Eya
Ngati mumakhulupirira chiphunzitso cha Einstein cha kuphweka, chizindikiro chachikulu cha kumvetsetsa nkhani ndikutha kufotokoza mophweka, ndiye mu positi iyi ndiyesera kufotokoza mophweka komanso momveka bwino momwe ndingathere zotsatira za tsatanetsatane wa zatsopano. muyezo, womwe pazifukwa zina ngakhale Wi-Fi Alliance amaona kuti ndi osayenera kutchulidwa mu infographic za zatsopano za Wi-Fi 6, ngakhale kuti, monga momwe tidzaonera limodzi, ndizofunikira kwambiri komanso zochititsa chidwi. Sikuti chilichonse pano chili chozama komanso sichimakwanira (chifukwa njovu yotereyi ndi yovuta kudya ngakhale mbali), koma ndikuyembekeza kuti tonse tidzaphunzira chinachake chatsopano komanso chosangalatsa kwa ife tokha kuchokera ku zochitika zanga zamawu.
802.11ax yomweyo, yomwe takhala tikuyiyembekezera tsiku lililonse kwa chaka chachiwiri, imabweretsa zinthu zambiri zatsopano komanso zodabwitsa. Aliyense amene akufuna kunena za iye nthawi zonse ali ndi chisankho: kapena kupanga mpikisano mwachidule pamitu, kutchula chidebe cha zidule ndi zidule, kuyesera kuti asagwedezeke muzinthu zovuta pansi pa chovala cha aliyense wa iwo, kapena kukulunga. perekani lipoti la ola limodzi la chinthu chimodzi, chokondweretsa kwambiri kwa wolemba. Ndikhala pachiwopsezo chopitilira: zolemba zanga zambiri zidzaperekedwa ku chinthu chomwe sichili chatsopano!
Chifukwa chake, kwa zaka zopitilira makumi awiri tsopano, ma netiweki ena opanda zingwe adamangidwa motsatira mulu wa miyezo ya banja la 802.11, ndipo, monga wolankhula aliyense wodzilemekeza, ndiyenera kubwezeretsa pang'ono nthawi ya unyolo wonse. za zochitika zomwe zidapatsa dziko mabiliyoni a zida zogwirizanirana - koma , monga wolemba yemwe amalemekeza owerenga, ndidakali pachiwopsezo chosachita izi. Komabe, tiyenera kukumbutsana zinazake.
Kubwereza konse kwa Wi-Fi kwayika patsogolo kudalirika m'malo mokulitsa kutulutsa. Izi zikutsatira njira yofikira pakatikati (CSMA/CA), yomwe siili yabwino kwambiri kuchokera pakuwona kufinya ma kilobits omaliza pamphindikati kuchokera pa sing'anga yopatsira (mutha kuwerenga zambiri za zolakwa zapadziko lonse lapansi ndi Wi. -Fi makamaka m'nkhani ya mnzanga wakale ), koma cholimba kwambiri muzochitika zilizonse. M'malo mwake, mutha kuswa pafupifupi zoyambira zonse zamapangidwe a netiweki ya Wi-Fi - ndipo netiweki yotereyi isinthanabe zambiri! Njira yonse yomwe makasitomala amtundu wa Wi-Fi amatha kutumiza ndi/kapena kulandira magawo awo a data cholinga chake ndikuwonetsetsa kuti m'Chingerezi amatchedwa mawu ovuta kumasulira luso laukadaulo, kulimba. Chigawo chonse cha kusinthasintha chikuwonjezeka, kuphatikiza mafelemu okhala ndi deta (osati chimodzimodzi, koma zikhale choncho!) Zopaka pamwamba zikupitiriza kugwira ntchito pambuyo pa mfundo zazikulu ziwiri za 802.11, zomwe zimapereka kudalirika kosaneneka:
- βPamene wina akulankhula, ena onse akhala cheteβ;
- "Chilichonse kupatula deta chimanenedwa pang'onopang'ono komanso momveka bwino."
Mfundo yachiwiri imayambitsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa bandwidth ya netiweki kuposa momwe zingawonekere poyang'ana koyamba. Nachi chithunzi chabwino chomwe chikuwonetsa gawo limodzi la data lomwe latumizidwa pa netiweki ya Wi-Fi:
Tiyeni tiwone zomwe zikutanthauza kwa anthu wamba omwe sadziwa kuti ndi masamba angati omwe ali mu 802.11-2016 standard. Liwiro losamutsa deta lomwe dongosolo limalemba muzinthu za netiweki yopanda zingwe komanso zomwe amalonda ochokera kwa wopanga aliyense amajambula pamabokosi ofikira (chabwino, mwina mwawona - 1,7 Gb / s! 2,4 Gb / s! 9000 Gb / s!) , sikuti ndi nsonga ndi kuchuluka kwa 100% ya nthawi yomwe imagwidwa ndi kufalitsa, komanso ndi liwiro lomwe mbali ya buluu yokha mu graph yokongola iyi idzatumizidwa. Zina zonse zidzatumizidwa pa liwiro lotchedwa kasamalidwe mlingo mu English (komanso mu Russian, chifukwa kumasulira mawu amenewa kuopseza kusamvana kwina pakati pa akatswiri), ndi otsika osati ndi kangapo, koma chifukwa cha ZAMBIRI kamodzi. Mwachitsanzo, popanda zoikamo zina zowonjezera, netiweki ya 802.11ac, yomwe imatha kugwira ntchito ndi makasitomala pa liwiro la 1300 Mb/s, imatumiza zidziwitso zonse zautumiki (chilichonse chomwe sichili buluu mu graph yathu yowopsa) pamlingo wowongolera wa 6. Mb/s. Kupitilira pang'onopang'ono mazana awiri!
Funso lomveka ndilakuti - ndikhululukireni, ndi mwezi wanji womwe lingaliro lowononga kotero lingakhale gawo la muyeso womwe mabiliyoni a zida amagwiritsa ntchito padziko lonse lapansi? Yankho lomveka ndilofanana, kugwirizana, kugwirizana! Maukonde omwe ali pamalo atsopano olowera akuyenera kupereka kuthekera kogwiritsa ntchito zida zazaka khumi kapena khumi ndi zisanu, ndipo ndi mu zidutswa zonse "zopanda buluu" zomwe zimawuluka zomwe zida zapang'onopang'ono zimamva, kumvetsetsa bwino komanso sadzayesa kufalitsa pa kopitilira muyeso-mkulu-liwiro zidutswa deta awo. Kulimba kumafuna kudzimana!
Tsopano ndakonzeka kupatsa aliyense amene ali ndi chidwi chida chofunikira kwambiri kuti achite mantha ndi ma megabit omwe atha kutayika mopanda cholinga mu Wi-Fi yamakono - izi zakhala zovomerezeka kale kuti aphunzire m'magulu opanga uinjiniya. WiFi AirTime Calculator ndi wokonda ku Norway 802.11 Gjermund Raaen. Ikupezeka pa - zotsatira za ntchito yake zikuwoneka motere:
Mzere woyamba ndi nthawi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito potumiza paketi ya data ya 1 byte ndi chipangizo cha 1512n m'lifupi mwa tchanelo cha 802.11 MHz.
Mzere 2 ndi nthawi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito potumiza paketi yomweyo ndi chipangizo chokhala ndi fomula yofananira ya mlongoti, koma ikugwira ntchito kale molingana ndi muyezo wa 802.11ac munjira ya 80 MHz.
Zitha kukhala bwanji - nthawi zinayi zochulukirapo "zawonongeka", kusinthika kwakukulu kwakhala kovutirapo kuyambira 64QAM mpaka 256QAM, liwiro la mayendedwe ndilapamwamba chisanu ndi chimodzi nthawi (433 Mb / s m'malo mwa 72 Mb / s), koma pafupifupi 25% ya nthawi ya mpweya idapezedwa?
Kugwirizana ndi mfundo ziwiri za 802.11, mukukumbukira?
Chabwino, tingakonze bwanji kusalungama ndi kuwononga koteroko - timadzifunsa tokha, monga gulu lililonse la IEEE lomwe linayamba kupanga muyezo mwina linadzifunsa lokha? Njira zingapo zomveka zimabwera m'maganizo:
- Limbikitsani kusamutsa deta mu "green" chidutswa cha graph. Izi zimachitika muyeso uliwonse ukatulutsidwa, chifukwa ziwerengero zazikulu zimawoneka bwino pamabokosi. M'zochita, monga tawonera, zimapereka chiwonjezeko chochepa - ngakhale titafulumizitsa liwiro la njira kufika pa gigabits miliyoni miliyoni pa nanosecond, mbali zina zonse za graph sizidzatha. Ichi ndichifukwa chake ndikupangira kuti m'nkhani zonse zokhudzana ndi miyezo yatsopano ya 802.11, mudumphe ndime zomwe zimatchula ma megabits pamphindikati.
- Limbikitsani magawo ena onse a graph. Zowonadi, ngati titha kuwirikiza kawiri liwiro lomwe chilichonse "chosakhala chobiriwira" chimafalikira (chabwino, kapena "chopanda buluu", ngati mukuyang'anabe chithunzi cham'mbuyomu), ndiye kuti tipeza zochepa kuposa 50. % kuchulukirachulukira kwenikweni - komabe, pakutaya kuyanjana ndi zida ndi zina zambiri zomwe mungaphunzire mukapita kukakonzekera mayeso amutu wonyada wa CWNA :) Wowononga: sudzatha nthawi zonse chitani izi, mutatha kuganiza mozama ndikumvetsetsa zomwe zidzatsogolera. Ndipotu, uku ndikuphwanya imodzi mwa mfundo ziwiri za 802.11, kotero muyenera kusamala nazo!
- Ikani pamodzi mafelemu angapo monga chonchi ndi mbali zobiriwira pamodzi. Kutalika kwa gawo lobiriwira, kumapangitsanso kuwonjezeka kwa liwiro la njira. Inde, iyi ndi njira yogwirira ntchito kwathunthu, yomwe idawonekeranso mu 802.11n ndipo ndi imodzi mwamakona angapo akusintha kwake. Vuto lokhalo ndiloti, choyamba, mapulogalamu angapo sanagwirizane ndi kuphatikizika koteroko (mwachitsanzo, Mawu omwewo okhetsa magazi pa Wi-Fi), chachiwiri, zida zingapo sizinathandizenso. (mwanjira ina ndidaganiza zoigwira ngakhale Pakadakhala mafelemu angapo ophatikizika ngati awa pa netiweki yeniyeni ya kampani yomwe ndimagwira ntchito, koma pa> 500k mafelemu "otolera", panali mafelemu ophatikiza ziro ndendende. Mwachidziwikire, vuto ndilakuti mu njira yanga yosonkhanitsira deta, koma ndine wokonzeka kukambirana ndi aliyense kulikonse.
- Kuphwanya mfundo ziwiri zoyambirira za 802.11 poyambira kulankhula pamene wina akulankhula. Ndipo apa ndipamene 802.11ax imabwera kudzapulumutsa.
Ndizosangalatsa kuti potsiriza ndinafika ku Wi-Fi 6 yokha mu nkhani yanga ya Wi-Fi 6! Ngati mukuwerengabe izi, muyenera kutero pazifukwa zina kapena mukukondweretsedwa. Kotero, ngakhale kuti 802.11ax adzalandira gawo lalikulu la zochitika zam'mbuyo za banja lonse la 802.11 (osati kokha, mwa njira - zinthu zozizira zinawonekera mu 802.16, aka WiMAX), chinachake m'menemo chikadali chatsopano komanso choyambirira. Nthawi zambiri mawuwa amatsagana ndi chithunzi chonga ichi, chopezeka patsamba la Wi-Fi Alliance:
Monga momwe ndinasungira kuyambira pachiyambi, mkati mwa malire a nkhani imodzi yowerengeka tidzatha kulingalira chimodzi chokha cha mfundo zazikuluzikuluzi, kapena m'malo mwake, palibe chimodzi mwa zomwe zikuwonetsedwa pachithunzichi (zodabwitsa bwanji!). Ndikukhulupirira kuti mwawerenga kale mafotokozedwe ofulumira miliyoni miliyoni a chilichonse mwazinthu zisanu ndi zitatuzi, koma ndipitiliza nkhani yanga yayitali yotopetsa ya zomwe zikutsata kuchokera ku OFDMA - kuwongolera ma media angapo (MU-access control), yomwe, monga tikuwona, sindinapeze infographic nkomwe. Koma ndizopanda pake!
Kufikira kangapo ndi chinthu chomwe popanda kugawa njira kukhala ma subcarriers sikumveka konse. Chifukwa chiyani mukuyesera kuyang'ana magawo osiyanasiyana ngati palibe njira yomwe ingakakamize makasitomala a netiweki yatsopano ya Wi-Fi 6 kuti aswe limodzi mwamalamulo osagwedezeka mpaka pano ndikuyamba kuyankhula nthawi yomweyo? Ndipo, zowona, makina oterowo adangoyenera kuwonekera - ndikuchepetsa zovuta zavuto "lalitali" poyerekeza ndi chidziwitso cha eni ake. Bwanji? Inde, ndizosavuta: lolani gawo la "pang'onopang'ono" litumizidwe chimodzimodzi monga kale, koma tidzatumiza gawo "lofulumira", momwe deta imatumizidwa mwachindunji, nthawi imodzi kuchokera ku zipangizo zingapo (kapena zingapo) lamula! Zikuwoneka motere:
Zikuwoneka zovuta, koma kwenikweni ndizosavuta kufotokoza: malo ofikirako, pogwiritsa ntchito chimango chapadera chomwe chimamveka kwa onse (ngakhale zida za Wi-Fi 6!), akuti ndi okonzeka kutumiza deta nthawi imodzi ku STA1 ndi Chithunzi cha STA2. Popeza "mutu" wa chimango ichi ndi womveka ngakhale kwa makasitomala akale kwambiri, amatsimikizira kuti ma airwaves adzakhala otanganidwa kwa nthawi ndithu kutumiza uthenga kwa makasitomala ena pa intaneti, ndikuyamba kuwerengera nthawi. mpaka kumapeto kwa nthawi iyi (kwenikweni, monga nthawi zonse mu Wi-Fi). Koma zida za STA1 ndi STA2 zimamvetsetsa kuti tsopano deta idzaperekedwa kwa iwo mwanjira yatsopano, nthawi imodzi, aliyense pagawo lake la tchanelo, ndipo amayankha malo ofikira nthawi imodzi, ndiyeno amatsimikiziranso kulandila kwa chimango (chilichonse chimakhala ndi gawo lake la deta!), ndipo chilengedwe chimamasulidwa kachiwiri. "Pansi-mmwamba" imagwira ntchito mofananamo:
Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu komanso kochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndikuti malo olowera muzochitika izi amauza masiteshoni omwe amatha kulankhula nthawi yomweyo kuti ayambe kutumiza, pogwiritsa ntchito chimango chapadera chotchedwa Trigger. Izi, kwenikweni, "choyambitsa" chatsopano cha njira yonse yofikira kangapo panthawi imodzi, yomwe ili, m'malingaliro anga odzichepetsa, chimodzi mwazinthu zofunikira kwambiri "pansi pa hood" ya muyezo watsopano. Zili momwemo kuti makasitomala alandire "ndondomeko" ya momwe angagawire njira imodzi yafupipafupi pakati pawo; ndipamene makasitomala amadziwitsa nthawi imodzi malo olowera kuti alandira magawo awo a data ndipo adatha kuwagawa. Mmenemo, malo ofikira amadziwitsa aliyense amene angathe "kulankhula" nthawi yomweyo za chiyambi cha kutumiza deta - mmenemo, malo ofikira amayamba kutumiza deta yofunikira. Makina atsopano a Trigger frame, m'malo mwake, amakulolani kuti muchepetse kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi ya airtime mopanda nzeru - komanso momwe makasitomala ambiri angagwiritsire ntchito ndikuzindikira molondola!
Tsopano tiyeni tipange mfundo zazikuluzikulu zomwe zikutsatiridwa ndi nkhani yayitali yonseyi ndikuyenerera TL; DR:
- Malo ofikira amtundu watsopano wa 802.11ax, ngakhale kudalira chimodzi mwazatsopano zambiri, ayamba kukulitsa kuchuluka kwa netiweki yonse kuyambira kale. wachiwiri n'zogwirizana kasitomala chipangizo! Pakangotsala makasitomala awiri omwe amatha kuyankhula nthawi imodzi, ndiye, zinthu zina zonse zimakhala zofanana (ndilibe chifukwa choganiza kuti madalaivala a ma module amawayilesi amalembedwa bwino kuposa kale, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti kuphatikizika kwa ma module a wailesi yamakasitomala kudzalembedwa bwino kuposa kale. Zigawo "zothandiza" za mafelemu, ndi zina zambiri zodalira kasitomala sizigwirabe ntchito "pa avareji kumalo osungira nyama") ZIDZACHULUKITSA KALE kutulutsa kwapakati. Chifukwa chake ngati mukuganiza za netiweki yatsopano ya Wi-Fi, ndizomveka kuti muganizire za malo atsopano komanso abwino kwambiri, chifukwa ngakhale makasitomala akadali ochepa kwa iwo tsopano, zinthu sizikhala motere kwa nthawi yayitali.
- Zidule ndi zidule zonse zomwe zili mu zida za injiniya wabwino wopanda zingwe masiku ano zikhalabe zofunikira kwa nthawi yayitali - ngakhale njira yolumikizira sing'anga yasinthidwa, kuphwanya mfundo zapangodya zomwe zakhala zaka zopitilira 20, zimasungabe. kugwirizana patsogolo. Mukufunikabe kudula mitengo yoyang'anira "pang'onopang'ono" (ndipo muyenerabe kumvetsetsa chifukwa chake ndi liti), muyenera kukonzekera bwino, chifukwa palibe njira yolumikizira deta yomwe ingagwire ntchito ngati pali zovuta pathupi. mlingo. Mwayi unangobwera wochita ngakhale bwino.
- Pafupifupi zisankho zonse mu Wi-Fi 6 zimapangidwa ndi malo ofikira. Monga tikuonera, imayang'anira mwayi wamakasitomala ku chilengedwe poyika zida pamodzi mu "nthawi" yogwira ntchito nthawi imodzi. Kusunthira pang'ono kumbali, ntchito ya TWT imakhalanso pamapewa a malo olowera. Tsopano AP sayenera "kulengeza maukonde" ndi kusunga magalimoto pamzere, komanso kusunga zolemba za makasitomala onse, kukonzekera momwe angagwiritsire ntchito mopindulitsa wina ndi mzake malinga ndi bandwidth ndi zosowa zamagalimoto, mabatire awo ndi zina zambiri. . β Ndimatchula njira imeneyi kuti βorchestration.β Ma algorithms omwe malo ofikira adzapangire zisankho zonsezi sizimayendetsedwa, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti mawonekedwe enieni ndi njira yopangidwira ya opanga adzawonetsedwa ndendende pakupanga ma algorithms a orchestration. Pamene mfundozo zikulosera molondola zosowa za makasitomala, zimakhala bwino komanso mofanana kuti azitha kuziphatikiza m'magulu angapo opezekapo - chifukwa chake, m'pamenenso zipangizo zogwiritsira ntchito mpweya zidzagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso kupititsa patsogolo njira yomaliza yopezera malo oterowo. adzakhala. Algorithm ndiye malire omaliza!
- Kusintha kuchokera ku Wi-Fi 5 kupita ku Wi-Fi 6 ndikosinthika m'chilengedwe komanso kofunika monga kusintha kuchokera ku 802.11g kupita ku 802.11n. Kenako tinakhala ndi ulusi wambiri komanso "payload" aggregation - tsopano timapeza mwayi wofikira nthawi imodzi ndipo potsiriza timagwira ntchito MU-MIMO ndi Beamforming (choyamba, monga tikudziwira, izi ndi zofanana; kachiwiri, kukambirana " chifukwa chiyani MU- MIMO idapangidwa mu 802.11ac, koma sinapangidwe kuti igwire ntchito" ndiye mutu wankhani yayitali yayitali :) Onse 802.11n ndi Wi-Fi 6 amagwira ntchito m'magulu onse awiri (2,4 GHz ndi 5 GHz), mosiyana ndi omwe adatsogolera "apakati" - ndithudi, "chisanu ndi chimodzi ndi zinayi zatsopano"!
Pang'ono ponena za chiyambi cha nkhaniyi
Nkhaniyi idalembedwa pampikisano womwe Huawei adachita (pomwe adasindikizidwa ). Polemba, ndinadalira kwambiri lipoti langa pa msonkhano wa "Bezprovodov", womwe unachitika mu 2019 ku St. Petersburg (mutha kuwona kujambula kwa mawuwo , ingokumbukirani - phokoso pamenepo, kunena zoona, si lalikulu, ngakhale kuti St. Petersburg chiyambi cha kanema!).
Source: www.habr.com