Wolemba nkhaniyi, Douglas McIlroy, ndi katswiri wa masamu waku America, injiniya, komanso wopanga mapulogalamu. Amadziwika kwambiri popanga mapaipi mu makina ogwiritsira ntchito a Unix, mfundo zamapulogalamu okhazikika pagawo, ndi zida zingapo zoyambirira: spell, diff, sort, join, speak, tr.

Nthawi zina mumapeza mapulogalamu odabwitsa kwambiri. Nditatha kukumbukira kukumbukira, ndinalemba mndandanda wa miyala yamtengo wapatali ya Unix pazaka zambiri. Kwenikweni, awa ndi osowa kwambiri ndipo siwofunikira mapulogalamu. Koma chomwe chimawapangitsa kukhala odziwika bwino ndi chiyambi chawo. Sindingathe ngakhale kulingalira kuti ine ndekha ndinabwera ndi lingaliro la aliyense wa iwo.

Gawani mapologalamu ati omwe mumasangalatsidwa nawo?

PDP-7 Unix

Poyambira, PDP-7 Unix dongosolo lokha. Kuphweka kwake ndi mphamvu zake zinandipangitsa kuti ndisunthe kuchoka ku mainframe yamphamvu kupita ku makina ang'onoang'ono. Ndilo quintessential hierarchical file system, chipolopolo chosiyana, ndi machitidwe a ogwiritsa ntchito omwe Multics pa mainframe sanathe kukwaniritsa pambuyo pazaka mazana ambiri zachitukuko. Zofooka za Unix (monga mawonekedwe a fayilo) zinali zophunzitsa komanso zomasula monga zatsopano zake (monga shell I / O redirection).

dc

Robert Morris' Variable Precision Desktop Calculator Math Library adagwiritsa ntchito kusanthula zolakwika kuti adziwe zolondola zomwe zimafunikira pa sitepe iliyonse kuti akwaniritse zotsatira zake zodziwika bwino. Pamsonkhano wa 1968 NATO Software Engineering, mu lipoti langa la zigawo za mapulogalamu, ndinakonza njira zowonetsera zomwe zingapangitse kulondola kulikonse, koma sindinadziwe momwe ndingagwiritsire ntchito. dc akadali pulogalamu yokhayo yomwe ndikudziwa yomwe ingachite izi.

tayipo

Typo amakonza mawu m’malemba mogwirizana ndi malemba ena onse. Mawu olakwika ngati 'hte' amakhala kumapeto kwa mndandanda. Robert Morris ananena monyadira kuti pulogalamuyo idzagwira ntchito mofanana m’chinenero chilichonse. Ngakhale kutayipa sikumakuthandizani kupeza zolakwika zamafoni, kunali kothandiza kwenikweni kwa onse osindikizira, ndipo kunachita zabwino zambiri kusanadze chowunikira chocheperako koma cholondola cha mtanthauzira mawu.

Typo ndi yosayembekezereka mkati monga momwe zimakhalira kunja. Njira yoyezera yofananira imatengera kuchuluka kwa ma trigrams, omwe amawerengedwa mumndandanda wa 26 × 26 × 26. Kakumbukidwe kakang'onoko kunalibe malo okwanira owerengera a baiti imodzi, motero chiwembu chinakhazikitsidwa kuti apanikize ziwerengero zazikulu kukhala zowerengera zazing'ono. Kuti tipewe kusefukira, zowerengera zidasinthidwa mongoyerekeza, kusunga chiyerekezo cha logarithm ya mtengo wowerengera.

eqn

M'kubwera kwa phototypesetting, zinakhala zotheka, koma zotopetsa kwambiri, kusindikiza masamu akale. Lorinda Cherry adaganiza zopanga chilankhulo chapamwamba kwambiri, ndipo posakhalitsa Brian Kernigan adalumikizana naye. Kuchita kwawo kwanzeru kunali kulemba mwambo wapakamwa, choncho eqn inali yosavuta kuphunzira. Chilankhulo choyambirira cha masamu chamtundu wake, eqn sichinasinthidwe kuyambira pamenepo.

chilinganizo

Brenda Baker adayamba kupanga chosinthira cha Fortan-to-Ratfor motsutsana ndi upangiri wa abwana ake, ine. Ndinaganiza kuti izi zingapangitse kukonzanso mwapadera malemba oyambirira. Idzakhala yaulere ya manambala ofotokozera, koma apo ayi sizingawerengeke kuposa ma code a Fortran opangidwa bwino. Brenda wanditsimikizira kuti ndine wolakwa. Adazindikira kuti pulogalamu iliyonse ya Fortran ili ndi mawonekedwe okhazikika. Olemba mapulogalamuwa ankakonda mawonekedwe ovomerezeka, m'malo mwa zomwe iwo adalemba poyambirira.

pascal

Kusanthula kwa syntax mu compiler yopangidwa ndi gulu la Sue Graham ku Berkeley kunali kothandiza kwambiri komwe ndidawonapo - ndipo zidangochitika zokha. Pa cholakwika cha syntax, wopangayo amakulimbikitsani kuti muyike chizindikiro kuti mupitirize kusanthula. Palibe kuyesa kufotokoza chomwe chiri cholakwika. Ndi bukuli, ndinaphunzira Pascal madzulo amodzi popanda buku lililonse.

magawo

Zobisika mkati mwa gawo la WWB (Writer's Workbench). parts Lorinda Cherry amasankha magawo a mawu a mawu m'Chingelezi kutengera kadikishonale kakang'ono, kalembedwe ndi malamulo a galamala. Kutengera ndi mawu awa, pulogalamu ya WWB imawonetsa zizindikiro zamalembedwe, monga kuchuluka kwa ziganizo, ziganizo zocheperako ndi ziganizo zovuta. Lorinda atafunsidwa pa NBC's Today ndikulankhula za cheke chatsopano cha galamala m'malemba a WWB, kanali koyamba kutchulidwa kwa Unix pawailesi yakanema.

Mwachitsanzo

Al Aho amayembekeza kuti wotsimikiza kufotokoza kwake nthawi zonse adzapambana Ken yemwe sali wotsimikiza. Tsoka ilo, womalizayo anali akumaliza kale kudutsa mawu ovuta wamba, pomwe egrep adapanga makina ake odziwikiratu. Kuti apambanebe mpikisanowu, Al Aho adakhala pafupi ndi themberero la kukula kwakukulu kwa tebulo la boma la automaton popanga njira yopangira ntchentche zokhazo zomwe zili patebulo zomwe zimachezeredwa panthawi yozindikirika.

nkhanu

Pulogalamu yosangalatsa ya Luca Cardelli ya Blit windowing system inatulutsa nkhanu zomwe zimayendayenda pawindo lopanda kanthu, ndikuluma m'mphepete mwa mawindo omwe akugwira ntchito mochulukirapo.

Malingaliro ena wamba

Ngakhale sizikuwoneka kuchokera kunja, malingaliro ndi ma aligorivimu adachita gawo lalikulu pakupanga mapulogalamu ambiriwa: typo, dc, struct, pascal, egrep. M’chenicheni, ndiko kugwiritsira ntchito kwachilendo kwa chiphunzitsocho kumene kuli kodabwitsa kwambiri.

Pafupifupi theka la mndandandawo - pascal, struct, part, eqn - zidalembedwa ndi azimayi, kupitilira kuchuluka kwa akazi mu sayansi yamakompyuta.

Douglas McIlroy
Marichi, 2020

Source: www.habr.com