300 rpm, bwato lapansi panthaka linayenda mtunda wa mamita 10 mu ola limodzi. Zinapezeka kuti zinkawoneka.
Mu 1933, Trebelevsky anamangidwa ndi NKVD chifukwa paulendo wopita ku Germany anakumana ndi injiniya wina ndipo anabweretsa zojambula kuchokera kumeneko. Zinapezeka kuti Trebelevsky anabwereka lingaliro la boti mobisa kuchokera ku Horner von Wern ndipo anayesa kulikumbutsa. Zojambulazo zinatha kwinakwake mu NKVD. Monga injiniya mwiniwake.
Chitsulo chachitsulo chinakumbukiridwanso m'zaka za m'ma 60: Nikita Khrushchev adalonjeza poyera kuti "adzatenga ma imperialists osati mumlengalenga, komanso mobisa." Malingaliro otsogolera a USSR adagwira nawo ntchito pa bwato latsopano: Pulofesa wa Leningrad Babaev komanso Sakharov wophunzira. Chotsatira cha ntchito yowawa kwambiri chinali galimoto yokhala ndi zida zanyukiliya, yoyendetsedwa ndi antchito a 5 ogwira ntchito ndipo imatha kunyamula tani ya mabomba ndi asilikali 15. Tinayesa malo ocheperako kumapeto kwa 1964 ku Urals pafupi ndi Mount Blagodat. Boti lapansi panthaka linatchedwa "Battle Mole".
Chipangizocho chinalowa pansi pa liwiro la kuyenda, chinayenda pafupifupi 15 km ndikuwononga mdani wapansi panthaka. Asilikali ndi asayansi adadabwa ndi zotsatira za mayeso. Iwo anaganiza kubwereza kuyesera, koma nkhondo mole unaphulika mobisa, kupha anthu onse m'bwato ndi kukakamira kwamuyaya mu kuya kwa mapiri a Ural. Zomwe zidayambitsa kuphulika sikudziwika bwino, chifukwa zida zonse zomwe zidachitika pazochitikazi zimatchedwa "chinsinsi chachikulu". Mwachidziwikire, injini ya nyukiliya yoyikapo idaphulika. Pambuyo padzidzidzi, chigamulo chopitiliza kugwiritsa ntchito bwato lapansi panthaka chinaimitsidwa, ndipo chinasiyidwa kwathunthu.
Zithunzi zambiri
Momwe subterrine ingawonekere
Zida zogwirira ntchito
Phiri lomwelo pomwe mayesero adachitikira
Ndi ntchito ziti zosangalatsa, koma osati "zonyamuka" zomwe mukukumbukira?
Ndi chiyani chinanso chomwe mungawerenge pabulogu?
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Lembani ku wathu -channel kuti musaphonye nkhani yotsatira! Timalemba zosaposa kawiri pa sabata komanso pa bizinesi.
Source: www.habr.com