Chakumapeto kwa zaka makumi atatu zapitazi, woyambitsa wa slat, Gustav Lachmann, adaganiza zopangira mapiko opanda mchira ndi mapiko oyandama omasuka omwe amayikidwa kutsogolo kwa phiko. Mapikowa anali ndi servo-rudder, mothandizidwa ndi zomwe mphamvu zake zokweza zidayendetsedwa. Idathandizira kubwezeranso mphindi yokulirapo yamapiko yomwe imachitika pomwe nthitiyo imatulutsidwa. Popeza Lachmann anali wogwira ntchito ku kampani ya Handley-Page, ndiye mwini wake wa patent ya yankho laumisirili ndipo pansi pa chizindikiro ichi lingaliro limatchulidwa m'mabuku aukadaulo. Koma palibe kukhazikitsidwa kothandiza kwa lingaliro ili! Chifukwa chiyani?
Kulinganiza zotayika
Mapiko a ndege, omwe amapanga kukweza, amakhala ndi chotsatira, wina anganene, chopanda pake mwa mawonekedwe a mphindi yodumphira yomwe imapangitsa kuti ndegeyo idumphire. Pofuna kuteteza ndege kuti isadumphire, pali phiko laling'ono pamchira wake - stabilizer, yomwe imalepheretsa kudumpha uku, kupanga pansi, ndiko kuti, zoipa, kukweza mphamvu. Kukonzekera kwa aerodynamic kwa ndegeyi kumatchedwa "zabwinobwino". Chifukwa chakuti mayendedwe okhazikika a ndegeyo ndi oipa, amawonjezera mphamvu yokoka ya ndegeyo, ndipo mapikowo ayenera kukhala okwera kwambiri kuposa mphamvu yokoka.
Kusiyanitsa pakati pa mphamvuzi kumatchedwa kusanja kutayika, komwe kumatha kufika 20%.
Koma ndege yoyamba yowuluka ya Wright Brothers inalibe zotayika zotere, chifukwa phiko laling'ono - chosokoneza chomwe chimalepheretsa kudumphira - sichinayikidwa kumbuyo kwa phiko, koma kutsogolo kwake. Mapangidwe awa aerodynamic a ndege amatchedwa "canard". Ndipo pofuna kuteteza ndege kuti isadumphire, chosokoneza chiyenera kupanga chokwera, ndiko kuti, mphamvu yokweza. Imawonjezeredwa kukweza mapiko, ndipo ndalamazi ndizofanana ndi mphamvu yokoka ya ndege. Chotsatira chake, phiko liyenera kupanga mphamvu yonyamulira yomwe ili yochepa kuposa mphamvu yokoka. Ndipo palibe zotayika pakulinganiza!
Stabilizer ndi destabilizer zimaphatikizidwa kukhala mawu amodzi - yopingasa mchira kapena GO.
Komabe, ndi chitukuko chachikulu cha kunyamuka ndi makina okwera pamapiko koyambirira kwa zaka makumi atatu zapitazi, "bakha" adataya mwayiwu. Chinthu chachikulu pamakina ndi chopiringizika - mbali yakumbuyo ya phiko yomwe imapatuka pansi. Imachulukitsa mphamvu yokweza mapiko, chifukwa chake ndizotheka kuchepetsa liwiro pakutera ndikunyamuka, potero kupulumutsa kulemera kwa chassis. Koma chotulukapo mu mawonekedwe a mphindi yakudumphira pomwe chowotcha chimatulutsidwa chimawonjezeka mpaka momwe destabilizer sangathe kulimbana nacho, koma chokhazikika sichingapirire. Kuphwanya sikumanga, pamenepa mphamvu yabwino.
Kuti phiko lipange kukweza, liyenera kulunjika pa ngodya yopita kumayendedwe a mpweya womwe ukubwera. Ngodya iyi imatchedwa angle of attack ndipo pamene ikuwonjezeka, mphamvu yokweza imakhalanso ikuwonjezeka, koma osati kwanthawizonse, koma mpaka pamtunda wovuta, womwe umachokera ku 15 mpaka 25 madigiri. Chifukwa chake, mphamvu yonse ya aerodynamic siyimalunjika mmwamba, koma imalunjika kumchira wa ndegeyo. Ndipo imatha kuwola kukhala gawo lolunjika mmwamba - mphamvu yokweza, ndikuwongolera kumbuyo - mphamvu yokoka ya aerodynamic. Chiyerekezo cha kukwera kwa mphamvu ya kukoka kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kuweruza mtundu wa aerodynamic wa ndegeyo, yomwe imatha kuyambira 7 mpaka 25.
Chodabwitsa chomwe chimagwira ntchito mokomera dongosolo lachizolowezi ndi mayendedwe a mpweya kumbuyo kwa phiko, lomwe limakhala ndi kutsika kwapang'onopang'ono komwe kumayendera, kukulirakulira kwa mapikowo. Choncho, pamene chotchingacho chapotozedwa, chifukwa cha aerodynamics, mbali yeniyeni ya kuukira kwa stabilizer imawonjezeka ndipo, chifukwa chake, mphamvu yake yokweza yolakwika.
Kuonjezera apo, mkhalidwe woterewu monga kuonetsetsa kuti ndegeyo imakhala yokhazikika kwa nthawi yayitali imagwiranso ntchito mokomera ndondomeko "yachibadwa" poyerekeza ndi "canard". Nthawi yomwe ndege ikuukira imatha kusintha chifukwa cha kayendedwe ka mpweya. Ndege zimapangidwa moganizira za izi ndipo zimayesetsa kupirira chisokonezo. Pamwamba pa ndege iliyonse imakhala ndi mawonekedwe a aerodynamic - malo ogwiritsira ntchito kukweza kokweza pamene mbali ya kuukira ikusintha. Ngati tiganizira zotsatira za mapiko ndi GO increments, ndiye kuti ndege imakhalanso ndi cholinga. Ngati kuyang'ana kwa ndegeyo kuli kumbuyo kwapakati pa misa, ndiye kuti ndi kuwonjezeka kwachisawawa mu ngodya yowukira, kuwonjezereka kwa ndege kumapangitsa kuti ndegeyo iwonongeke kuti iwonongeke. Ndipo ndegeyo imabwerera kumayendedwe ake am'mbuyomu. Pankhaniyi, mu "zachibadwa" kasinthidwe mapiko amalenga destabilizing mphindi (kuwonjezera ngodya kuukira), ndi stabilizer amalenga okhazikika mphindi (kuchepetsa ngodya ya kuukira), ndipo yomalizayo ipambana pafupifupi 10%. . Mu canard, nthawi yowonongeka imapangidwa ndi destabilizer, ndipo mphindi yokhazikika, yomwe ili pafupi 10% yayikulu, imapangidwa ndi phiko. Choncho, kuwonjezeka kwa dera ndi paphewa la mchira wopingasa kumapangitsa kuti pakhale kukhazikika kwapangidwe kokhazikika komanso kuchepa kwa "canard". Nthawi zonse amachita ndipo amawerengedwa wachibale pakati pa misa ya ndege (onani mkuyu 1).
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Ngati kuyang'ana kwa ndegeyo kuli patsogolo pakatikati pa misa, ndiye kuti ndi kuwonjezeka kwapang'ono pang'ono pamakona akuukira kumawonjezeka kwambiri ndipo ndegeyo idzakhala yosakhazikika. Malo achibale awa a cholinga ndi pakati pa misa amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu omenyera amakono kuti azinyamula stabilizer ndikulandira osati zoipa, koma kukweza kwabwino pa izo. Ndipo kuthawa kwa ndege kumatsimikiziridwa osati ndi aerodynamics, koma ndi maulendo anayi opangidwa ndi makina okhazikika okhazikika, omwe "amawongolera" pamene ndegeyo ichoka pakona yofunikira. Pamene makina azimitsidwa, ndegeyo imayamba kutembenukira mchira choyamba, izi ndi zomwe chiwerengero cha "Pugachev's Cobra" chimakhazikitsidwa, momwe woyendetsa ndegeyo amazimitsa mwadala ndipo, pamene mbali yofunikira ya mchira ikafika, imayaka moto. rocket mu gawo lakumbuyo la hemisphere, ndiyeno imayatsanso makinawo.
Zotsatirazi, tikungoganizira za ndege zokhazikika, chifukwa ndi ndege zotere zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito poyendetsa ndege.
Malo oyandikana ndi momwe ndege imayang'ana komanso pakati pa misa ndi chizindikiro cha "centering."
Popeza cholinga chili kumbuyo kwapakati pa misa, mosasamala kanthu za chitsanzo, mtunda wapakati pawo, wotchedwa kukhazikika kwa malire, umawonjezera mkono wa GO mwachizolowezi ndikuwuchepetsa mu "canard".
ChiΕ΅erengero cha mapiko a mapiko ndi canard ndi chakuti mphamvu yokwezera ya destabilizer pa kupatuka kwakukulu kwa zikepe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwathunthu pamene ndege imabweretsedwa kumalo okwera kwambiri. Ndipo zidzaphonya pamene zophimba zidzatulutsidwa. Choncho, "abakha" onse a mlengi wotchuka wa ku America Rutan alibe makina. Ndege yake ya Voyager inali yoyamba kuwuluka padziko lonse lapansi popanda kutera ndikuwonjezera mafuta mu 1986.
Kupatulapo ndi Beechcraft Starship, koma pamenepo, ndi cholinga chogwiritsa ntchito zotchinga, mapangidwe ovuta kwambiri okhala ndi geometry destabilizer destabilizer adagwiritsidwa ntchito, omwe sakanatha kubweretsedwa ku serially reproducible state, chifukwa chake ntchitoyi idatsekedwa.
Dzanja la mapiko makamaka zimatengera kuchuluka kwa mphamvu yokweza ya choyimitsa chiwonjezeko pamene mbali yake yakuukira ikuwonjezeka ndi digiri imodzi; chizindikirochi chimatchedwa chotumphukira potengera mbali ya kuukira kwa choyezera chokwera kapena kungotengera chochotsa. Ndipo, kakang'ono kameneka kamachokera, pafupi ndi mapiko omwe ali pakati pa misa ya ndege akhoza kuikidwa, choncho, dzanja laling'ono la mapiko lidzakhala. Kuti achepetse zotengera izi, wolemba mu 1992 adaganiza zogwiritsa ntchito destabilizer molingana ndi dongosolo la biplane (2). Izi zimapangitsa kuchepetsa mapewa a mapiko kwambiri kotero kuti amathetsa chopinga chogwiritsira ntchito chipwirikiti pa icho. Komabe, zotsatira zoyipa zimachitika ngati kuwonjezeka kwa kukana kwa GO chifukwa cha biplane. Kuphatikiza apo, pali zovuta pamapangidwe a ndegeyo, chifukwa ndikofunikira kupanga ma GO awiri, osati imodzi.
Anzake adawonetsa kuti mawonekedwe a "biplane destabilizer" analipo pa ndege ya Wright Brothers, koma muzopangazo sizinali zatsopano zokha zomwe zinali zovomerezeka, komanso zida zatsopano. A Wrights analibe mawonekedwe a "flap". Kuphatikiza apo, ngati zida za chinthu chatsopano zimadziwika, ndiye kuti chopangidwachi chizindikirike, chinthu chimodzi chiyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zatsopano. A Wrights adagwiritsa ntchito biplane kuti achepetse kulemera kwa kapangidwe kake, komanso muzofotokozera zomwe zidapangidwa - kuchepetsa zotumphukira.
"Weathervane Bakha"
Pafupifupi zaka XNUMX zapitazo, tinakumbukira mfundo ya βbakha wa vaneβ yomwe yatchulidwa kumayambiriro kwa nkhaniyi.
Imagwiritsa ntchito nyengo yokhala ndi mchira wopingasa (FGO) ngati chosokoneza, chomwe chimakhala ndi choyimitsa chokha, chokhazikika pa axis perpendicular to fuselage, ndikulumikizidwa ndi destabilizer ya servo rudder. Ndege yamtundu wamtundu wanthawi zonse, pomwe mapiko a ndege ndi FGO destabilizer, ndi stabilizer ya ndege ndi FGO servo. Ndipo ndege iyi siuluka, koma imayikidwa pa axis, ndipo iyo yokha imalunjika pokhudzana ndi kutuluka komwe kukubwera. Posintha mbali yoyipa yakuukira kwa chiwongolero cha servo, timasintha mbali yakuukira kwa chosokoneza chofananira ndikuyenda, chifukwa chake, kukweza kwa FGO pakuwongolera phula.
Pamene malo a chiwongolero cha servo amakhalabe osasinthika poyerekeza ndi destabilizer, FGO sichimayankha mphepo yamkuntho yowongoka, i.e. kusintha kolowera kwa ndegeyo. Chifukwa chake zotuluka zake ndi zero. Kutengera pazokambirana zathu zam'mbuyomu, iyi ndi njira yabwino.
Poyesa ndege yoyamba ya "vane canard" yopangidwa ndi A. Yurkonenko (3) yokhala ndi FGO yodzaza bwino, njira zoposa khumi ndi ziwiri zopambana zidachitidwa. Nthawi yomweyo, zizindikiro zomveka bwino za kusakhazikika kwa ndege zidapezeka (4).
"Super Resilience"
Zodabwitsa momwe zingawonekere, kusakhazikika kwa "vane bakha" ndi zotsatira za "kukhazikika kwakukulu". Nthawi yokhazikika ya canard yachikale yokhala ndi GO yokhazikika imapangidwa kuchokera ku nthawi yokhazikika ya phiko ndi mphindi yosokoneza ya GO yolimbana nayo. Mu bakha wanyengo, FGO sichitenga nawo mbali pakupanga mphindi yokhazikika, ndipo imapangidwa kokha kuchokera ku nthawi yokhazikika ya phiko. Chifukwa chake, nthawi yokhazikika ya "vane bakha" ndi pafupifupi nthawi khumi kuposa yachikale. Ngati ngodya ya kuukira ikuwonjezeka mwangozi, ndegeyo, mothandizidwa ndi mphindi yokhazikika yokhazikika ya mapiko, sibwerera kumayendedwe ake akale, koma "imadutsa". Pambuyo pa "overshoot," ndegeyo imapeza njira yochepetsera poyerekeza ndi njira yapitayi, kotero kuti nthawi yokhazikika ya chizindikiro chosiyana imatuluka, komanso mopitirira muyeso, ndipo motero kudzidzidzimutsa kumachitika, komwe woyendetsa sangathe kuzimitsa.
Chimodzi mwazinthu zokhazikika ndikutha kwa ndegeyo kuti ichepetse zotsatira za kusokonezeka kwamlengalenga. Choncho, ngati palibe zosokoneza, kuthawa kokwanira kwa ndege yosakhazikika n'kotheka. Izi zikufotokozera njira zopambana za ndege ya YuAN-1. Muunyamata wanga wakutali, wolembayo anali ndi vuto pamene chowotcherera chatsopano chinawuluka madzulo m'malo odekha kwa mphindi zosachepera 45, kuwonetsa maulendo apandege okhutiritsa kwambiri komanso kuwonetsa kusakhazikika kwakukulu - kukwera mosinthasintha ndikudumphira paulendo woyamba wamphepo yamkuntho. nyengo. Malingana ngati kunja kunali bata ndipo kunalibe zosokoneza, chowulutsiracho chinasonyeza kuuluka bwino, koma kusintha kwake kunali kosakhazikika. Panalibe chifukwa chosonyezera kusakhazikika kumeneku.
CSF yofotokozedwayo imatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu "pseudo-bakha". Ndege yoteroyo imakhala yopangidwa "yopanda mchira" ndipo imakhala ndi njira yoyenera. Ndipo FGO yake imagwiritsidwa ntchito polipira mphindi yowonjezereka ya mapiko yomwe imachitika makinawo akatulutsidwa. Mu kasinthidwe kaulendo palibe katundu pa FGO. Chifukwa chake, FGO siigwira ntchito mumayendedwe akulu owuluka, chifukwa chake kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake mwanjira iyi sikungapindule.
"KRASNOV-BAKHA"
"Kukhazikika mopitirira muyeso" kungathe kuthetsedwa mwa kuonjezera zochokera ku CSF kuchoka pa zero kupita ku mlingo wovomerezeka. Cholinga ichi chimatheka chifukwa chakuti mbali yozungulira ya FGO ndi yochepa kwambiri kusiyana ndi kasinthasintha wa servo rudder chifukwa cha kusintha kwa kayendetsedwe ka ndege (5). Pachifukwa ichi, njira yosavuta kwambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito, yomwe ikuwonetsedwa mkuyu. 2. FGO 1 ndi servo chiwongolero 3 zimadalira olamulira OO1. Ndodo 4 ndi 6, kupyolera mu hinges 5,7, 9,10, gwirizanitsani FGO 1 ndi servo chiwongolero 3 ndi rocker 8. Clutch 12 imathandizira kusintha kutalika kwa ndodo 6 ndi woyendetsa kuti azitha kuyendetsa bwino. Kuzungulira kwa FGO 1 sikuchitika kudzera m'mbali yonse ya chiwongolero cha servo 3 pokhudzana ndi ndege pamene njira yolowera ikusintha, koma kudzera mu gawo lake lolingana. Ngati gawolo liri lofanana ndi theka, ndiye kuti pansi pakuchitapo kanthu kokwera, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ndegeyo iwonongeke ndi madigiri a 2, mbali yeniyeni ya FGO idzawonjezeka ndi digiri imodzi yokha. Chifukwa chake, chochokera ku FGO chidzakhala chocheperako kawiri poyerekeza ndi GO yokhazikika. Mizere yodutsa ikuwonetsa malo a FGO 1 ndi chiwongolero cha servo 1 mutatha kusintha mbali ya ndegeyo. Kusintha gawolo, potero, kudziwa kufunikira kwa zotumphukira kumatha kukwaniritsidwa mosavuta posankha mtunda woyenerera wa hinges 3 ndi 5 ku axis OO7.
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Kuchepetsa zotumphukira za GO chifukwa cha nthenga kumakupatsani mwayi woyika chidwi mkati mwa malire aliwonse, komanso kumbuyo kwake pakati pa ndegeyo. Ili ndiye lingaliro la kusalongosoka kwa aerodynamic. Choncho, zoletsa zonse pakugwiritsa ntchito makina amakono a mapiko mu kachitidwe ka canard amachotsedwa pamene akusunga bata.
"KRASNOV-FLUGER"
Zonse zili bwino! Koma pali drawback. Kuti mphamvu yokweza bwino ichitike pa FGO 1, mphamvu yokweza yoyipa iyenera kuchitapo kanthu pa chiwongolero cha servo 3. Fanizo ndilo kamangidwe kabwino ka ndege. Ndiye kuti, pali zotayika pakusanja, pankhani iyi kusanja kwa CSF. Choncho njira yothetsera vutoli ndi ndondomeko ya "bakha". Timayika chiwongolero cha servo kutsogolo kwa FGO, monga momwe tawonetsera mkuyu. 3.
FGO imagwira ntchito motere (6). Chifukwa cha zochita za mphamvu aerodynamic pa FGO 1 ndi servo chiwongolero 4, FGO 1 anaika modzidzimutsa pa ngodya ina kuukira kwa malangizo otaya obwera. Ma angles akuukira kwa FGO 1 ndi servo rudder 4 ali ndi chizindikiro chomwecho, chifukwa chake, mphamvu zokweza za malowa zidzakhala ndi njira yomweyo. Ndiko kuti, mphamvu ya aerodynamic ya servo rudder 4 sikuchepetsa, koma imawonjezera mphamvu yokweza FGO 1. Kuonjezera mbali ya kuukira kwa ndege, woyendetsa ndege amasuntha kutsogolo kwa 6, chifukwa cha servo. chiwongolero 4 pa hinge 5 chimazungulira molunjika ndipo mbali ya kuukira kwa servo rudder 4 imawonjezeka. Izi zimabweretsa kuwonjezeka kwa kuukira kwa FGO 1, mwachitsanzo, kuwonjezeka kwa mphamvu yake yokweza.
Kuphatikiza pa kuwongolera mayendedwe, kulumikizana komwe kumachitika ndi 7 thrust kumatsimikizira kuwonjezeka kuchokera ku ziro kupita pamtengo wofunikira wa zotumphukira za FGO.
Tiyerekeze kuti ndegeyo idalowa mu updraft ndipo mbali yake yakuukira idakula. Pachifukwa ichi, mtengo wa 2 umayenda mozungulira koloko ndikumangirira 9 ndi 8, pakapanda kukoka 7, iyenera kuyandikira pafupi. Ndodo 7 imalepheretsa kuyandikira ndikutembenuza chiwongolero cha servo 4 molunjika ndipo potero kumawonjezera ngodya yake yakuukira.
Choncho, pamene mayendedwe akubwera akusintha, ngodya ya kuukira kwa servo chiwongolero 4 imasintha, ndipo FGO 1 imayika modzidzimutsa pamtunda wosiyana ndi kutuluka ndikupanga mphamvu yokweza yosiyana. Pankhaniyi, mtengo wa zotumphukira izi zimatengera mtunda pakati pa hinges 8 ndi 3, komanso mtunda pakati pa hinges 9 ndi 5.
FGO yomwe idaperekedwa idayesedwa pachitsanzo cha chingwe chamagetsi cha dera la "bakha", pomwe zotuluka zake poyerekeza ndi GO yokhazikika zidachepetsedwa ndi theka. Katundu pa FGO anali 68% wa mapikowo. Cholinga cha mayeserowo sichinali kupeza katundu wofanana, koma kupeza ndendende katundu wochepa wa FGO poyerekeza ndi mapiko, chifukwa ngati mutapeza, sizingakhale zovuta kupeza zofanana. Mu "abakha" okhala ndi GO yokhazikika, kukweza kwa empennage nthawi zambiri kumakhala 20 - 30% kuposa kukweza mapiko.
"Ndege Yabwino"
Ngati chiwerengero cha manambala awiri ndi mtengo wokhazikika, ndiye kuti chiwerengero cha mabwalo awo chidzakhala chochepa kwambiri ngati manambalawa ali ofanana. Popeza kukoka kochititsa chidwi kwa malo onyamulira kumayenderana ndi sikweya ya koyefidi yake yokwezera, malire otsika kwambiri amakoka ndege adzakhala ngati ma coefficients a malo onse onyamulira amakhala ofanana paulendo wapaulendo. Ndege yotereyi iyenera kuonedwa ngati "yabwino". Zomwe zidapangidwa "Krasnov-bakha" ndi "Krasnov-weather vane" zimapangitsa kuti zitheke kuzindikira lingaliro la "ndege yabwino" popanda kugwiritsa ntchito njira zokhazikika zokhazikika.
Kuyerekeza kwa "ndege yabwino" ndi ndege yamakono yopangidwa bwino ikuwonetsa kuti ndizotheka kupeza phindu la 33% pazamalonda pomwe mukupulumutsa 23% pamafuta.
FGO imapanga kukweza kwakukulu pamakona akuwukira pafupi ndi zovuta, ndipo izi ndizofanana ndi zomwe zimatera pakuuluka. Pachifukwa ichi, kutuluka kwa tinthu tating'ono ta mpweya kuzungulira malo onyamula katundu kumakhala pafupi ndi malire pakati pa zabwino ndi zotsika. Kusokonezeka kwa kayendedwe kochokera pamwamba pa GO kumayendera limodzi ndi kutayika kwakukulu kwa kukweza kwake ndipo, chifukwa chake, kutsika kwakukulu kwa mphuno ya ndegeyo, yotchedwa "pitch." Chizindikiro cha "peck" ndi tsoka la Tu-144 ku Le Bourget, pomwe idagwa pakutuluka pamadzi atatha kudumpha. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa CSF yoperekedwa kumapangitsa kuti zitheke kuthetsa vutoli mosavuta. Kuti muchite izi, ndikofunikira kuchepetsa kusinthasintha kwa servo chiwongolero cha FGO. Pankhaniyi, mbali yeniyeni ya kuukira kwa FGO idzakhala yochepa ndipo sidzakhala yofanana ndi yovuta.
"Weathervane stabilizer"
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Funso logwiritsa ntchito FGO mu chiwembu chodziwika bwino ndilosangalatsa. Ngati simukuchepetsa, koma m'malo mwake, onjezerani kusinthasintha kwa FGO poyerekeza ndi chiwongolero cha servo, monga momwe tawonetsera mkuyu. 4, ndiye kuti chotuluka cha FGO chidzakhala chokwera kwambiri poyerekeza ndi chokhazikika chokhazikika (7).
Izi zimathandiza kuti ndegeyo ikuyang'ana kwambiri komanso pakati pa kulemera kwake kusunthira kumbuyo kwambiri. Zotsatira zake, kuchuluka kwakuyenda kwa FGO stabilizer sikukhala koyipa, koma zabwino. Kuphatikiza apo, ngati malo apakati a ndegeyo asunthidwa kupitilira kuyang'ana komwe kumayenderana ndi mbali yokhotakhota (mfundo yogwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa kukweza kwa kukweza chifukwa cha kupotoza kwa nyundo), ndiye kuti chokhazikika cha nthenga chimapanga mphamvu yokweza bwino pakukhazikika. .
Koma zonsezi zikhoza kukhala zoona bola ngati sitiganizira zotsatira za braking ndi kuyenda bevel kuchokera kutsogolo kunyamula pamwamba mpaka kumbuyo. Zikuwonekeratu kuti pa nkhani ya "bakha" udindo wa chikokachi ndi wochepa kwambiri. Kumbali ina, ngati stabilizer "amanyamula" omenyana ndi asilikali, ndiye n'chifukwa chiyani adzasiya "kunyamula" pa ndege wamba?
"Krasnov-pulani" kapena "pseudo-vane bakha"
Kukwera kokhotakhota kwa cholepheretsa kukhazikika, ngakhale sichovuta, kumasokonezabe mapangidwe a ndege. Zikuoneka kuti kuchepetsa destabilizer yochokera kungapezeke mwa njira zotsika mtengo kwambiri.
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Mku. Chithunzi 4 chikuwonetsa kusokoneza 1 kwa ndege yomwe ikufunsidwa yolumikizidwa mwamphamvu ndi fuselage (yosawonetsedwa pachithunzichi). Ili ndi njira yosinthira mphamvu yake yokweza ngati chiwongolero 2, chomwe, pogwiritsa ntchito hinge 3, chimayikidwa pa bulaketi 4, yolumikizidwa mwamphamvu ndi destabilizer 1. Pa bulaketi yomweyo 4, pogwiritsa ntchito hinge. 5, pali ndodo 6, kumapeto kwake komwe chiwongolero cha servo 7 chimamangiriridwa mwamphamvu Kumapeto kwa ndodo 6, pafupi ndi hinge 5, lever 8 imakhazikika mwamphamvu, kumapeto kwake komwe kuli. olumikizidwa ku ndodo 9 pogwiritsa ntchito hinge 10. Kumapeto kumbuyo kwa ndodo 10 pali hinge 11 yolumikiza ndi lever 12 ya trimmer 13 ya elevator 2. Pankhaniyi, trimmer 13 wokwera mbali kumbuyo kwa chiwongolero 14 ntchito hinge 2. Clutch 15 imasintha kutalika kwa 10 pansi paulamuliro wa woyendetsa kuti aziwongolera phula.
Destabilizer yowonetsedwa imagwira ntchito motere. Ngati ngodya ya kuukira kwa ndege kumawonjezeka mwangozi, mwachitsanzo, ikalowa mu updraft, chiwongolero cha servo 7 chimasokonekera m'mwamba, chomwe chimaphatikizapo kusintha kwa 10 kumanzere, i.e. kutsogolo ndi kumabweretsa kupatuka kwa trimmer 13 kutsika, chifukwa chake elevator 2 imapatukira m'mwamba. Malo a chiwongolero 2, chiwongolero cha servo 7 ndi trimmer 13 muzochitika zomwe zafotokozedwa zikuyimiridwa muzojambula ndi mizere yodutsa.
Zotsatira zake, kuwonjezeka kwa mphamvu yokweza ya destabilizer 1 chifukwa cha kuwonjezeka kwa mbali ya kuukira kudzakhala pamlingo wina kuthetsedwera kumtunda kwa elevator 2. Mlingo wa kusanja uku kumadalira kuchuluka kwa ngodya zokhotakhota za chiwongolero cha servo 7 ndi chiwongolero 2. Ndipo chiΕ΅erengero ichi chimayikidwa ndi kutalika kwa levers 8 ndi 12. Pamene ngodya ya kuukira ikucheperachepera, chikepe 2 chimasokonekera pansi, ndipo mphamvu yokweza ya destabilizer 1 ikuwonjezeka, ndikuwongolera kuchepa kwa ngodya ya kuukira.
Mwanjira iyi, kuchepa kwa zotumphukira za destabilizer kumatheka poyerekeza ndi "bakha" wakale.
Chifukwa chakuti 7 servo chiwongolero 13 ndi trimmer 7 zikugwirizana kinematic wina ndi mzake, iwo bwino wina ndi mzake. Ngati kulinganiza sikuli kokwanira, ndiye kuti m'pofunika kuphatikizirapo kulemera kolinganiza mu kapangidwe kake, komwe kamayenera kuyikidwa mkati mwa chiwongolero cha servo 6 kapena kukulitsa ndodo 5 kutsogolo kwa hinge 2. khalaninso olinganizika.
Popeza chotengera chokhudzana ndi mbali ya kuukira kwa chiwongolerocho chimakhala chachikulu kuwirikiza kawiri kuposa chotulukapo potengera kupindika kwa chotchinga, ndiye kuti mbali yokhotakhota ya chiwongolero 2 imakhala yokwera kawiri kuposa ngodyayo. pakupatuka kwa chiwongolero cha servo 7, ndizotheka kukwaniritsa mtengo wazomwe zimachokera ku destabilizer pafupi ndi ziro.
Chiwongolero cha Servo 7 ndi chofanana m'dera kuti muchepetse 13 kutalika kwa 2. Ndiko kuti, zowonjezera pamapangidwe a ndege ndizochepa kwambiri kukula kwake ndipo zimasokoneza mosasamala.
Choncho, n'zotheka kupeza zotsatira zofanana ndi "vane canard" pogwiritsa ntchito njira zamakono zopangira ndege. Chifukwa chake, ndege yokhala ndi chosokoneza chotere imatha kutchedwa "bakha wapseudo-vane". Patent idalandiridwa pazopanga izi ndi dzina "Krasnov-plan" (8).
"Ndege yomwe imanyalanyaza chipwirikiti"
Ndikoyenera kupanga ndege yomwe malo okwera kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo amakhala ndi zotuluka zonse zofanana ndi ziro.
Ndege yoteroyo imanyalanyaza mosapita m'mbali kumayenda kwa mpweya woimirira, ndipo okwera ndegeyo sadzamva βkuchezaβ ngakhale mumlengalenga mutakhala chipwirikiti. Ndipo, popeza kuyenda koyima kwa mlengalenga sikupangitsa kuti ndegeyo ichuluke, imatha kuwerengedwa kuti ili ndi ntchito yocheperako kwambiri, yomwe ingakhale ndi zotsatira zabwino pakulemera kwa kapangidwe kake. Chifukwa chakuti ndegeyo simakumana ndi zochulukira panthawi yowuluka, mawonekedwe ake a ndege sakhala otopa.
Kuchepetsa kutuluka kwa mapiko a ndege yotereyi kumatheka mofanana ndi momwe zimawonongera mu "pseudo-vane canard". Koma servo sichita pa zikepe, koma pa mapiko flaperons. Flaperon ndi gawo la mapiko omwe amagwira ntchito ngati aileron ndi chipwirikiti. Pachifukwa ichi, chifukwa cha kusintha kwachisawawa mu ngodya ya kuukira kwa phiko, mphamvu yake yokweza imawonjezeka poyang'ana mbali ya kuukira. Ndipo kuwonjezereka koipa kwa mphamvu yokwezera mapiko chifukwa cha kupatuka kwa chiwongolero ndi chiwongolero cha servo kumachitika poyang'ana pa ngodya yokhotakhota ya flaperon. Ndipo mtunda wapakati pa mapikowa ndi pafupifupi wofanana ndi kotala la mapikowo. Chifukwa cha zochita za magulu awiriwa, nthawi yowonongeka imapangidwa, yomwe iyenera kulipidwa ndi mphindi ya destabilizer. Pachifukwa ichi, destabilizer iyenera kukhala ndi chotengera chaching'ono cholakwika, ndipo mtengo wa mapikowo uyenera kukhala wokulirapo pang'ono kuposa ziro. RF patent No. 2710955 idalandiridwa pa ndege yotere.
Zopangidwa zomwe zaperekedwa zikuyimira, mwina, chidziwitso chomaliza chomwe sichinagwiritsidwe ntchito powonjezera mphamvu yazachuma ya subsonic ndege ndi gawo limodzi kapena kuposerapo.
Yuri Krasnov
LENDATURE
- D. Sobolev. Mbiri yazaka zana za "mapiko owuluka", Moscow, Rusavia, 1988, p. 100.
- Yu. Krasnov. RF Patent No. 2000251.
- A. Yurkonenko. Njira ina "bakha". Technology - achinyamata 2009-08. Tsamba 6-11
- V. Lapin. Kodi mphepo yamkuntho idzauluka liti? General ndege. 2011. No. 8. Tsamba 38-41.
- Yu. Krasnov. RF Patent No. 2609644.
- Yu. Krasnov. RF Patent No. 2651959.
- Yu. Krasnov. RF Patent No. 2609620.
- Yu. Krasnov. RF Patent No. 2666094.
Source: www.habr.com