Cholemba ichi chimamaliza kuzungulira kwa zosunga zobwezeretsera. Idzakambirana za bungwe lomveka la seva yodzipatulira (kapena VPS), yabwino kusungirako zosunga zobwezeretsera, ndipo iperekanso mwayi wobwezeretsanso seva kuchokera ku zosunga zobwezeretsera popanda kutsika kwambiri pakagwa tsoka.
Zambiri
Seva yodzipatulira nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi ma hard drive osachepera awiri omwe amagwira ntchito popanga gulu loyamba la RAID (galasi). Izi ndizofunikira kuti mupitirize kugwiritsa ntchito seva ngati disk imodzi yalephera. Ngati iyi ndi seva yodzipatulira nthawi zonse, pangakhale chowongolera cha Hardware RAID chokhala ndi ukadaulo wogwiritsa ntchito caching pa SSD, kotero kuti kuwonjezera pa hard drive nthawi zonse, SSD imodzi kapena zingapo zitha kulumikizidwa. Nthawi zina ma seva odzipatulira amaperekedwa, momwe ma disks am'deralo okha ndi SATADOM (ma disks ang'onoang'ono, mwadongosolo flash drive yolumikizidwa ndi doko la SATA), kapena ngakhale yaing'ono (8-16GB) flash drive yolumikizidwa ndi doko lapadera lamkati, ndi deta imatengedwa kuchokera kumalo osungira , olumikizidwa kudzera pa intaneti yodzipatulira yosungirako (Ethernet 10G, FC, etc.), ndipo pali ma seva odzipatulira omwe amanyamulidwa mwachindunji kuchokera kumalo osungirako. Sindingaganizire zosankha zotere, chifukwa muzochitika zotere ntchito yochirikiza seva imapita kwa katswiri yemwe amasunga zosungirako; nthawi zambiri pamakhala ukadaulo wosiyanasiyana wopanga zithunzithunzi, kutsitsa kokhazikika ndi zosangalatsa zina za woyang'anira dongosolo. , zokambitsirana mβmbali zapita za mpambo uno. Kuchuluka kwa ma disk a seva odzipatulira kumatha kufika makumi angapo a terabytes, kutengera kuchuluka ndi kukula kwa ma disks olumikizidwa ku seva. Pankhani ya VPS, ma voliyumu ndi ochepa kwambiri: nthawi zambiri saposa 100GB (koma palinso zambiri), ndipo mitengo ya VPS yotereyi imatha kukhala yokwera mtengo kuposa ma seva otsika mtengo odzipatulira ochokera ku hoster yemweyo. VPS nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi diski imodzi, chifukwa padzakhala makina osungira (kapena china chake hyperconverged) pansi pake. Nthawi zina VPS imakhala ndi ma disks angapo okhala ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana, pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana:
- dongosolo laling'ono - kukhazikitsa makina opangira;
- chachikulu - kusunga deta ya ogwiritsa ntchito.
Mukayikanso makinawo pogwiritsa ntchito gulu lowongolera, diski yomwe ili ndi deta ya ogwiritsa ntchito sinalembedwenso, koma disk yadongosolo imadzazidwanso. Komanso, pankhani ya VPS, woyang'anira atha kupereka batani lomwe limatenga chithunzithunzi cha VPS (kapena disk), koma ngati muyika makina anu ogwiritsira ntchito kapena kuiwala kuyambitsa ntchito yomwe mukufuna mkati mwa VPS, zina. za data zitha kutayikabe. Kuphatikiza pa batani, ntchito yosungirako deta nthawi zambiri imaperekedwa, nthawi zambiri imakhala yochepa kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri iyi ndi akaunti yokhala ndi mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito FTP kapena SFTP, nthawi zina limodzi ndi SSH, yokhala ndi chipolopolo chovumbulutsidwa (mwachitsanzo, rbash), kapena choletsa kuyendetsa malamulo kudzera pa authorized_keys (kudzera ForcedCommand).
Seva yodzipatulira imalumikizidwa ndi netiweki ndi madoko awiri okhala ndi liwiro la 1 Gbps, nthawi zina awa amatha kukhala makhadi okhala ndi liwiro la 10 Gbps. VPS nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi maukonde amodzi. Nthawi zambiri, malo opangira data samachepetsa liwiro la netiweki mkati mwa data center, koma amachepetsa kuthamanga kwa intaneti.
Katundu wamba wa seva yodzipatulira yotere kapena VPS ndi seva yapaintaneti, database, ndi seva yofunsira. Nthawi zina ntchito zina zowonjezera zitha kukhazikitsidwa, kuphatikiza pa seva yapaintaneti kapena nkhokwe: makina osakira, makina amakalata, ndi zina zambiri.
Seva yokonzedwa mwapadera imakhala ngati malo osungiramo zosunga zobwezeretsera; tidzalemba mwatsatanetsatane pambuyo pake.
Kukonzekera kwadongosolo la disk system
Ngati muli ndi chowongolera cha RAID, kapena VPS yokhala ndi diski imodzi, ndipo palibe zokonda zapadera pakugwiritsa ntchito kagawo kakang'ono ka disk (mwachitsanzo, disk yofulumira ya database), malo onse aulere amagawidwa motere: gawo limodzi. imapangidwa, ndipo gulu la voliyumu ya LVM limapangidwa pamwamba pake, ma voliyumu angapo amapangidwa mmenemo: 2 ang'onoang'ono amtundu womwewo, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mizu ya fayilo (yosinthidwa imodzi ndi imodzi panthawi yosinthidwa kuti athe kubweza mwamsanga, lingaliro linatengedwa kuchokera kugawa kwa Calculate Linux), lina ndi la magawo osinthika, malo ena onse aulere amagawidwa m'mabuku ang'onoang'ono, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mizu ya fayilo yazitsulo zodzaza, ma disks a makina enieni, fayilo. machitidwe amaakaunti mkati / kunyumba (akaunti iliyonse ili ndi fayilo yakeyake), makina amafayilo azotengera zofunsira.
Mfundo yofunika: mavoliyumu ayenera kukhala odzidalira okha, i.e. siziyenera kudalira wina ndi mzake kapena pa mizu ya fayilo. Pankhani ya makina enieni kapena zotengera, mfundoyi imawonedwa yokha. Ngati izi ndi zotengera kapena zolemba zapanyumba, muyenera kuganizira zolekanitsa mafayilo osinthira a seva yapaintaneti ndi ntchito zina m'njira yochotsa kudalirana pakati pa ma voliyumu momwe mungathere. Mwachitsanzo, tsamba lililonse limachokera kwa wogwiritsa ntchito, mafayilo osintha malo ali m'ndandanda wanyumba ya wogwiritsa ntchito, muzosungirako za seva yapaintaneti, mafayilo osungira malo sakuphatikizidwa kudzera /etc/nginx/conf.d/.conf, ndi, mwachitsanzo, /home//configs/nginx/*.conf
Ngati pali ma disks angapo, mukhoza kupanga pulogalamu ya RAID (ndikusintha caching yake pa SSD, ngati pakufunika ndi mwayi), pamwamba pake mungathe kumanga LVM molingana ndi malamulo omwe aperekedwa pamwambapa. Komanso mu nkhani iyi, mungagwiritse ntchito ZFS kapena BtrFS, koma muyenera kuganizira kawiri za izi: onse amafuna kwambiri njira kwambiri chuma, ndipo pambali, ZFS si m'gulu la Linux kernel.
Mosasamala kanthu za chiwembu chomwe chikugwiritsidwa ntchito, nthawi zonse ndi bwino kuwerengera pasadakhale liwiro la kulemba kusintha kwa ma disks, ndiyeno kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa malo aulere omwe adzasungidwe kuti apange zithunzithunzi. Mwachitsanzo, ngati seva yathu imalemba deta pa liwiro la megabytes 10 pamphindikati, ndipo kukula kwa deta yonse ndi 10 terabytes - nthawi yolumikizana imatha kufika tsiku (maola 22 - izi ndi momwe voliyumu idzasamutsidwira. pa netiweki 1 Gbps) - ndiyenera kusunga pafupifupi 800 GB . M'malo mwake, chiwerengerocho chidzakhala chaching'ono; mukhoza kuchigawa mosamala ndi chiwerengero cha mavoliyumu omveka.
Chipangizo chosunga zosunga zobwezeretsera seva
Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa seva yosungiramo zosunga zobwezeretsera ndi ma disks ake akulu, otsika mtengo komanso ocheperako. Popeza ma HDD amakono adawoloka kale 10TB bar mu lita imodzi imodzi, ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito mafayilo amafayilo kapena RAID ndi ma checksums, chifukwa pakumanganso gululo kapena kubwezeretsanso kachitidwe ka fayilo (masiku angapo!) kuonjezera katundu. Pa ma disks okhala ndi mphamvu mpaka 1TB izi sizinali zovuta kwambiri. Kuti kufotokozera kuphweka, ndikuganiza kuti malo a disk amagawidwa m'magawo awiri a kukula kwake (kachiwiri, mwachitsanzo, pogwiritsa ntchito LVM):
- ma voliyumu ofanana ndi maseva omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kusungira deta ya ogwiritsa ntchito (zosunga zomaliza zidzatumizidwa pa iwo kuti zitsimikizidwe);
- ma voliyumu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati BorgBackup repositories (deta ya zosunga zobwezeretsera ipita molunjika apa).
Mfundo yogwira ntchito ndi yakuti ma voliyumu osiyana amapangidwira pa seva iliyonse ya BorgBackup repositories, kumene deta yochokera ku maseva omenyana idzapita. Zosungirako zimagwira ntchito pazowonjezera-zokha, zomwe zimachotsa mwayi wochotsa mwadala, komanso chifukwa cha kuchotsera ndi kuyeretsa nthawi ndi nthawi zosungirako zakale (makopi apachaka amakhalabe, mwezi uliwonse kwa chaka chatha, mlungu uliwonse kwa mwezi watha, tsiku lililonse sabata yatha, mwina mwapadera - ola lililonse la tsiku lomaliza: okwana 24 + 7 + 4 + 12 + pachaka - pafupifupi makope 50 pa seva iliyonse).
Zosungirako za BorgBackup sizimatsegula njira yowonjezerera; m'malo mwake, ForcedCommand mu .ssh/authorized_keys imagwiritsidwa ntchito motere:
from="Π°Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ°",command="/usr/local/bin/borg serve --append-only --restrict-to-path /home/servername/borgbackup/",no-pty,no-agent-forwarding,no-port-forwarding,no-X11-forwarding,no-user-rc AAAAA.......Njira yodziwika ili ndi cholembera pamwamba pa borg, yomwe, kuwonjezera pakuyambitsa binary ndi magawo, imayambanso njira yobwezeretsa kopi yosunga deta ikachotsedwa. Kuti muchite izi, script ya wrapper imapanga fayilo ya tag pafupi ndi malo omwewo. Zosunga zobwezeretsera zomaliza zimabwezeretsedwanso ku voliyumu yofananira pambuyo pomaliza kudzaza deta.
Mapangidwe awa amakulolani kuyeretsa nthawi ndi nthawi zosungira zosafunikira, komanso kumalepheretsa ma seva olimbana kuti achotse chilichonse pa seva yosungira zosunga zobwezeretsera.
Njira zosunga zobwezeretsera
Woyambitsa zosunga zobwezeretsera ndi seva yodzipatulira kapena VPS yokha, popeza chiwembuchi chimapereka mphamvu zambiri pa zosunga zobwezeretsera mbali ya seva iyi. Choyamba, chithunzithunzi cha mawonekedwe a mizu yogwira ntchito imatengedwa, yomwe imayikidwa ndikuyika pogwiritsa ntchito BorgBackup ku seva yosungirako zosunga zobwezeretsera. Mukamaliza kujambula kwa data, chithunzicho chimatsitsidwa ndikuchotsedwa.
Ngati pali database yaying'ono (mpaka 1 GB pa tsamba lililonse), kutayira kwa database kumapangidwa, komwe kumasungidwa mu voliyumu yoyenera, pomwe zina zonse za tsamba lomwelo zilipo, koma kuti kutaya sichikupezeka kudzera pa seva yapaintaneti. Ngati nkhokwe zili zazikulu, muyenera kukonza kuchotsa deta "yotentha", mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito xtrabackup ya MySQL, kapena kugwira ntchito ndi WAL ndi archive_command mu PostgreSQL. Pankhaniyi, database idzabwezeretsedwa mosiyana ndi deta ya tsamba.
Ngati zotengera kapena makina enieni akugwiritsidwa ntchito, muyenera kukonza qemu-guest-agent, CRIU kapena matekinoloje ena ofunikira. Nthawi zina, makonda owonjezera nthawi zambiri safunikira - timangopanga zithunzithunzi zama voliyumu zomveka, zomwe zimasinthidwa mofanana ndi chithunzithunzi cha mawonekedwe a mizu. Pambuyo deta watengedwa, zithunzi zichotsedwa.
Ntchito ina ikuchitika pa seva yosungira zosunga zobwezeretsera:
- zosunga zomaliza zomwe zimapangidwa munkhokwe iliyonse zimafufuzidwa,
- kupezeka kwa fayilo yamakiyi kumafufuzidwa, kuwonetsa kuti kusonkhanitsa deta kwatha,
- deta imakulitsidwa ku voliyumu yofanana ya komweko,
- fayilo ya tag imachotsedwa
Seva kuchira ndondomeko
Ngati seva yayikulu imwalira, ndiye kuti seva yodzipatulira yofananira imayambika, yomwe imayambira pa chithunzi chokhazikika. Nthawi zambiri kutsitsa kudzachitika pa netiweki, koma katswiri wapa data akhazikitsa seva amatha kukopera chithunzi chokhazikikachi ku disk imodzi. Kutsitsa kumapezeka mu RAM, kenako kuchira kumayamba:
- pempho limapangidwa kuti liphatikize chipangizo cha block kudzera pa iscsinbd kapena protocol ina yofananira ndi voliyumu yomveka yomwe ili ndi mizu yamafayilo a seva yakufayo; Popeza mizu yamafayilo iyenera kukhala yaying'ono, sitepe iyi iyenera kumalizidwa mumphindi zochepa. Bootloader imabwezeretsedwanso;
- Mapangidwe a ma voliyumu am'deralo amapangidwanso, ma voliyumu omveka amalumikizidwa kuchokera pa seva yosunga zobwezeretsera pogwiritsa ntchito dm_clone kernel module: kuchira kwa data kumayamba, ndipo zosintha zimalembedwa nthawi yomweyo ku disks zakomweko.
- chidebe chimayambitsidwa ndi ma disks onse omwe alipo - ntchito ya seva imabwezeretsedwa bwino, koma ndi kuchepa;
- kulunzanitsa kwa data kukamalizidwa, ma voliyumu omveka kuchokera pa seva yosunga zobwezeretsera amachotsedwa, chidebecho chimazimitsidwa, ndipo seva imayambiranso;
Pambuyo poyambitsanso, seva idzakhala ndi deta yonse yomwe inalipo panthawi yomwe zosunga zobwezeretsera zinapangidwa, komanso zidzaphatikizanso kusintha komwe kunapangidwa panthawi yobwezeretsa.
Nkhani zina mu mndandanda
Zosunga zobwezeretsera Gawo 7: Mapeto
Ndikukupemphani kuti mukambirane zomwe mwasankha mu ndemanga, zikomo chifukwa cha chidwi chanu!
Source: www.habr.com