Zoopsa kwambiri ziphe

Moni %username%

Inde, ndikudziwa, mutuwo ndi wobedwa ndipo pali maulalo opitilira 9000 mu Google omwe amafotokoza ziphe zoopsa komanso kunena nkhani zowopsa.

Koma sindikufuna kuti ndilembe zomwezo. Sindikufuna kuyeza Mlingo wa LD50 ndikudzinenera kuti ndi weniweni.

Ndikufuna kulemba za ziphe zomwe inu, %username%, muli pachiwopsezo chachikulu chokumana nacho tsiku lililonse. Ndipo zomwe sizili zophweka ngati anzawo apamtima.

Mdaniyo ayenera kudziwika ndi maso. Ndipo ndikuyembekeza zikhala zosangalatsa. Ndipo ngati ziwoneka zosangalatsa, ndiye kuti ndizotheka kuti mudzazidziwa bwino. gawo lachiwiri.

Kotero - khumi anga akufa!

Malo khumi

Thallium

Thallium ndi chitsulo chofewa, chasiliva-choyera chokhala ndi tint yabluish. Mu chithunzi ali mu ampoule - ndipo izi si mwangozi. 600 mg ya thallium imagwetsa munthu wathanzi aliyense - pankhaniyi, thallium imakhala yadzidzidzi kuposa zitsulo zanu zonse zolemetsa. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, monga zitsulo zonse zolemera, thallium imatchedwa poizoni wochuluka - kusonkhanitsa zizindikiro za pathological mu poizoni aakulu.

Mosiyana ndi zitsulo zolemera kwambiri, zomwe zimamatira ku gulu la cysteine ​​​​thiol m'mapuloteni ndikuwalepheretsa kukhala ndi moyo, thallium ndi yopambana kwambiri: ma ion a thallium ndi ofanana ndi kukula kwake ndi mankhwala monga potaziyamu, motero amalowetsa potaziyamu m'zinthu zamoyo. Thallium imakhala ndi tsitsi, mafupa, impso ndi minofu, imakhudza dongosolo la mitsempha, m'mimba ndi impso.

Chizindikiro chodziwika cha poizoni ndi mankhwala a thallium ndikutaya tsitsi pang'ono, ndi mlingo waukulu - alopecia yonse. Pa mlingo waukulu, alopecia ndi uncharacteristic, chifukwa munthu amafa ndi poizoni pamaso kuthothoka tsitsi. Ndiye kuti, ngati mukufuna kumeta dazi, mutha kuyesa kusewera ndi mlingo, koma pali chiopsezo chosangoganizira.

Pankhani ya poizoni ndi thallium kapena mankhwala ake, buluu wa Prussian umagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala, chithandizo choyamba chikaperekedwa ndi thallium ndikutsuka kwapamimba ndi yankho la 0,3% sodium thiosulfate ndi kukwiya koyambitsa makala a ufa. Amati zimathandiza, koma izi sizolondola.

Nthawi zambiri, thallium imayikidwa ngati chiphe, ndiye chifukwa chiyani ili pamndandanda wanga? Chowonadi ndi chakuti ma laboratories ambiri omwe amasanthula madzi ndi chakudya amagwiritsa ntchito zodabwitsa calibration njira IV. Ndinawona momwe yankholi linatengedwa ndi pipette, ndipo popeza panalibe peyala ya rabara - anakoka yankho pakamwa. Chabwino ndinganene chiyani… Osati njira yabwino yopezera mphotho ya Darwin.

malo achisanu ndi chinayi

Phosgene

Phosgene, yosavuta kuchititsa manyazi, ndi yodabwitsa kwambiri: anthu adziwa kuyambira 1812, komabe, "wobadwa mopepuka" (omwe ndi momwe dzina limatembenuzidwira kuchokera ku bourgeois) mpweya si wabwino konse: umayambitsa pulmonary poizoni. edema, yomwe anthu ena okoma mtima ankagwiritsa ntchito popanda cholepheretsa pamene adapha anthu ena abwino pa nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse. Kukhudzana kwa phosgene ndi minofu ya m'mapapo kumayambitsa kulephera kwa alveolar permeability komanso kuchulukirachulukira kwa edema yam'mapapo. Anthu abwino anapezerapo mwayi pa izi, komanso mpaka lero, palibe mankhwala a phosgene omwe apangidwa.

Kukongola ndi kuphweka kwagona pa mfundo yakuti zizindikiro zoyambirira za poizoni zimawonekera pambuyo pa nthawi yobisika ya maola 4 mpaka 8, ngakhale nthawi ya maola 15 yawonedwa. Izi zimatsatiridwa ndi chifuwa champhamvu, kupuma movutikira, cyanosis ya nkhope ndi milomo. Pang`onopang`ono m`mapapo mwanga edema kumabweretsa kukomoka kwambiri, kupanikizika kwambiri pachifuwa, kupuma kumawonjezeka, nthawi zina mpaka 60-70 pa mphindi. Kupuma kovutitsa. Mfundo zochepa: mapuloteni okhala ndi edematous foamy ndi viscous fluid amapopera kuchokera ku alveoli ndi bronchioles m'mapapo kupita mumsewu waukulu wa mpweya, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta komanso zosatheka kupuma. Kodi munthu watsoka amachita chiyani panthawiyi ndipo akuwoneka bwanji - mumakumbukira zithunzi zowopsya? Ndendende. Ndi edema ya pulmonary edema, pafupifupi theka la kuchuluka kwa magazi m'thupi limadutsa m'mapapo, omwe, chifukwa chake, amatupa ndikuwonjezeka. Ngakhale mapapu abwinobwino amalemera pafupifupi 500-600 magalamu, "phosgene" mapapo olemera mpaka ma kilogalamu 2,5 adawonedwa.

Pamapeto pake, kuthamanga kwa magazi kumatsika kwambiri, munthu wapoizoni ali ndi chisangalalo champhamvu kwambiri, amapuma ndi phokoso, amapuma mpweya, ndiye imfa imapezeka.

Palinso milandu pamene munthu poizoni amapewa kusuntha kulikonse kosafunika ndikusankha malo abwino kwambiri kuti azitha kupuma. Milomo ya anthu omwe ali ndi poizoni ndi imvi, thukuta limakhala lozizira komanso lopweteka. Ngakhale akukanika, sputum sipatukana nawo. Patapita masiku angapo, munthu wakuphayo anamwalira. Nthawi zambiri, pakatha masiku 2-3, kusintha kwa chikhalidwe kumatha kuchitika, komwe pambuyo pa milungu 2-3 kungayambitse kuchira, koma zovuta zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha matenda opatsirana achiwiri zimachitika pafupipafupi, zomwe zimatsogolera ku imfa.

Ndiye, mungamve bwanji phosgene ndikuthawa popanda kuponderezedwa, mutapatsidwa nthawi yayitali yobisika komanso kuti mpweyawu ulibe kukoma komanso kununkhira ngati zipatso zowola kapena udzu - osati wakuthwa kwambiri, mosiyana ndi zomwe zimamveka mu minibus, mukupita kuti? Chodabwitsa, kusuta: kusuta mumpweya wodzaza ndi phosgene ndikosasangalatsa kapena kosatheka.

Phosgene imagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachangu popanga organic: kupanga utoto, komanso kupanga polycarbonate thermoplastics. Koma inu, %username%, kumbukirani: phosgene imapangidwa pakuyaka kwa ma freons okhala ndi klorini. Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, kusuta ndikoletsedwa pokonza makina a firiji ndi kuikapo. Poona kuti wosuta amamva kuti chinachake chalakwika, n’zovuta kunena kuti chofunika kwambiri n’chiyani.

Malo achisanu ndi chitatu

Zitsogozo и Tetraethyl mankhwala

Chabwino, aliyense amadziwa za kawopsedwe ka mtovu ndi momwe amawonekera. Komabe, palibe amene amavutika kuigwira m’manja, ndipo nthawi zina amadya masangweji ndi manja omwewo. Palibe amene amavutitsa kusungunula mitsinje yamtovu ndikupuma utsi. Pakadali pano, mtovu ndi wapoizoni kwambiri ndipo, monga zitsulo zonse zolemera, zimatha kuwunjikana. Mtsogoleri akhoza kudziunjikira mu mafupa, kuchititsa awo pang'onopang'ono chiwonongeko, anaikira mu chiwindi ndi impso. Chifukwa chake, mutapeza mlingo womwe mumasilira, inu, %username%, mwachibadwa mudzamva kupweteka pang'ono: padzakhala kupweteka m'mimba, m'malo olumikizirana mafupa, kukokana, kukomoka. Ngati mupitiliza, ndizotheka kuwona kuwala kumapeto kwa ngalandeyo ndi zotsatira zake zonse.

Kuwonekera kwa mtovu ndi koopsa kwambiri kwa ana: kuwonetseredwa kwa nthawi yayitali kumayambitsa kufooka kwa maganizo ndi matenda aakulu a muubongo.

Mwa njira, lead acetate amakoma! Kodi mumadziwa %username%? Inde, ndichifukwa chake amatchedwa shuga wotsogolera. Saltykov-Shchedrin adazitchulanso popanga vinyo wabodza:

Chidebe cha mowa chimatsanuliridwa pa mbiya, ndiyeno, malingana ndi katundu wa vinyo wopangidwa: molasses kwambiri pa Madeira, phula pa Malaga, kutsogolera shuga pa vinyo wa Rhine, ndi zina zotero. kenako kutseka ...

Mwa njira, pali lingaliro lakuti mawu a Chirasha akuti "kutsogolera" amagwirizana ndi mawu akuti "vinyo", pakati pa Aroma akale (ndi Caucasus) vinyo ankasungidwa muzotengera zotsogolera, zomwe zinapatsa kukoma kwapadera. Kukoma kumeneku kunali kwamtengo wapatali kwambiri kotero kuti sanasamale za kuthekera kwa poizoni ndi zinthu zapoizoni. Chabwino, inde, khalani ndi moyo mwachangu - kufa achichepere ...

Koma kutsogolera kwa tetraethyl kumafunika chisamaliro chapadera - madzi opanda mtundu, osasunthika amafuta omwe akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chowonjezera choletsa kugogoda pa petulo (Petrol Yotsogolera yemweyo). Ku USSR, utoto udawonjezedwa pagalimoto yamagalimoto okhala ndi lead ya tetraethyl ndicholinga choyika chizindikiro: mpaka 1979, mafuta AI93, A-76 ndi A-66 okhala ndi tetraethyl lead adapakidwa utoto wabuluu, wobiriwira, ndi lalanje, motsatana; kuyambira 1979. mafuta otsogola adayamba kupakidwa utoto wofiyira lalanje (AI-93), wachikasu (A-76), buluu (AI-98), wobiriwira (A-66) kapena pinki (A-72).

Izi sizinachitike konse chifukwa cha kukongola komanso kukopa ogula - kuphatikiza pa mfundo yakuti zotayira zidayipitsa chilichonse chozungulira ndi mtovu, lead ya tetraethyl yokha ili ndi zinthu zingapo zosangalatsa, kuyambira carcinogenicity mpaka kawopsedwe kwambiri. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, kulowa ndi kotheka ndi nthunzi (zinyalalazi ndizosakhazikika, musaiwale), komanso kudzera pakhungu. Izi zimakhudza mwachindunji dongosolo lamanjenje, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale poyizoni, wocheperako komanso wosakhazikika (inde, monga mtovu, chinthu ichi chimakonda kuwunjikana).

Nthawi zambiri ziphe ndi pachimake ndi subacute. Choyamba, cerebral cortex imakhudzidwa. M'dera la vegetative malo a diencephalon, chidwi cha chisangalalo chambiri chikuwonekera, chomwe chimayambitsa kuphwanya kwakukulu kwa maubale a cortical-subcortical.

Mu gawo loyamba la poizoni pachimake, kutchulidwa vegetative matenda amadziwika: kutentha kwa thupi ndi kuthamanga kwa magazi kugwa, kugona kusokonezeka, kuopa imfa kosalekeza kumawonekera usiku, nkhawa, kukhumudwa. Pali kumverera kwa mpira watsitsi kapena ulusi pa lilime.

Pachimake pachimake, kutchulidwa kusokonezeka kwamaganizidwe kumawonekera: kuopa imfa kumayamba kusokoneza osati usiku wokha, komanso masana, pali zowona, zowoneka, zowoneka bwino za chikhalidwe chowopsa, chinyengo cha chizunzo. Mothandizidwa ndi delirium, kusokonezeka kwa psychomotor kumayamba, wodwalayo amakhala waukali, pali nthawi zambiri pomwe, poyesa kupulumutsa miyoyo yawo kwa anthu omwe amati amawatsata, anthu adalumpha kuchokera pawindo.

Pachimake, kudzutsidwa kwa psychomotor kumafika pazovuta kwambiri. Chidziwitso chasokonezeka. Zomvetsa chisoni n'zakuti akudulidwa, njoka zikuzungulira thupi lake, ndi zina zotero. Matenda a khunyu angayambe. Kumayambiriro kwa kudzutsidwa kwa psychomotor, kutentha kumakwera (mpaka 40 ° C), kupanikizika ndi kugunda kwa mtima kumawonjezeka. Mapeto ake ndi omveka bwino: kugwa, imfa.

Ngati mudakali ndi mwayi, matendawa ndi abwino: kudzutsidwa kwa psychomotor kumasinthidwa ndi vegetative-asthenic state. Pa nthawi yomweyi, zolakwika zamaganizo, kukhumudwa maganizo, kuchepa kwa nzeru, kutaya chidwi ndi chilengedwe, ndi zina zotero - koma mudzakhala ndi moyo. Sindikudziwa ngati ndizosangalatsa.

Mwa njira, mukukumbukira nkhani za agogo aakazi owopsa omwe amasuta mafuta amafuta? Oo! Malinga ndi lingaliro lamphamvu lomwe likufuna kufotokoza kusinthasintha kwa ziwopsezo zaupandu mu theka lachiwiri la zaka za zana la 1960 ndi koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 1990, poizoni wa tetraethyl muubwana udasokoneza kukula kwa dongosolo lamanjenje lapakati, zomwe zidapangitsa kuwonjezeka. m’makhalidwe aupandu muuchikulire, zimene zinachititsa kuti upandu uchuluke kuyambira m’ma 1990 mpaka kuchiyambi kwa ma 1970. Kutsika kwa ziwopsezo zaupandu kuyambira m'ma XNUMX, malinga ndi lingaliro ili, likufotokozedwa ndi kuchepa kwa kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka mafuta opangidwa ndi tetraethyl lead kuyambira XNUMXs.

Komabe, ngati mulibe mwayi, ndipo muli ndi poizoni wotsogolera tetraethyl, ndiye kuti mudzatengedwa ngati psycho wamba: mapiritsi ogona (barbiturates), hexenal, chlorpromazine, mankhwala osokoneza bongo (kupatula morphine, omwe amapereka mphamvu yodabwitsa, kudzutsa chilakolako). ). Glucose wokhala ndi mavitamini a B ndi ascorbic acid, dehydrating agents (shuga, magnesium sulfate), komanso mtima ndi mitsempha yamagazi (ndi kugwa) amaperekedwanso. kapena adzakupangani mwamuna. Ngati muli ndi mwayi, ndiye zololera.

Mwa njira, kutsogolera kwa tetraethyl ndikoletsedwa kulikonse, inde. Ku Russia - kuyambira Novembara 15, 2002, koma nthawi zina, ndikuyang'ana ena, ndimakayikira ...

Malo achisanu ndi chiwiri

Ma dioxin

Nthawi zambiri, pansi pa ma dioxin, osakaniza a polychloroderivatives osiyanasiyana a dibenzodioxin amatengedwa. Dzinali limachokera ku dzina lofupikitsidwa la chotengera cha tetrachloro - 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo[b, e] -1,4-dioxin - munthu wokongola uyu amaperekedwa mu mawonekedwe a chilinganizo, komabe, ophatikiza ndi ena. m'malo - halides - nawonso ndi a dioxins.

Ma dioxins onse ndi ziphe zochulukirapo ndipo ali m'gulu la xenobiotics yowopsa - ndiko kuti, palibe zinthu zotere m'chilengedwe, ndipo wolemba wawo ndi munthu. Ma dioxins amapangidwa ngati mankhwala opangira mankhwala a chlorophenolic herbicides. Ndipo kodi munthu amachita chiyani ndi zinthu zonse zotuluka? Kulondola!

Ma dioxins amapangidwanso ngati zonyansa zosafunika chifukwa chamitundu yosiyanasiyana yamankhwala pa kutentha kwambiri komanso pamaso pa chlorine. Zifukwa zazikulu zotulutsira ma dioxins mu biosphere ndi, choyamba, kugwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje apamwamba kwambiri otenthetsera chlorination ndi kukonza zinthu za organochlorine komanso, makamaka, kuyatsa zinyalala zopanga. Kukhalapo kwa ubiquitous polyvinyl chloride ndi ma polima ena, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chlorine mu zinyalala zomwe zawonongeka zimathandizira kupanga ma dioxin mu mpweya wa flue. Chinthu chinanso choopsa ndi mafakitale a zamkati ndi mapepala. Kutulutsa zamkati ndi klorini kumayendera limodzi ndi mapangidwe a dioxin ndi zinthu zina zowopsa za organochlorine.

Kudziwana koyamba kwa anthu oyamikira ndi ma dioxin kunachitika pa Nkhondo ya Vietnam kuyambira 1961 mpaka 1971 monga gawo la pulogalamu ya Ranch Hand yowononga zomera. Panthawi imeneyo, Agent Orange ankagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati defoliant - osakaniza a 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) ndi 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T), yomwe ili ndi zonyansa za polychlorobenzodioxins. Zotsatira zake, chifukwa chokhudzidwa ndi ma dioxin, ambiri aku Vietnamese ndi asitikali omwe adalumikizana ndi Agent Orange adavutika. Palibe amene adaganiza za Vietnamese panthawiyo, ndi asitikali - chabwino, ndizomwe ali asitikali, sichoncho?

Kudziwana kwapafupi kunachitika pa July 11, 1976 mumzinda wa Italy wa Seveso, pamene kuphulika kwa mankhwala a kampani ya ku Swiss ICMESA kunachititsa kuti mtambo wa dioxin utuluke mumlengalenga. Mtambowo unapachika pamwamba pa madera a mafakitale, ndiyeno chiphecho chinayamba kukhazikika m’nyumba ndi m’minda. Anthu zikwizikwi anayamba kukhala ndi nseru, kusawona bwino, matenda a maso, m’mene mafotokozedwe a zinthu amawoneka osawoneka bwino ndi osakhazikika. Zotsatira zomvetsa chisoni za chochitikacho zinayamba kuonekera m'masiku 3-4. Pofika pa 14 July, ma dispensary a Seveso anali atadzaza ndi odwala. Pakati pawo panali ana ambiri omwe ankadwala zilonda zotupa ndi zithupsa. Iwo ankadandaula za kupweteka kwa msana, kufooka, ndi kupweteka kwa mutu. Odwala anauza madokotala kuti nyama ndi mbalame m'mabwalo awo ndi minda anayamba kufa mwadzidzidzi. M’zaka zotsatira ngoziyi, madera ozungulira fakitaleyo anaona kuwonjezeka kochititsa chidwi kwa ana obadwa kumene, kuphatikizapo spina bifida (spina bifida). Si za ofooka mtima, kunena zoona.

Mwa njira, akunena pano kuti kuwonjezeka kodabwitsa kwa kukopa kwa Purezidenti wakale wa Ukraine Viktor Yushchenko kumagwirizananso ndi dioxins. Komabe, mwina ayi. Palibe amene amadziwa, kuphatikizapo Viktor Yushchenko.

Chifukwa cha kawopsedwe ka ma dioxins chagona pakutha kwa zinthu izi kuti zigwirizane bwino ndi zolandilira zamoyo ndikupondereza kapena kusintha ntchito zawo zofunika. Ma dioxins, kupondereza chitetezo chamthupi komanso kulimbikitsa kwambiri njira zamagawidwe a cell ndi ukadaulo, zimalimbikitsa kukula kwa matenda a oncological. Ma dioxins amalowanso m'ntchito zovuta zogwira ntchito bwino za endocrine glands. Amasokoneza ntchito yobereka, kuchedwetsa kwambiri kutha msinkhu ndipo nthawi zambiri kumayambitsa kusabereka kwa amayi ndi abambo. Amayambitsa kusokonezeka kwakukulu pafupifupi njira zonse za kagayidwe kachakudya, kupondereza ndikuphwanya ntchito ya chitetezo chamthupi, zomwe zimatsogolera ku zomwe zimatchedwa "chemical AIDS".

Kafukufuku waposachedwapa watsimikizira kuti ma dioxins amayambitsa kupunduka ndi mavuto a chitukuko mwa ana.

Ma dioxins amalowa m'thupi la munthu m'njira zingapo: 90 peresenti - ndi madzi ndi chakudya kudzera m'matumbo, otsala 10 peresenti - ndi mpweya ndi fumbi kudzera m'mapapu ndi khungu. Zinthu izi zimayendayenda m'magazi, ndikuyikidwa mu minofu ya adipose ndi lipids m'maselo onse a thupi popanda kupatulapo. Kupyolera mu placenta ndi mkaka wa m'mawere, iwo opatsirana kwa mwana wosabadwayo ndi mwana.

Nayi maluso ena omwe amakulitsa ngwazi iyi:

• Pafupifupi osasungunuka m'madzi.
• Kufikira kutentha kwa 900 ° C, chithandizo cha kutentha sichimakhudza ma dioxin.
• Theka la moyo wawo m'chilengedwe ndi pafupifupi zaka 10.
• Akakhala m'thupi la munthu kapena nyama, amaunjikana mu minofu ya adipose ndipo amawola pang'onopang'ono ndipo amachotsedwa m'thupi (theka la moyo m'thupi la munthu limachokera zaka 7-11).
• LD50 - 70 mcg/kg kwa anyani, pakamwa. Izi ndizotsika kuposa ziphe zambiri zankhondo. Chabwino, tinachokera ku anyani eti?
• Poganizira za kawopsedwe kwambiri, chromatography-mass spectrometry ndi kusanthula pogwiritsa ntchito bioassays (CALUX) amagwiritsidwa ntchito kudziwa ma dioxins m'chilengedwe komanso, makamaka m'madzi. Izi ndi njira zodula kwambiri, ndipo palibe labotale iliyonse ili ndi zida, makamaka mu izi dziko.
• Pakadali pano palibe njira zochotseratu ma dioxin m'thupi, kapena mankhwala othandiza.

Nthawi zambiri, %username%, monga momwe mungaganizire, ndikwabwino kudziwononga nokha kuposa munthu mwiniyo, palibe amene angatero. Pakalipano, pali kafukufuku wofuna kusintha ma genetic a mitundu ina ya mabakiteriya kuti apititse patsogolo luso lawo loyamwa ma dioxin. Koma poganizira momwe aliyense amawopa ma GMO, komanso momwe umunthu umagwirira ntchito ndi kudzicheka - ndikuwopa kuti mitundu ina ya mabakiteriya ingowonjezera chilichonse.

Tidzawona.

Mwamwayi, palibe ma dioxins ochulukirapo pano, mabakiteriya akungokulirakulira, chifukwa chake ndi malo achisanu ndi chiwiri, koma ndi malo osungira mtsogolo.

Malo achisanu ndi chimodzi

Poizoni wa botulinum

Puloteni yovuta ya neurotoxin yopangidwa ndi bakiteriya Clostridium botulinum. Mphamvu ya neurotoxin yodziwika kwambiri ndi mlingo wakupha pafupifupi 0,000001 mg/kg ya thupi lanu lofooka.

Mwa njira, poizoni wa botulinum ndi imodzi mwamapuloteni ovuta kwambiri opangidwa mwachilengedwe. Imagwira ntchito mopambanitsa: molekyuluyo ndi globule yamitundu iwiri. Madera A ndi B ndi ma polypeptides olumikizana ndi mlatho umodzi wa cystine. Domain B ndiyomwe imayang'anira kayendedwe ka poizoni m'thupi, kulandira ma neuron's presynaptic membrane, ndikusinthanso kamangidwe ka dera lapafupi ndi receptor la nembanemba iyi ndikupanga njira ya transmembrane mmenemo. Kuphatikiza apo, mgwirizano wa disulfide umabwezeretsedwanso, domain A imatulutsidwa ndikulowa kudzera munjira iyi mu cytoplasm ya cell ya mitsempha, komwe imalepheretsa kutulutsidwa kwa mkhalapakati - acetylcholine. Zofanana kwambiri ndi zochita za organophosphates monga Sarin, Soman ndi VX - koma zogwira mtima kwambiri. Kodi ndanena kale kuti chilengedwe cha amayi ndichopanga nzeru kuposa munthu?

Kodi mungamve chiyani pamene pamwamba pa kaphatikizidwe kachilengedwe kamalowa m'mimba mwanu? Chabwino, choyamba, nthawi zonse pamakhala nthawi yobisika, nthawi zina mpaka masiku 2-3. Ndiye mwadzidzidzi mudzamva kuti simukumva bwino: chiphecho chimayambitsa kusokonezeka kwa ntchito ya mitsempha ya cranial, minofu ya chigoba, mitsempha ya mtima. Ana akukula, chifunga, ntchentche zimawonekera pamaso, ambiri amayamba strabismus (osati chifukwa chakuti mumamwa kwambiri paphwando). Pambuyo pake, kuphwanya mawu ndi kumeza, nkhope yofanana ndi chigoba imalumikizana. Imfa imachitika hypoxia chifukwa cha kuphwanya kagayidwe kachakudya njira mpweya, asphyxia kupuma thirakiti, ziwalo kupuma minofu ndi mtima minofu. Mwachidule, mudzafa, ndipo mopweteka kwambiri. Ngati muli ndi mwayi, mudzakhala ochepa ziwalo za nkhope ndi strabismus, zomwe, ngati zidutsa, sizikhala posachedwa. Mwayi ayi.

Bwanji malo achisanu ndi chimodzi okha? Chowonadi ndi chakuti clostridia botulinum - ambuye okhawo opanga poizoni omwe samaulula chinsinsi - sakonda kugwira ntchito mumlengalenga, chifukwa chake mutha kuwapeza makamaka muzakudya zam'chitini ndi soseji - makamaka mu bowa wokazinga wam'chitini. ndi nyama ndi nsomba zokololedwa mu zidutswa zazikulu ndi kuwonongeka pamwamba. Malo achiwiri ndi mankhwala: awa ndi Botox, Relatox, Xeomin, BTXA, Dysport, Neuronox. Kotero ngati mwamenyedwa ndi chinthu choterocho, pali mwayi uliwonse kuti mumve zovuta zosaneneka za ubwino wonse womwe tafotokozazi. Zoyipa kwambiri sipadzakhala wina woti auze.

Mwa njira, anthu ndi achifundo kwambiri, choncho ku USA, Great Britain ndi Canada, poizoni wa botulinum ankatengedwa ngati mankhwala ankhondo kale mu 60s-70s m'zaka zapitazi. Pazonse, kuyambira 1975, poizoni wa botulinum A watengedwa ndi asilikali a US pansi pa code XR. Poizoniyo adasungidwa ku Pine Bluff Arsenal ku Arkansas. Mwina izo zasungidwa tsopano, ndipo mwina osati kumeneko. Pokumbukira kuti XR yayesedwa (ndikudabwa kwa ndani?) Monga poizoni kwambiri mwazinthu zonse zodziwika zakupha za chilengedwe ndi chilengedwe, sindikuwopa kwambiri nyengo yozizira ya nyukiliya.

Kodi kupulumutsidwa bwanji? Osadya kalikonse. Ndipo ngati mudya, ndiye kuti mutatha kutentha: poizoni wa botulinum sakonda kwambiri pamene yokazinga kapena yophika. Ngakhale kuti mankhwalawa sawopa madzi a m'mimba, amawonongeka pamene yophika kwa mphindi 25-30.

Mwa njira, ankhondowo adapeza kuti pali katemera woletsa poizoni wa botulinum! Inde, monga chikuku. Koma musathamangire kuthamangira ku pharmacy - katemera sapezeka kwa anthu wamba, komanso, ankhondo omwewo adapeza kuti 10% -30% ya anthu sangathe katemera, pomwe ena onse amakhala ndi chitetezo chokwanira pakatha mwezi umodzi kapena Zambiri. Mwa njira, mu kuchuluka kwa 1000-10000 Mlingo wapoizoni (ndipo izi sizochuluka - 0,057-0,57 mg / kg yokha ngati pakamwa), poizoni wa botulinum amalavulira pa katemera wanu ndi kupha.

Malo achisanu

Amatoxin
Ndipotu, ili ndi gulu la ziphe, zonse zimadalira zomwe mungagwirizane nazo m'malo mwa R1..R5. Mwachilengedwe, awa ndi ma cyclic octapeptides okhala ndi zotsalira zisanu ndi zitatu za amino acid. Amapezeka m'matupi a fruiting a bowa amtundu wa Amanita, Galerin ndi Lepiota - inde, grebe wotumbululuka amachokera kuno.

Amatoxins ndi amodzi mwa ma hepatotoxins amphamvu kwambiri padziko lapansi. Kotero ziribe kanthu momwe mumamwa, % lolowera%, silingafanane ndi chithumwa ichi: amatoxins modalirika amalepheretsa RNA polymerase II, yomwe imalepheretsa kaphatikizidwe ka mthenga wa RNA ndikuyambitsa necrosis ya hepatocytes. Ndipo popeza m'dziko lathu munthu sangakhale ndi moyo popanda chiwindi, kawirikawiri, mumamvetsetsa.

Chosangalatsa kwambiri cha zinyalala izi ndi nthawi yayitali yobisika: maola 6-30. Ndiko kuti, simudzakhalanso ndi nthawi yoti muzindikire ndikutsuka m'mimba mwanu. Zizindikiro zimadza mwadzidzidzi: kusanza kwakukulu (kokhazikika), kupweteka m'mimba, kutsekula m'mimba. Muzopangidwa ndi kutsekula m'mimba (chabwino, mukumvetsa), magazi amawonedwa, popeza kuwonongeka kwa ma enterocyte m'matumbo kumachitika. Zomwe zikuchitika pakadali pano ndi chiwindi ... sindikufuna kuganiza. Kukula kufooka, kuphwanya madzi ndi electrolyte bwino. Patsiku la 2 - 3, zizindikiro za hepatopathy zapoizoni zimayamba: chiwindi chimakula, kukhumudwa kumakulirakulira, jaundice imawonekera ndipo hemorrhagic diathesis imachitika - apa ndipamene mukutidwa ndi zidzolo zamagazi. Nephropathy, hepatic aimpso kulephera, hepatargia, anuria, chikomokere. Zonse ndi zachisoni. Poyizoni woopsa kwambiri umapezeka mwa ana, ndizowopsa makamaka ngati kuchuluka kwa poizoni (kuposa 200 mg) kwalowa m'thupi: pamenepa, kuledzera kumachitika pa liwiro la mphezi, ndikukula kwa chiwopsezo chachikulu cha chiwindi ndi atrophy. imfa yofulumira.

Choyambitsa chachikulu cha imfa ndicho kulephera kwa chiwindi, kulephera kwa chiwindi ndi impso. Ngakhale mutapulumuka, mudzapeza kusintha kosasinthika mu kapangidwe ka chiwindi, komwe kumawonetsedwa ndi necrosis yonse.

Kodi mungapulumutsidwe bwanji ku izi? Tsoka ilo, ma atoxins amalimbana kwambiri ndi kutentha kuposa poizoni wa botulinum. Mulimonsemo, musadzipangire kukhala wotola bowa ndipo ngati mudalowa kale m'nkhalango - dzipezereni china chabwino choti muchite! Osagula bowa kwa agogo, ngakhale akuwoneka okongola kwambiri! Kumbukirani za Snow White - ndipo mulibe gnomes kapena akalonga odziwika bwino!

Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, mlingo waukulu wa penicillin umathandizira kuledzera. Pali mphekesera kuti silibinin (silybin) - izi ndizokhazikika mumbewu ya nthula ya mkaka - ndi mankhwala a amatoxin, koma izi sizolondola. Ambiri amadzipereka kutenga nawo mbali pamayeso, koma pazifukwa zina palibe amene amavomereza.

Malo achinayi

Aflatoxins

Ma Aflatoxins ndi gulu la ma polyketides opangidwa ndi bowa wocheperako (micromycetes) amitundu ingapo yamtundu wa Aspergillus (makamaka A. flavus ndi A. parasiticus). Ana amenewa amamera pambewu, mbewu, ndi zipatso za zomera zokhala ndi mafuta ambiri, monga njere za mtedza. Ma aflatoxins amapangidwa pakapita nthawi komanso osasungidwa bwino m'magulu akale a tiyi ndi zitsamba zina. Poizoniyu amapezekanso mumkaka wa nyama zomwe zadya zakudya zomwe zili ndi kachilomboka.

Mwa ziphe zonse zopangidwa mwachilengedwe, ma aflatoxins ndi ma hepatocarcinogens amphamvu kwambiri omwe apezeka mpaka pano. Poizoni wochuluka akalowa m'thupi, imfa imachitika m'masiku ochepa chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa chiwindi kosasinthika, pamene mlingo wochepa umalowa, aflatoxicosis imayamba, yomwe imadziwika ndi kuponderezedwa kwa chitetezo chamthupi, kuwonongeka kwa DNA, kuyambitsa kwa oncogenes - khansa ya chiwindi. zotsatira zake. Inde, %username%, ngati simudya mtedza kapena mbewu zabwino kwambiri, mudzafa. Mwina osati nthawi yomweyo, koma kutsimikiziridwa ndi zowawa.

Ma Aflatoxins amalimbana ndi kutentha kwa mankhwalawa - kotero izi zimagwiranso ntchito ku mtedza wokazinga.

M'mayiko otukuka, kuyang'anira mosamala zinthu zomwe ma aflatoxins amapezeka nthawi zambiri (mtedza, chimanga, mbewu za dzungu, etc.) zimachitika, maere omwe ali ndi kachilomboka amawonongedwa. M’mayiko amene akutukuka kumene kumene kulibe kuwongolera koteroko, kuipitsidwa kwa chakudya ndi bowa wa nkhungu kudakali chochititsa chachikulu cha kufa. Mwachitsanzo, ku Mozambique, chiŵerengero cha anthu amene amafa ndi khansa ya m’chiwindi n’chokwera kuŵirikiza ka 50 kuposa cha ku France.

Kodi dziko lanu ndi liti, %username%?

Tiyeni tikweze nkhokwe! Malo achitatu

Mercury
makamaka

Methylmercury

Aliyense amadziwa kuopsa kwa mercury. Zakuti kuswa ma thermometers ndikusewera ndi mipira yokongola yamatsenga sikuli koyenera - ndikhulupiliranso.

Mercury ndi mankhwala ake onse ndi poizoni. Kuwonekera kwa mercury, ngakhale pang'ono, kungayambitse mavuto aakulu a thanzi ndikuyika chiwopsezo ku chitukuko cha mwana ndi kukula kwa ubwana. Mercury ikhoza kukhala poizoni ku manjenje, kugaya chakudya, ndi chitetezo cha mthupi, komanso m'mapapu, impso, khungu, ndi maso. WHO yalemba mercury ngati imodzi mwazinthu zazikulu khumi kapena magulu amankhwala omwe ali ndi nkhawa kwambiri paumoyo wa anthu.

Koma kwenikweni izo ziri tsopano. Madokotala omwewo mpaka zaka za m'ma 1970 anali otanganidwa kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala a mercury:

• mercury kolorayidi (I) (calomel) - mankhwala ofewetsa tuvi tolimba;
• Mercusal ndi Promeran ndi amphamvu okodzetsa;
• mercury (II) chloride, mercury (II) cyanide, mercury amidochloride ndi yellow mercury (II) oxide - antiseptics (kuphatikiza ngati gawo la mafuta odzola).

Pali zochitika pamene, pa volvulus m'matumbo, galasi la mercury linatsanuliridwa m'mimba mwa wodwalayo. Malinga ndi asing'anga akale omwe amapereka njira yochizira iyi, mercury, chifukwa cha kulemera kwake komanso kuyenda kwake, idayenera kudutsa m'matumbo ndipo, pansi pa kulemera kwake, kuwongola mbali zake zopotoka.

Kukonzekera kwa Mercury kwagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyambira zaka za zana la 1963. (mu USSR mpaka XNUMX) zochizira chindoko. Izi zinali chifukwa chakuti wotumbululuka treponema, amene amayambitsa chindoko, kwambiri tcheru kwa organic ndi inorganic mankhwala kuti kutchinga magulu sulfhydryl wa thiol michere ya tizilombo - mankhwala a mercury, arsenic, bismuth ndi ayodini. Komabe, chithandizo choterocho sichinali chokwanira komanso choopsa kwambiri kwa thupi la wodwalayo, lomwe limakhalanso ndi magulu a sulfhydryl, ngakhale kuposa treponema yatsoka. Chithandizo choterocho chinapangitsa kuti tsitsi lonse liwonongeke komanso kuti pakhale chiopsezo chachikulu chokhala ndi mavuto aakulu. Komabe, madokotala okoma mtima, okoma mtima adapitanso patsogolo: adagwiritsa ntchito njira zowonetsera thupi lonse, momwe wodwalayo adayikidwa mu chidebe chotenthedwa, pomwe mpweya wa mercury umaperekedwa. Njirayi, ngakhale kuti inali yothandiza, zotsatira zake ndi chiopsezo chakupha poizoni wa mercury zinachititsa kuti pang'onopang'ono athetsedwe kuchipatala.

Mwa njira, siliva amalgam ankagwiritsidwa ntchito muudokotala wa mano ngati chinthu chodzaza mano asanatuluke zipangizo zochiritsidwa. Kumbukirani izi nthawi iliyonse azakhali okongola okhala ndi magalasi akuwerama!

Mpweya wakupha kwambiri komanso mankhwala osungunuka a mercury. Mercury yachitsulo yokhayo imakhala yoopsa kwambiri, koma imatuluka pang'onopang'ono ngakhale kutentha kwa firiji, ndipo nthunzi imatha kuyambitsa poizoni - ndipo mwa njira, nthunzi sizinunkhiza. Mercury ndi mankhwala ake (sublimate, calomel, cinnabar, mercury cyanide) zimakhudza dongosolo lamanjenje, chiwindi, impso, m'mimba thirakiti, ndipo pokoka mpweya, kupuma thirakiti. Mercury ndi chizindikiro cha ziphe zochulukirachulukira.

Mankhwala a organic mercury, makamaka, methylmercury, amasiyana pang'ono. Amapangidwa, monga lamulo, chifukwa cha kagayidwe kake kamene kamakhala pansi pamene mercury imatulutsidwa m'madzi. Chinthucho ndi poizoni kwambiri. Kawopsedwe ndi wamkulu kuposa wa mercury, chifukwa chogwira ntchito kwambiri ndi magulu a sulfhydryl a michere, chifukwa chake, kusagwira ntchito kwa ma enzymes. Popeza chinthucho ndi covalent pawiri ndipo si polar pang'ono kuposa mercury cation palokha, zotsatira pa thupi n'zofanana ndi heavy metal poizoni (makamaka mercury), koma ali ndi zachilendo: kuwonongeka kwa dongosolo wamanjenje kumaonekera kwambiri. Chotupa ichi chimadziwika kuti matenda a Minamata.

Kwa nthawi yoyamba, matendawa adalembetsedwa ndikuphunziridwa ku Japan, ku Kumamoto Prefecture mumzinda wa Minamata mu 1956. Choyambitsa matendawa chinali kutulutsidwa kwa nthawi yayitali kwa mercury mu Minamata Bay ndi Chisso, yomwe idasinthidwa kukhala methylmercury ndi ma benthic microorganisms mu metabolism yawo, ndipo popeza pawiriyi imakonda kudziunjikira mu zamoyo, chifukwa chake, kuchulukana kwamafuta m'thupi. kuchuluka kwa zamoyo kumawonjezeka ndi kuchuluka kwa malo awo mumndandanda wazakudya. Choncho, mu nsomba za ku Minamata Bay, methylmercury inachokera pa 8 mpaka 36 mg/kg, mu oyster - mpaka 85 mg/kg, pamene m’madzi munali zosaposa 0,68 mg/l.

Zizindikiro zake ndi monga kusayenda bwino, kuyaka, kumva kulasalasa, kumva kuwawa m'malekezero, kusazindikira bwino, kutopa, kulira m'makutu, kuchepa kwa maso, kumva kumva komanso kuyenda movutikira. Ena mwa ovutika kwambiri ndi nthenda ya Minamata anapenga, kukomoka, ndi kufa mkati mwa mwezi umodzi chiyambireni nthendayo.

Palinso mikhole yokhala ndi zizindikiro zosatha za matenda a Minamata, monga kupweteka kwa mutu, kutopa kaŵirikaŵiri, kutaya fungo ndi kukoma, ndi kuiŵala, zimene ziri zobisika koma zimapangitsa moyo watsiku ndi tsiku kukhala wovuta kwambiri. Kuphatikizanso apo, pali odwala matenda a Minamata obadwa nawo omwe anabadwa ndi vuto lachilendo chifukwa cha kukhudzana ndi methylmercury akadali m’mimba mwa amayi awo omwe amadya nsomba zowonongeka.

Matenda a Minamata sanachiritsidwebe, chotero chithandizo chimaphatikizapo kuyesa kuchepetsa zizindikiro ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ochiritsira thupi. Kuwonjezera pa chivulazo chakuthupi chochititsidwa ndi thanzi, palinso chivulazo cha anthu, chimene chiri tsankho kwa ozunzidwa ndi nthenda ya Minamata. Chabwino, %username%, kodi mukufunabe kusamukira ku Land of Fukushima, Minamata ndi Rising Sun?

Mwa njira, mu 1996, mumzinda wa Meisei, womwe uli pafupi ndi gombe, Minamata Disease Museum inamangidwa. Mu 2006, Chikumbutso chinamangidwa pabwalo la nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale kuti chikumbukire anthu omwe anakhudzidwa ndi poizoni wa mercury chifukwa cha kuipitsa ku Minamata Bay. Akuti ozunzidwawo sanasangalale ndi izi.

Mwa njira, pali chinthu chimodzi -

dimethylmercury

Chabwino, awa ndi masewera kale, omwe ndi oopsa kwambiri moti sagwiritsidwa ntchito kapena amapezeka paliponse. Madzi opanda mtundu ndi amodzi mwa ma neurotoxins amphamvu kwambiri. Akuti ali ndi fungo lokoma, koma sayansi sidziwa anthu omwe akanayang'ana izi ndikukhala ndi nthawi yofotokoza zakukhosi kwawo. Ngakhale, chifukwa cha kukhazikika kwake, dimethylmercury inakhala imodzi mwazinthu zoyamba zopezeka za organometallic. Chabwino, anthu amakonda kupeza china chake chomwe chimawatchetcha mwachangu kwambiri, Oppenheimer amavomereza.

Kotero kuti inu, %username%, mwatsimikizika kutumizidwa kudziko lina. zokwanira 0,05-0,1 ml ya chinthu ichi. Chiwopsezochi chikuwonjezekanso chifukwa cha kuthamanga kwa nthunzi wamadzimadzi. Mwa njira, dimethylmercury mwamsanga (mu masekondi) imalowa kudzera mu latex, PVC, polyisobutylene ndi neoprene, ndipo imalowetsedwa pakhungu. Choncho, magolovesi ambiri a labu si chitetezo chodalirika, ndipo njira yokhayo yopulumukira kuti mugwire bwino dimethylmercury ndiyo kugwiritsa ntchito magolovesi otetezeka kwambiri a laminated pansi pa neoprene yachiwiri kutalika kwa chigongono kapena magolovesi ena otetezera. Kufunika kovala chishango chachitali cha nkhope ndikugwira ntchito pansi pa hood yotulutsa mpweya kumawonedwanso. Kodi mukufunabe kuzolowerana ndi fungo labwinoli?

Kawopsedwe wa dimethylmercury adawonekeranso ndi imfa ya katswiri wamankhwala Karen Wetterhahn miyezi ingapo atakhetsa madontho angapo a pampu pa dzanja lake la latex.

Dimethylmercury imawoloka mosavuta chotchinga cha magazi-ubongo, mwina chifukwa cha kupanga kophatikizana ndi cysteine. Imachotsedwa pang'onopang'ono m'thupi ndipo motero imakhala ndi bioaccumulate. Zizindikiro za poizoni zingawoneke pakapita miyezi, nthawi zambiri mochedwa kuti athandizidwe. Ndicholinga choti.

Chinthu chokha chomwe chimapulumutsa dziko lapansi ndikuti dimethylmercury ilibe ntchito (ngakhale apa Alexander Litvinenko akuyesera kunena chinachake). Sichigwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri poyesa ma spectrograph a NMR kuti azindikire mercury, ngakhale pano anthu omwe amamvetsetsa china chake nthawi zambiri amakonda mchere wochepa wa mercury pachifukwa ichi.

Malo achiwiri

Methanol

Aliyense amadziwa za methanol. Koma m'malingaliro mwanga ndizochepera.

Vuto la methanol si vuto lake, koma vuto la thupi lathu. Kupatula apo, lili ndi enzyme ya alcohol dehydrogenase (kapena ADH I), yomwe idaperekedwa kwa ife mwachilengedwe chifukwa cha kusweka kwa mowa. Ndipo ngati, pankhani ya ethanol wamba, imaphwanya kukhala acetaldehyde (hello, hangover!), Ndipo ngati muli ndi mwayi, imaphwanya kuti ikhale yopanda vuto komanso yopatsa thanzi asidi mu mawonekedwe a acetyl-coenzyme A, Kenako methanol yasokonezedwa: imakhala poizoni formaldehyde ndi formate. Mwachiwonekere, Mayi Nature ali ndi nthabwala zapadera kwambiri.

Vutoli likukulirakulira chifukwa chakuti, malinga ndi daredevils (ochepa a iwo), methanol amakoma ndi kununkhiza sikusiyana ndi mowa wamba, ndipo makamaka akasakaniza nawo. Mwa njira, zomwe iodoform zimachita, pamene iodoform yachikasu imalowa ndi mowa wa ethyl, ndipo palibe chomwe chimalowa ndi methanol, sichigwira ntchito kuti mudziwe za methanol mu njira ya ethanol.

1-2 milliliters wa methanol pa kilogalamu ya nyama (ndiko kuti, pafupifupi 100 ml) nthawi zambiri amatsimikiziridwa kutumiza daredevils ku nkhope zina zosangalatsa ndi mapiko kumbuyo kwawo, ndipo chifukwa cha kutengeka kwapadera kwa chinthu ichi ku mitsempha ya optic, kokha. 10-20 ml imapangitsa munthu kukhala wakhungu. Kwamuyaya.

Mwamwayi, poizoni wa methanol amakula pakatha maola angapo, ndipo mankhwala othandiza amachepetsa kuvulaza. Choncho, ngati pazifukwa zina inu, dzina lolowera%, kumva mutu, kufooka ambiri, malaise, kuzizira, nseru ndi kusanza pambuyo nkhanza, kumwa kwambiri. Sindikuseka: monga momwe zasonyezedwera m'buku la dokotala wadzidzidzi, ngati pali poizoni wa methanol, mankhwalawa ndi ethanol, omwe amaperekedwa kudzera m'mitsempha mu mawonekedwe a 10% yankho ndi kudontha kapena 30-40% yankho pamlomo pa. mlingo wa 1-2 magalamu a yankho pa 1 kg ya kulemera kwa thupi patsiku. A phindu mu nkhani iyi amaperekedwa ndi kupatutsidwa kwa ADH I puloteni kuti makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa exogenous Mowa. Tikumbukenso kuti ndi insufficiently matenda olondola, methanol poizoni akhoza kutengedwa ngati zosavuta mowa kuledzera (monga taonera pamwambapa) kapena poizoni ndi 1,2-dichloroethane kapena carbon tetrachloride (organic solvents, amene akadali mphatso, koma si choncho. bright) - Pankhaniyi, kuyambitsa kwa mowa wowonjezera wa ethyl ndikoopsa. Nthawi zambiri, mulibe mwayi, %username%. Khalani amphamvu.

Methanol poizoni ndizofala kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, ku USA mu 2013, milandu 1747 idalembedwa (ndipo inde - USA). Zambiri za poizoni za methanol zimadziwika:

• Kupha poizoni wa methanol ku Spain koyambirira kwa 1963; Chiwerengero cha anthu omwe amwalira ndi 51, koma kuyerekezera kuli kuyambira 1000 mpaka 5000.
• Kupha poizoni ndi methanol ku Bangalore (India) mu Julayi 1981. Chiwerengero cha anthu omwe anamwalira ndi 308.
• Kupha poizoni ndi vinyo wa methanol-laced ku Italy m'chaka cha 1986; Anthu 23 anafa.
• Kupha kwa methanol ku El Salvador mu Okutobala 2000 kudapha anthu 122. Akuluakulu akukayikira kuti zigawenga zaukira, popeza methanol sanapezeke mu zakumwa zoledzeretsa pamafakitale opanga pakufufuza za zomwe zidachitika.
• Kupha poizoni ndi methanol pa September 9-10, 2001 mumzinda wa Pärnu (Estonia); Anthu 68 anafa.
• Kupha poizoni ndi methanol ku Czech Republic, Poland ndi Slovakia mu September 2012; Anthu 51 anafa.
• Kupha poizoni ndi methanol pa Disembala 17-20, 2016 ku Irkutsk (Russia). Chiwerengero cha anthu omwe anamwalira ndi 78.

Pachifukwa ichi, methanol adatenga malo achiwiri mu kusanja kwathu. Ndipo sizoseketsanso.

Ta-dam! Zosangalatsa! Tili ndi malo oyamba!

Poyamba, sitidzakhala ndi mankhwala oopsa kwambiri omwe amapezeka kwinakwake mu nyama kapena nsomba zina za kumalo otentha. Choncho tiyeni tiiwale za tetrodotoxin ndi batrachotoxin.

Sipadzakhala mtundu wina wazinthu zomwe zingapezeke m'mafakitale apadera - monga beryllium nitrate, zomwe, mwa njira, zimakomanso zokoma, kapena arsenic chloride, zomwe zimakondedwa kwambiri ku Middle Ages.

Sizidzakhala mtundu wina wa organic, womwe sungapezekenso masana ndi moto - monga ricin, kapena zomwe zaphunziridwa kale ndipo zimakhala mu kabati ya mankhwala - monga strychnine kapena digitoxin.

Sizingakhale cyanide yomenyedwa ndi hydrocyanic acid yomwe epic inalephera kuchitika pa nkhani ya Rasputin.

Sizikhala polonium-210 kapena VX, yomwe imatsimikizirika kupha ngakhale ting'onoting'ono - koma sichipezeka kwa anthu wamba.

Ayi, mtsogoleri wathu adzakhala wakupha weniweni, yemwe ali ndi mamiliyoni a miyoyo pa akaunti yake.

Mpweya wa carbon monoxide

Ndipotu, inali carbon monoxide yomwe inatumiza gulu la anthu kudziko lotsatira. Mpweya wopanda mtundu, wopanda fungo komanso wopanda kukoma umenewu umalowa mumpweya wa mumlengalenga nthawi yamtundu uliwonse wa kuyaka. Mpweya wa monoxide umamangiriza ku hemoglobin, kupanga carboxyhemoglobin, ndikuletsa kusamutsa kwa okosijeni kupita ku maselo am'minyewa, zomwe zimatsogolera ku hemic hypoxia. Mpweya wa carbon monoxide umakhudzidwanso ndi zochitika za okosijeni, kusokoneza kayendedwe ka biochemical mu minofu. Mu ichi, zochita zake zimakhala zofanana kwambiri ndi cyanide.

Poizoni ndi zotheka:

• pa nthawi ya moto;
• kupanga, kumene carbon monoxide ntchito kupanga angapo organic zinthu (acetone, methyl mowa, phenol, etc.);
• m'malo okhala ndi gasi momwe zida zogwiritsira ntchito gasi zimayendetsedwa (chitofu, zotenthetsera madzi nthawi yomweyo, ma jenereta otentha okhala ndi chipinda choyatsira chotseguka) pansi pamikhalidwe yosakwanira yosinthana ndi mpweya, mwachitsanzo, ngati pali kuphwanya kwa chimneys ndi / kapena ma ducts olowera mpweya kapena kusowa kwa mpweya woperekera kutentha kwa gasi;
• m'magaraja opanda mpweya wabwino, m'zipinda zina zopanda mpweya wabwino kapena mpweya wabwino, ngalande, popeza utsi wagalimoto uli ndi 1-3% CO molingana ndi miyezo;
• mukakhala mumsewu wotanganidwa kwa nthawi yayitali kapena pafupi nayo - m'misewu yayikulu, kuchuluka kwa COXNUMX kumadutsa poyizoni;
• kunyumba ngati kutayikira kwa gasi wowunikira komanso ngati zida zotsekera mbaula mwadzidzidzi m'zipinda zokhala ndi Kutentha kwa chitofu (nyumba, mabafa);
• mukamagwiritsa ntchito mpweya wochepa kwambiri pazida zopumira;
• posuta hookah (inde, anthu ambiri amamva kupweteka kwa mutu, chizungulire, nseru, kugona atasuta hookah, zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha poizoni wa carbon monoxide wopangidwa pamene palibe mpweya wokwanira mu chipangizo cha hookah).

Chifukwa chake, %username%, muli ndi mwayi wambiri wodziwa zakupha.

Pazigawo za 0,08% CO mu mpweya wopuma, munthu amamva kupweteka kwa mutu komanso kutsekemera. Ndi kuwonjezeka kwa CO ndende mpaka 0,32%, ziwalo ndi kutaya chidziwitso zimachitika (imfa imapezeka pakatha mphindi 30). Pa ndende yoposa 1,2%, chidziwitso chimatayika pambuyo popuma kawiri kapena katatu, munthu amafa pasanathe mphindi 3 akugwedezeka. Pazinthu za dotoxic (zosakwana 0,08%), mutha kupeza zosangalatsa zotsatirazi (pamene ndende ikuwonjezeka):

1. Kuchepa kwa liwiro la machitidwe a psychomotor, nthawi zina - kuwonjezereka kwa magazi kupita ku ziwalo zofunika. Kwa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto lalikulu la mtima - kupweteka pachifuwa panthawi yolimbitsa thupi, kupuma movutikira.
2. Kupweteka kwamutu pang'ono, kuchepa kwa maganizo ndi thupi, kupuma movutikira ndi kulimbitsa thupi kwapakati. Zosokoneza zowoneka. Zitha kukhala zoopsa kwa mwana wosabadwayo, anthu omwe ali ndi vuto lalikulu la mtima.
3. Kupweteka kwamutu, chizungulire, kukwiya, kusakhazikika kwamalingaliro, kusokonezeka kwa kukumbukira, nseru, kusagwirizana kwa kayendedwe kakang'ono ka manja.
4. Mutu waukulu, kufooka, mphuno, nseru, kusanza, kusawona bwino, kusokonezeka.
5. Kuyerekezera zinthu m'maganizo, kuphwanya kwambiri kayendedwe ka minofu - ndichifukwa chake nthawi zambiri anthu amafa pamoto.

Momwe mungathandizire poizoni wa carbon monoxide? Chabwino, choyamba, chokani chigawo cha matenda. Mwa njira, chigoba wamba wa gasi, nsanza zonyowa pamaso ndi mabandeji a thonje-gauze samapulumutsa, kaboni wa monoxide adawawona onse pamalo osangalatsa ndikudutsa mwawo modekha - muyenera chigoba cha gasi ndi cartridge ya hopkalite - ichi ndi yomwe ili ndi copper oxide yomwe imatulutsa carbon monoxide kukhala mpweya wabwino. Ndiyeno - pumani, pumani! Pumani mpweya wabwino, kapena bwino, mpweya, perekani minofu yanu yatsoka ndi ziwalo zomwe zimafunikira!

Mankhwala padziko lonse lapansi sadziwa mankhwala odalirika ogwiritsidwa ntchito ngati poizoni wa carbon monoxide. Koma! - kudzikuza: Asayansi a ku Russia apanga mankhwala atsopano "Acyzol", omwe ali ngati mankhwala (ngakhale pazifukwa zina asayansi ena alibe chikhulupiriro chochepa pa izi). Imayendetsedwa intramuscularly ngati yankho. Amaperekedwanso ngati prophylactic. Asayansi aku Russia amapempha kuyesa mankhwalawa, koma pazifukwa zina, ngakhale anthu ochepa amawafuna kuposa momwe amachitira ndi mankhwala a amatoxin.

Ndi zimenezo, %username%!

Ndikuyembekeza kuti sindinawononge chilakolako chanu, chinali chosangalatsa, ndipo munaphunzira zatsopano kwa inu nokha, osati kuchepetsa zakudya zanu ndi malo oti mupiteko.

Thanzi ndi zabwino zonse!

“Chilichonse ndi poizoni, ndipo palibe chimene chikhala chopanda poizoni; mlingo umodzi umapangitsa kuti chiphecho chisawonekere "

- Paracelsus

Source: www.habr.com