Masiku angapo apitawo, ndinaganiza zosintha mainjiniya a firmware ya rauta yanga pogwiritsa ntchito binwalk.
Ndinagula ndekha . Osati rauta yabwino kwambiri, koma yokwanira pazosowa zanga.
Nthawi iliyonse ndikagula rauta yatsopano, ndimayika . Zachiyani? Monga lamulo, opanga samasamala kwambiri za kuthandizira ma routers awo ndipo pakapita nthawi pulogalamuyo imakhala yachikale, zofooka zimawonekera, ndi zina zotero, mumapeza lingaliro. Chifukwa chake, ndimakonda firmware ya OpenWRT, yomwe imathandizidwa bwino ndi gulu lotseguka.
Nditatsitsa OpenWRT, inenso pansi pa Archer C7 yanga yatsopano kuchokera patsamba lovomerezeka ndipo adaganiza zowunikira. Zosangalatsa ndikulankhula za binwalk.
Kodi binwalk ndi chiyani?
ndi chida chotseguka chowunikira, chosinthira uinjiniya ndi kuchotsa zithunzi za firmware.
Wopangidwa mu 2010 ndi Craig Heffner, binwalk imatha kuyang'ana zithunzi za firmware ndikupeza mafayilo, kuzindikira ndi kuchotsa zithunzi zamafayilo, ma code otheka, zosungidwa zakale, ma bootloaders ndi maso, mafayilo amafayilo monga JPEG ndi PDF, ndi zina zambiri.
Mutha kugwiritsa ntchito binwalk kuti musinthe mainjiniya firmware kuti mumvetsetse momwe imagwirira ntchito. Sakani mafayilo apaintaneti kuti muwone zofooka, chotsani mafayilo, ndikuyang'ana kumbuyo kapena satifiketi ya digito. Mukhozanso kupeza opcodes kwa mulu wa ma CPU osiyanasiyana.
Mutha kuchotsa zithunzi zamafayilo kuti muwone mafayilo achinsinsi (passwd, shadow, etc.) ndikuyesera kuswa mawu achinsinsi. Mutha kupanga ma binary pakati pa mafayilo awiri kapena kupitilira apo. Mutha kupanga kusanthula kwa entropy pa data kuti muyang'ane deta yothinikizidwa kapena makiyi achinsinsi osungidwa. Zonsezi popanda kufunikira kofikira ma code source.
Kwenikweni, zonse zomwe mungafune zilipo :)
Kodi binwalk imagwira ntchito bwanji?
Chofunikira chachikulu cha binwalk ndikusindikiza siginecha. Binwalk amatha kusanthula chithunzi cha firmware kuti asake mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamafayilo ndi mafayilo amafayilo.
Kodi mumadziwa kugwiritsa ntchito mzere wolamula file?
file /bin/bash
/bin/bash: ELF 64-bit LSB shared object, x86-64, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked, interpreter /lib64/l, for GNU/Linux 3.2.0, BuildID[sha1]=12f73d7a8e226c663034529c8dd20efec22dde54, strippedtimu fileimayang'ana mutu wa fayilo ndikuyang'ana siginecha (nambala yamatsenga) kuti mudziwe mtundu wa fayilo. Mwachitsanzo, ngati fayilo ikuyamba ndi ndondomeko ya ma byte 0x89 0x50 0x4E 0x47 0x0D 0x0A 0x1A 0x0A, ikudziwa kuti ndi fayilo ya PNG. Yambani Pali mndandanda wamasaina wamba wamafayilo.
Binwalk amagwira ntchito chimodzimodzi. Koma m'malo moyang'ana siginecha kumayambiriro kwa fayilo, binwalk idzasanthula fayilo yonse. Kuphatikiza apo, binwalk imatha kuchotsa mafayilo opezeka pachithunzichi.
Zida file ΠΈ binwalk gwiritsani ntchito laibulale libmagic kuzindikira masiginecha a fayilo. Koma binwalk imathandiziranso mndandanda wamasainidwe amatsenga kuti mufufuze mafayilo othinikizidwa/zipped, mitu ya firmware, ma kernels a Linux, ma bootloaders, mafayilo amafayilo ndi zina zotero.
Tiyeni tisangalale?
Kuyika Binwalk
Binwalk imathandizidwa pamapulatifomu angapo kuphatikiza Linux, OSX, FreeBSD ndi Windows.
Kukhazikitsa mtundu waposachedwa wa binwalk mutha ndi kutsatira kapena , yopezeka patsamba la polojekiti.
Binwalk ili ndi magawo osiyanasiyana:
$ binwalk
Binwalk v2.2.0
Craig Heffner, ReFirmLabs
https://github.com/ReFirmLabs/binwalk
Usage: binwalk [OPTIONS] [FILE1] [FILE2] [FILE3] ...
Signature Scan Options:
-B, --signature Scan target file(s) for common file signatures
-R, --raw=<str> Scan target file(s) for the specified sequence of bytes
-A, --opcodes Scan target file(s) for common executable opcode signatures
-m, --magic=<file> Specify a custom magic file to use
-b, --dumb Disable smart signature keywords
-I, --invalid Show results marked as invalid
-x, --exclude=<str> Exclude results that match <str>
-y, --include=<str> Only show results that match <str>
Extraction Options:
-e, --extract Automatically extract known file types
-D, --dd=<type:ext:cmd> Extract <type> signatures, give the files an extension of <ext>, and execute <cmd>
-M, --matryoshka Recursively scan extracted files
-d, --depth=<int> Limit matryoshka recursion depth (default: 8 levels deep)
-C, --directory=<str> Extract files/folders to a custom directory (default: current working directory)
-j, --size=<int> Limit the size of each extracted file
-n, --count=<int> Limit the number of extracted files
-r, --rm Delete carved files after extraction
-z, --carve Carve data from files, but don't execute extraction utilities
-V, --subdirs Extract into sub-directories named by the offset
Entropy Options:
-E, --entropy Calculate file entropy
-F, --fast Use faster, but less detailed, entropy analysis
-J, --save Save plot as a PNG
-Q, --nlegend Omit the legend from the entropy plot graph
-N, --nplot Do not generate an entropy plot graph
-H, --high=<float> Set the rising edge entropy trigger threshold (default: 0.95)
-L, --low=<float> Set the falling edge entropy trigger threshold (default: 0.85)
Binary Diffing Options:
-W, --hexdump Perform a hexdump / diff of a file or files
-G, --green Only show lines containing bytes that are the same among all files
-i, --red Only show lines containing bytes that are different among all files
-U, --blue Only show lines containing bytes that are different among some files
-u, --similar Only display lines that are the same between all files
-w, --terse Diff all files, but only display a hex dump of the first file
Raw Compression Options:
-X, --deflate Scan for raw deflate compression streams
-Z, --lzma Scan for raw LZMA compression streams
-P, --partial Perform a superficial, but faster, scan
-S, --stop Stop after the first result
General Options:
-l, --length=<int> Number of bytes to scan
-o, --offset=<int> Start scan at this file offset
-O, --base=<int> Add a base address to all printed offsets
-K, --block=<int> Set file block size
-g, --swap=<int> Reverse every n bytes before scanning
-f, --log=<file> Log results to file
-c, --csv Log results to file in CSV format
-t, --term Format output to fit the terminal window
-q, --quiet Suppress output to stdout
-v, --verbose Enable verbose output
-h, --help Show help output
-a, --finclude=<str> Only scan files whose names match this regex
-p, --fexclude=<str> Do not scan files whose names match this regex
-s, --status=<int> Enable the status server on the specified portKusanthula zithunzi
Tiyeni tiyambe pofufuza siginecha zamafayilo mkati mwachithunzicho (chithunzi kuchokera patsamba ).
Kuthamanga binwalk ndi --signature parameter:
$ binwalk --signature --term archer-c7.bin
DECIMAL HEXADECIMAL DESCRIPTION
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
21876 0x5574 U-Boot version string, "U-Boot 1.1.4-g4480d5f9-dirty (May
20 2019 - 18:45:16)"
21940 0x55B4 CRC32 polynomial table, big endian
23232 0x5AC0 uImage header, header size: 64 bytes, header CRC:
0x386C2BD5, created: 2019-05-20 10:45:17, image size:
41162 bytes, Data Address: 0x80010000, Entry Point:
0x80010000, data CRC: 0xC9CD1E38, OS: Linux, CPU: MIPS,
image type: Firmware Image, compression type: lzma, image
name: "u-boot image"
23296 0x5B00 LZMA compressed data, properties: 0x5D, dictionary size:
8388608 bytes, uncompressed size: 97476 bytes
64968 0xFDC8 XML document, version: "1.0"
78448 0x13270 uImage header, header size: 64 bytes, header CRC:
0x78A267FF, created: 2019-07-26 07:46:14, image size:
1088500 bytes, Data Address: 0x80060000, Entry Point:
0x80060000, data CRC: 0xBB9D4F94, OS: Linux, CPU: MIPS,
image type: Multi-File Image, compression type: lzma,
image name: "MIPS OpenWrt Linux-3.3.8"
78520 0x132B8 LZMA compressed data, properties: 0x6D, dictionary size:
8388608 bytes, uncompressed size: 3164228 bytes
1167013 0x11CEA5 Squashfs filesystem, little endian, version 4.0,
compression:xz, size: 14388306 bytes, 2541 inodes,
blocksize: 65536 bytes, created: 2019-07-26 07:51:38
15555328 0xED5B00 gzip compressed data, from Unix, last modified: 2019-07-26
07:51:41Tsopano tili ndi zambiri zokhudza chithunzichi.
Kugwiritsa ntchito zithunzi monga bootloader (mutu wazithunzi pa 0x5AC0 ndi chithunzi cha bootloader choponderezedwa pa 0x5B00). Kutengera mutu wa uImage pa 0x13270, tikudziwa kuti kamangidwe ka purosesa ndi MIPS ndipo Linux kernel ndi mtundu 3.3.8. Ndipo kutengera chithunzi chopezeka pa adilesi 0x11CEA5, titha kuziwona rootfs ndi file system squashfs.
Tiyeni tsopano tichotse bootloader (U-Boot) pogwiritsa ntchito lamulo dd:
$ dd if=archer-c7.bin of=u-boot.bin.lzma bs=1 skip=23296 count=41162
41162+0 records in
41162+0 records out
41162 bytes (41 kB, 40 KiB) copied, 0,0939608 s, 438 kB/sPopeza chithunzicho chimaponderezedwa pogwiritsa ntchito LZMA, tiyenera kuchichotsa:
$ unlzma u-boot.bin.lzmaTsopano tili ndi chithunzi cha U-Boot:
$ ls -l u-boot.bin
-rw-rw-r-- 1 sprado sprado 97476 Fev 5 08:48 u-boot.binNanga bwanji kupeza mtengo wokhazikika wa bootargs?
$ strings u-boot.bin | grep bootargs
bootargs
bootargs=console=ttyS0,115200 board=AP152 rootfstype=squashfs init=/etc/preinit mtdparts=spi0.0:128k(factory-uboot),192k(u-boot),64k(ART),1536k(uImage),14464k@0x1e0000(rootfs) mem=128MU-Boot Environment Variable bootargs amagwiritsidwa ntchito podutsa magawo ku Linux kernel. Ndipo kuchokera pamwambapa, timamvetsetsa bwino kukumbukira kwa flash ya chipangizocho.
Nanga bwanji kuchotsa chithunzi cha Linux kernel?
$ dd if=archer-c7.bin of=uImage bs=1 skip=78448 count=1088572
1088572+0 records in
1088572+0 records out
1088572 bytes (1,1 MB, 1,0 MiB) copied, 1,68628 s, 646 kB/sTitha kuwona kuti chithunzicho chidachotsedwa bwino pogwiritsa ntchito lamulo file:
$ file uImage
uImage: u-boot legacy uImage, MIPS OpenWrt Linux-3.3.8, Linux/MIPS, Multi-File Image (lzma), 1088500 bytes, Fri Jul 26 07:46:14 2019, Load Address: 0x80060000, Entry Point: 0x80060000, Header CRC: 0x78A267FF, Data CRC: 0xBB9D4F94Mafayilo a uImage kwenikweni ndi chithunzi cha Linux kernel chokhala ndi mutu wowonjezera. Tiyeni tichotse mutuwu kuti tipeze chithunzi chomaliza cha Linux kernel:
$ dd if=uImage of=Image.lzma bs=1 skip=72
1088500+0 records in
1088500+0 records out
1088500 bytes (1,1 MB, 1,0 MiB) copied, 1,65603 s, 657 kB/sChithunzicho chapanikizidwa, ndiye tiyeni tichitulutse:
$ unlzma Image.lzmaTsopano tili ndi chithunzi cha Linux kernel:
$ ls -la Image
-rw-rw-r-- 1 sprado sprado 3164228 Fev 5 10:51 ImageKodi tingachite chiyani ndi chithunzi cha kernel? Mwachitsanzo, titha kufufuza chingwe pachithunzichi ndikupeza mtundu wa Linux kernel ndikuphunzira za chilengedwe chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga kernel:
$ strings Image | grep "Linux version"
Linux version 3.3.8 (leo@leo-MS-7529) (gcc version 4.6.3 20120201 (prerelease) (Linaro GCC 4.6-2012.02) ) #1 Mon May 20 18:53:02 CST 2019Ngakhale firmware idatulutsidwa chaka chatha (2019), ndikulemba nkhaniyi ikugwiritsa ntchito mtundu wakale wa Linux kernel (3.3.8) wotulutsidwa mu 2012, wophatikizidwa ndi mtundu wakale kwambiri wa GCC (4.6) kuyambira 2012 !
(pafupifupi transl. kodi mumakhulupirirabe ma router anu muofesi komanso kunyumba?)
Ndi njira --opcodes titha kugwiritsanso ntchito binwalk kuyang'ana malangizo pamakina ndikuzindikira kapangidwe kachithunzichi:
$ binwalk --opcodes Image
DECIMAL HEXADECIMAL DESCRIPTION
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2400 0x960 MIPS instructions, function epilogue
2572 0xA0C MIPS instructions, function epilogue
2828 0xB0C MIPS instructions, function epilogueNanga bwanji mizu yamafayilo? M'malo mochotsa chithunzicho pamanja, tiyeni tigwiritse ntchito njirayo binwalk --extract:
$ binwalk --extract --quiet archer-c7.binMizu yonse yamafayilo idzachotsedwa ku subdirectory:
$ cd _archer-c7.bin.extracted/squashfs-root/
$ ls
bin dev etc lib mnt overlay proc rom root sbin sys tmp usr var www
$ cat etc/banner
MM NM MMMMMMM M M
$MMMMM MMMMM MMMMMMMMMMM MMM MMM
MMMMMMMM MM MMMMM. MMMMM:MMMMMM: MMMM MMMMM
MMMM= MMMMMM MMM MMMM MMMMM MMMM MMMMMM MMMM MMMMM'
MMMM= MMMMM MMMM MM MMMMM MMMM MMMM MMMMNMMMMM
MMMM= MMMM MMMMM MMMMM MMMM MMMM MMMMMMMM
MMMM= MMMM MMMMMM MMMMM MMMM MMMM MMMMMMMMM
MMMM= MMMM MMMMM, NMMMMMMMM MMMM MMMM MMMMMMMMMMM
MMMM= MMMM MMMMMM MMMMMMMM MMMM MMMM MMMM MMMMMM
MMMM= MMMM MM MMMM MMMM MMMM MMMM MMMM MMMM
MMMM$ ,MMMMM MMMMM MMMM MMM MMMM MMMMM MMMM MMMM
MMMMMMM: MMMMMMM M MMMMMMMMMMMM MMMMMMM MMMMMMM
MMMMMM MMMMN M MMMMMMMMM MMMM MMMM
MMMM M MMMMMMM M M
M
---------------------------------------------------------------
For those about to rock... (%C, %R)
---------------------------------------------------------------Tsopano tikhoza kuchita zinthu zosiyanasiyana.
Titha kusaka mafayilo osinthira, ma hashes achinsinsi, makiyi a cryptographic ndi ziphaso za digito. Titha kusanthula mafayilo a binary ndi zofooka.
Ndi chithandizo cha ΠΈ titha kuyendetsa (kutsanzira) chotheka kuchokera pachithunzichi:
$ ls
bin dev etc lib mnt overlay proc rom root sbin sys tmp usr var www
$ cp /usr/bin/qemu-mips-static .
$ sudo chroot . ./qemu-mips-static bin/busybox
BusyBox v1.19.4 (2019-05-20 18:13:49 CST) multi-call binary.
Copyright (C) 1998-2011 Erik Andersen, Rob Landley, Denys Vlasenko
and others. Licensed under GPLv2.
See source distribution for full notice.
Usage: busybox [function] [arguments]...
or: busybox --list[-full]
or: function [arguments]...
BusyBox is a multi-call binary that combines many common Unix
utilities into a single executable. Most people will create a
link to busybox for each function they wish to use and BusyBox
will act like whatever it was invoked as.
Currently defined functions:
[, [[, addgroup, adduser, arping, ash, awk, basename, cat, chgrp, chmod, chown, chroot, clear, cmp, cp, crond, crontab, cut, date, dd, delgroup, deluser, dirname, dmesg, echo, egrep, env, expr, false,
fgrep, find, free, fsync, grep, gunzip, gzip, halt, head, hexdump, hostid, id, ifconfig, init, insmod, kill, killall, klogd, ln, lock, logger, ls, lsmod, mac_addr, md5sum, mkdir, mkfifo, mknod, mktemp,
mount, mv, nice, passwd, pgrep, pidof, ping, ping6, pivot_root, poweroff, printf, ps, pwd, readlink, reboot, reset, rm, rmdir, rmmod, route, sed, seq, sh, sleep, sort, start-stop-daemon, strings,
switch_root, sync, sysctl, tail, tar, tee, telnet, test, tftp, time, top, touch, tr, traceroute, true, udhcpc, umount, uname, uniq, uptime, vconfig, vi, watchdog, wc, wget, which, xargs, yes, zcatZabwino! Koma chonde dziwani kuti BusyBox Baibulo ndi 1.19.4. Uwu ndi mtundu wakale kwambiri wa BusyBox, yotulutsidwa mu April 2012.
Chifukwa chake TP-Link imatulutsa chithunzi cha firmware mu 2019 pogwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu (GCC toolchain, kernel, BusyBox, etc.) kuyambira 2012!
Tsopano kodi mukumvetsa chifukwa chake ndimayika OpenWRT nthawi zonse pa ma routers anga?
Si zokhazo
Binwalk imathanso kusanthula entropy, kusindikiza deta yaiwisi ya entropy, ndikupanga ma graph a entropy. Nthawi zambiri, entropy yayikulu imawonedwa ngati ma byte pachithunzichi ali mwachisawawa. Izi zitha kutanthauza kuti chithunzicho chili ndi fayilo yobisidwa, yoponderezedwa, kapena yobisika. Key encryption kiyi? Kulekeranji.
Tikhozanso kugwiritsa ntchito parameter --raw kuti mupeze makonda amtundu wa byte pachithunzi kapena parameter --hexdump kupanga hex dump kufananiza mafayilo awiri kapena kupitilira apo.
ikhoza kuwonjezeredwa ku binwalk mwina kudzera pa fayilo ya siginecha yodziwika pamzere wamalamulo pogwiritsa ntchito parameter --magic, kapena powonjezera iwo ku chikwatu $ HOME / .config / binwalk / magic.
Mutha kupeza zambiri za binwalk pa .
kuwonjezera kwa binwalk
Alipo binwalk, yokhazikitsidwa ngati gawo la Python lomwe lingagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi script ya Python kuti ipange scan ya binwalk, ndipo mzere wa lamulo la binwalk ukhoza kubwerezedwa kwathunthu ndi mizere iwiri yokha ya Python code!
import binwalk
binwalk.scan()Pogwiritsa ntchito Python API mutha kupanganso kukonza ndi kukulitsa binwalk.
Palinso ndi cloud version .
Ndiye bwanji osatsitsa chithunzi cha firmware kuchokera pa intaneti ndikuyesa binwalk? Ndikulonjeza kuti mudzasangalala kwambiri :)
Source: www.habr.com