Pa nthawi yolemba izi, kufufuza pa malo otchuka a ntchito ya mawu akuti "Network Engineer" kunapereka ntchito pafupifupi mazana atatu ku Russia konse. Poyerekeza, kusaka kwa mawu akuti "woyang'anira dongosolo" kumabwezeranso ntchito pafupifupi 2.5, ndi "DevOps engineer" - pafupifupi 800.
Kodi izi zikutanthauza kuti ma netiweki sakufunikanso m'masiku opambana mitambo, docker, kubernetis ndi Wi-Fi wamba?
Tiye tione (s)
Tiyeni tidziwane. Dzina langa ndine Alexey, ndipo ndine pa intaneti.
Ndakhala ndikuchita maukonde kwa zaka zopitilira 10 ndipo ndakhala ndikugwira ntchito ndi machitidwe osiyanasiyana a * nix kwa zaka zopitilira 15 (ndinali ndi mwayi wosankha Linux ndi FreeBSD). Ndinagwira ntchito pa telecom operators, makampani akuluakulu, omwe amaonedwa kuti ndi "mabizinesi", ndipo posachedwapa ndakhala ndikugwira ntchito ku fintech "yachinyamata komanso yolimba mtima", kumene mitambo, devops, kubernetes ndi mawu ena owopsa omwe angandipangitse ine ndi anzanga. zosafunikira. Tsiku lina. Mwina.
chodzikanira: "Mu moyo wathu, osati zonse, nthawi zonse ndi kulikonse, koma chinachake, nthawi zina m'malo" (c) Maxim Dorofeev.
Chilichonse cholembedwa pansipa chingathe ndipo chiyenera kuganiziridwa kuti ndi maganizo a mwiniwake wa wolembayo, osadzinenera kuti ndi choonadi chenichenicho, komanso ngakhale kuphunzira kwathunthu. Makhalidwe onse ndi ongopeka, zochitika zonse zimachitika mwachisawawa.
Takulandilani kudziko langa.
Mungapeze kuti ma network?
1. Ogwiritsa ntchito ma telecom, makampani ogwira ntchito ndi ophatikiza ena. Chilichonse ndi chophweka: maukonde kwa iwo ndi bizinesi. Amagulitsa mwachindunji maulumikizidwe (othandizira) kapena amapereka ntchito zoyambitsa / kusunga maukonde amakasitomala awo.
Pali zochitika zambiri pano, koma osati ndalama zambiri (pokhapokha ngati ndinu wotsogolera kapena woyang'anira malonda opambana). Ndipo komabe, ngati mumakonda ma netiweki, ndipo mwangotsala pang'ono kuyamba ulendo wanu, ntchito yothandizira ena omwe siakulu kwambiri idzakhala, ngakhale pano, malo abwino oyambira (chilichonse chimalembedwa mu federal, ndipo pamenepo. ndi malo ochepa opangira nzeru). Chabwino, nkhani zokhuza kuti ndizotheka kukula kuchokera kwa mainjiniya omwe ali pantchito zaka zingapo kupita kwa manejala wa C-level ndi zenizeni, ngakhale ndizosowa, pazifukwa zodziwikiratu. Nthawi zonse pamakhala kufunikira kwa ogwira ntchito, chifukwa pamakhalabe phindu. Izi ndizabwino komanso zoyipa nthawi imodzi - nthawi zonse pamakhala mipata, kumbali ina - nthawi zambiri omwe akugwira ntchito / anzeru mwachangu amatha kukwezedwa kapena kupita kumalo ena "ofunda".
2. Zoyenerana ndi "bizinesi". Zilibe kanthu kaya ntchito yake yayikulu ikugwirizana ndi IT kapena ayi. Chinthu chachikulu ndi chakuti ili ndi dipatimenti yake ya IT, yomwe ikugwira ntchito kuonetsetsa kuti kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake ka kampani kakugwira ntchito, kuphatikizapo maukonde mu maofesi, njira zoyankhulirana ku nthambi, ndi zina zotero. Ntchito za injiniya wa intaneti m'makampani oterowo zitha kukhala "nthawi yochepa" yochitidwa ndi woyang'anira dongosolo (ngati ma network ang'onoang'ono, kapena kontrakitala wakunja akugwira nawo ntchito), ndipo woyang'anira maukonde, ngati akadalipo, angathe. kuyang'anira telephony ndi SAN pa nthawi yomweyo (osati nuacho). Amalipira m'njira zosiyanasiyana - zimatengera malire abizinesi, kukula kwa kampani ndi kapangidwe kake. Ndinkagwira ntchito ndi makampani omwe ma ciscos amakhala "odzaza migolo", komanso makampani omwe maukonde adamangidwa kuchokera ku ndowe, ndodo ndi tepi yamagetsi ya buluu, ndipo ma seva sanasinthidwe, pafupifupi, nthawi zonse (ndikofunikira kunena kuti pali analibenso zosungirako) . Pali zokumana nazo zochepa pano, ndipo zikhala pafupifupi malo osungira-loko, kapena "momwe mungapangire china chake pachabe". Payekha, zinkawoneka ngati zosasangalatsa kumeneko, ngakhale kuti anthu ambiri amazikonda - zonse zimayesedwa komanso zodziwikiratu (ngati tikukamba za makampani akuluakulu), "dorah-bajato", ndi zina zotero. Osachepera kamodzi pachaka, wogulitsa wamkulu wina akunena kuti abwera ndi dongosolo lina la mega-super-duper lomwe limagwiritsa ntchito zonse tsopano ndipo oyang'anira machitidwe onse ndi ogwiritsira ntchito intaneti akhoza kutsekedwa, ndikusiya angapo kuti asindikize mabatani mu mawonekedwe okongola. Chowonadi ndi chakuti, ngakhale titanyalanyaza mtengo wa yankho, ma network sangapite kulikonse kuchokera kumeneko. Inde, ndizotheka kuti m'malo mwa console padzakhalanso mawonekedwe a intaneti (koma osati chitsulo chapadera, koma dongosolo lalikulu lomwe limayang'anira makumi ndi mazana a zidutswa zachitsulo), koma chidziwitso cha "momwe chirichonse chimagwirira ntchito mkati. β zidzafunikabe.
3. Makampani ogulitsa, omwe phindu lake limachokera ku chitukuko (ndi, nthawi zambiri, kugwira ntchito) kwa mapulogalamu ena kapena nsanja - zomwezo. Nthawi zambiri amakhala ang'onoang'ono komanso osasunthika, akadali kutali ndi kuchuluka kwa mabizinesi ndi mabizinesi awo. Apa ndipamene ma devops, ma cubers, ma dockers ndi mawu ena oyipa omwewo amapezeka muunyinji womwe ungapangitse ma netiweki ndi mainjiniya amtaneti kukhala chinthu chosafunikira.
Kodi manejala wa netiweki amasiyana bwanji ndi sysadmin?
Mukumvetsetsa kwa anthu osati ochokera ku IT - palibe. Onse aΕ΅iri amayangβana pa nsalu yotchinga yakuda ndi kulemba zamatsenga, nthaΕ΅i zina kutukwana mofatsa.
Mukumvetsetsa kwa opanga mapulogalamu - mwina gawo la phunzirolo. Sysadmins imayang'anira ma seva, ma network amawongolera ma switch ndi ma router. Nthawi zina admin ndi woyipa, ndipo chilichonse chimagwera aliyense. Chabwino, zikachitika zachilendo, ma network nawonso ali ndi mlandu. Kungoti ndikukuvutani, ndichifukwa chake.
Ndipotu, kusiyana kwakukulu ndi njira yogwirira ntchito. Mwinamwake, ndi pakati pa ochezera a pa Intaneti omwe ambiri mwa onse pali othandizira njira "Imagwira ntchito - musakhudze!". Nthawi zambiri mutha kuchita china (mkati mwa wogulitsa m'modzi) mwanjira imodzi yokha, kasinthidwe konse kabokosi - apa ndi, m'manja mwanu. Mtengo wa zolakwika ndi wokwera, ndipo nthawi zina wokwera kwambiri (mwachitsanzo, muyenera kuyenda makilomita mazana angapo kuti muyambitsenso rauta, ndipo panthawiyi anthu masauzande angapo sadzakhala olankhulana - zomwe zimakhala zofala kwambiri kwa wogwiritsa ntchito telecom. ).
M'malingaliro anga, ndichifukwa chake akatswiri opanga maukonde, kumbali ina, amalimbikitsidwa kwambiri kuti pakhale kukhazikika kwa maukonde (ndipo kusintha ndi mdani wamkulu wa bata), ndipo chachiwiri, chidziwitso chawo chimapita mozama kuposa m'lifupi (simukusowa). kuti muthe kukonza ziwanda zambiri zosiyanasiyana , muyenera kudziwa matekinoloje ndi kukhazikitsa kwawo kuchokera kwa wopanga zida zina). Ndicho chifukwa chake woyang'anira dongosolo, yemwe adafufuza momwe angalembetsere vlan pa tsiska, sali woyang'anira maukonde. Ndipo sizokayikitsa kuti azitha kuthandizira (komanso kuthetsa mavuto) maukonde ovuta kwambiri.
Koma bwanji mukufunikira manejala wa netiweki ngati muli ndi hoster?
Kwa ndalama zowonjezera (ndipo ngati ndinu kasitomala wamkulu komanso wokondedwa, mwinamwake ngakhale kwaulere, "monga bwenzi"), akatswiri opanga deta adzakonza zosintha zanu kuti zigwirizane ndi zosowa zanu, ndipo, mwinamwake, ngakhale kuthandizira kukweza mawonekedwe a BGP. ndi othandizira (ngati muli ndi subnet yanu ya ma adilesi oti mulengeze).
Vuto lalikulu ndiloti malo osungiramo data si dipatimenti yanu ya IT, ndi kampani yosiyana yomwe cholinga chake ndi kupanga phindu. Kuphatikizirapo ndalama zanu ngati kasitomala. Deta ya data imapereka ma racks, imawapatsa magetsi ndi kuzizira, komanso imaperekanso "zosintha" zolumikizana ndi intaneti. Kutengera ndizomwezi, malo opangira data amatha kupeza zida zanu (colocation), kukubwereketsani seva (seva yodzipereka), kapena kukupatsani ntchito yoyendetsedwa (mwachitsanzo, OpenStack kapena K8s). Koma bizinesi ya data center (kawirikawiri) si kasamalidwe ka makasitomala, chifukwa njirayi imakhala yogwira ntchito kwambiri, yopanda makina (ndipo pamalo osungiramo deta zonse zimangochitika zokha), zogwirizana kwambiri (makasitomala aliyense ndi payekha) ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zonena ("mundiuza kuti seva idakhazikitsidwa, ndipo tsopano yagwa, ndiye vuto lanu !!!111"). Choncho, ngati hosteryo adzakuthandizani ndi chinachake, ndiye kuti ayesetsa kuti zikhale zosavuta komanso "condo" momwe zingathere. Pakuti n'zovuta kuchita - zopanda phindu, osachepera kuchokera pakuwona mtengo wa ntchito za akatswiri a hosteryi (koma zinthu ndizosiyana, onani chotsutsa). Izi sizikutanthauza kuti mwininyumbayo adzachita chilichonse choipa. Koma sizowona konse kuti adzachita zomwe mumafunikira.
Zingawonekere kuti chinthucho ndi chodziwikiratu, koma kangapo muzochita zanga ndinapeza kuti makampani anayamba kudalira omwe amawasungirako pang'ono kuposa momwe ayenera, ndipo izi sizinabweretse zabwino. Zinatenga nthawi yayitali kufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane kuti palibe SLA yomwe idzawononge kuwonongeka kwa nthawi yopuma (pali zosiyana, koma nthawi zambiri zimakhala zokwera mtengo kwambiri kwa kasitomala) komanso kuti mwiniwakeyo sadziwa n'komwe zomwe zikuchitika muzomangamanga za makasitomala. (kupatulapo zizindikiro zambiri). Ndipo hoster samakupangani zosunga zobwezeretsera inunso. Zinthu ndizovuta kwambiri ngati muli ndi ma hoster oposa mmodzi. Pakadzaoneka Vuto pakati pawo, ndithu, Sangadziwe chimene chidalakwika.
Kwenikweni, zolinga pano ndizofanana ndendende ndi posankha "gulu lanu la ma admins vs kutulutsa ntchito". Ngati zoopsazo zikuwerengedwa, masuti abwino, ndipo bizinesi ilibe vuto - bwanji osayesa. Kumbali inayi, ma netiweki ndi amodzi mwamagawo ofunikira kwambiri, ndipo sikoyenera kuwapereka kwa akunja ngati muthandizira china chilichonse nokha.
Ndi liti pamene mukufuna networker?
Komanso, tiyang'ana kwambiri makampani amakono opanga zinthu. Ndi ogwira ntchito ndi mabizinesi, chilichonse ndi chowonjezera kapena chopanda bwino - pang'ono zasintha pamenepo m'zaka zaposachedwa, ndipo ma netiweki anali ofunikira kale, akufunika tsopano. Koma ndi "achichepere ndi olimba mtima" zinthu sizili zophweka. Nthawi zambiri amayika zida zawo m'mitambo, kotero samasowa ma admins, kupatula ma admins a mitambo yomweyi, inde. Zomangamanga, mbali imodzi, ndizosavuta pamapangidwe ake, kumbali ina, ndizodziwikiratu (zoyenera / chidole, terraform, ci / cd ... chabwino, mukudziwa). Koma ngakhale pano pali zochitika pamene simungathe kuchita popanda injiniya wa maukonde.
Chitsanzo 1, chapamwamba
Tiyerekeze kuti kampani ikuyamba ndi seva imodzi yokhala ndi adilesi yapagulu, yomwe ili pakatikati pa data. Ndiye pali ma seva awiri. Ndiye zambiri ... Posachedwapa, pakufunika intaneti yachinsinsi pakati pa maseva. Chifukwa magalimoto "akunja" amakhala ochepa ndi bandiwifi (osapitirira 100Mbps, mwachitsanzo) komanso kuchuluka kwa kutsitsa / kukwezedwa pamwezi (makasitomala osiyanasiyana ali ndi mitengo yosiyana, koma bandwidth kupita kudziko lakunja, monga lamulo, ndilambiri. okwera mtengo kuposa netiweki yachinsinsi).
Wosungirayo amawonjezera makhadi owonjezera pa ma seva ndipo amawaphatikiza muzosintha zawo mu vlan yosiyana. "Lathyathyathya" LAN ikuwoneka pakati pa maseva. Zabwino!
Chiwerengero cha ma seva chikukula, kuchuluka kwa magalimoto pa intaneti yachinsinsi kukukulirakuliranso - zosunga zobwezeretsera, kubwereza, ndi zina zambiri. Wosungirako akupereka kuti akusunthireni kuti mulekanitse masiwichi kuti musasokoneze makasitomala ena, komanso kuti asakusokonezeni. Wothandizira amayika masinthidwe amtundu wina ndikuwongolera mwanjira ina - mwina, kusiya netiweki imodzi pakati pa ma seva anu onse. Chilichonse chimagwira ntchito bwino, koma panthawi inayake, mavuto amayamba: kuchedwa pakati pa makamu nthawi ndi nthawi kumakula, zipika zimalumbirira mapaketi ochuluka a arp pamphindi, ndipo pentester anagwiririra dera lanu lonse panthawi ya kafukufuku, akuphwanya seva imodzi yokha.
Zoyenera kuchita?
Gawani maukonde mu magawo - vlans. Konzani ma adilesi anu mu vlan iliyonse, sankhani njira yomwe ingasamutsire magalimoto pakati pa maukonde. Pachipata, konzani acl kuti aletse mwayi pakati pa magawo, kapena ikani chowotcha moto pafupi ndi icho.
Chitsanzo 1, chinapitiriza
Ma seva amalumikizidwa kudera lapafupi ndi chingwe chimodzi. Zosintha muzoyikamo zimakhala zolumikizana mwanjira ina, koma ngozi ikachitika pachoyika chimodzi, ena atatu oyandikana nawo amagwa. Mapulani alipo, koma pali kukayikira za kufunika kwawo. Seva iliyonse ili ndi adilesi yakeyake, yomwe imaperekedwa ndi wolandirayo ndikumangirizidwa ku rack. Iwo. posuntha seva, adilesi iyenera kusinthidwa.
Zoyenera kuchita?
Lumikizani ma seva pogwiritsa ntchito LAG (Link Aggregation Group) ndi zingwe ziwiri kuti musinthe pachoyikapo (ayeneranso kukhala osafunikira). Sungani zolumikizana pakati pa ma racks, zisintheni ndi "nyenyezi" (kapena CLOS yamakono) kuti kutayika kwa rack imodzi kusakhudze ena. Sankhani "zapakati" zoyikapo pomwe ma netiweki oyambira adzakhalapo komanso pomwe ma rack ena adzaphatikizidwa. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, ikani mayankhulidwe a anthu onse mwadongosolo, tengani kuchokera ku hoster (kapena kuchokera ku RIR, ngati n'kotheka) subnet, yomwe inu nokha (kapena kudzera mwa hoster) lengezani kudziko lapansi.
Kodi woyang'anira dongosolo "wanthawi zonse" yemwe alibe chidziwitso chakuya pamanetiweki angachite zonsezi? Simukutsimikiza. Kodi wolandirayo adzachita? Mwina itero, koma mudzafunika TOR yatsatanetsatane, yomwe iyeneranso kupangidwa ndi wina. ndiyeno fufuzani kuti zonse zachitika molondola.
Chitsanzo 2: Kwa mitambo
Tiyerekeze kuti muli ndi VPC mumtambo wapagulu. Kuti mupeze mwayi kuchokera ku ofesi kapena pa-prem gawo la zomangamanga kupita ku netiweki yakomweko mkati mwa VPC, muyenera kukhazikitsa kulumikizana kudzera pa IPSec kapena njira yodzipatulira. Kumbali imodzi, IPSec ndiyotsika mtengo. palibe chifukwa chogula zida zowonjezera, mutha kukhazikitsa ngalande pakati pa seva yanu ndi adilesi yapagulu ndi mtambo. Koma - kuchedwa, magwiridwe antchito ochepa (popeza tchanelocho chikuyenera kubisidwa), kuphatikiza kulumikizana kosatsimikizika (popeza mwayi umadutsa pa intaneti wamba).
Zoyenera kuchita?
Kwezani kulumikizana kudzera panjira yodzipatulira (mwachitsanzo, AWS imayitcha Direct Connect). Kuti muchite izi, pezani wogwiritsa ntchito mnzanu yemwe angakulumikizani, sankhani malo olumikizirana omwe ali pafupi kwambiri ndi inu (nonse mukuchita ndi woyendetsa mumtambo), ndipo, pomaliza, ikani zonse. Kodi zonsezi zingatheke popanda injiniya wa maukonde? Inde, inde. Koma momwe mungathetsere mavuto popanda mavuto sikumvekanso bwino.
Ndipo pangakhalenso mavuto ndi kupezeka pakati pa mitambo (ngati muli ndi multicloud) kapena mavuto akuchedwa pakati pa zigawo zosiyanasiyana, etc. Inde, tsopano pali zida zambiri zomwe zimawonjezera kuwonekera kwa zomwe zikuchitika mumtambo (Maso Chikwi chomwecho), koma zonsezi ndi zida za injiniya wa intaneti, osati m'malo.
Nditha kujambula zitsanzo khumi ndi ziwiri zotere pazomwe ndimachita, koma ndikuganiza zikuwonekeratu kuti gulu, kuyambira pamlingo wina wa chitukuko cha zomangamanga, payenera kukhala munthu (kapena kuposa, kuposa m'modzi) yemwe amadziwa momwe maukonde amagwirira ntchito. imagwira ntchito, imatha kukonza zida zapaintaneti ndikuthana ndi mavuto ngati abuka. Ndikhulupirireni, adzakhala ndi chochita
Kodi wogwiritsa ntchito pa intaneti ayenera kudziwa chiyani?
Sikofunikira konse (komanso nthawi zina zovulaza) kuti injiniya wamaneti azigwira ntchito ndi maukonde okha ndipo palibenso china. Ngakhale sitingaganizire chisankhocho ndi maziko omwe amakhala pafupifupi mumtambo wapagulu (ndipo, zilizonse zomwe wina anganene, zikuchulukirachulukirachulukira), ndipo tengani, mwachitsanzo, pamtunda kapena mitambo yachinsinsi, komwe kokha "Chidziwitso pamlingo wa CCNP" Simuchoka.
Kuphatikiza apo, ma network - ngakhale pali gawo losatha lophunzirira, ngakhale mutangoyang'ana mbali imodzi (ma network operekera, mabizinesi, malo opangira data, Wi-Fi ...)
Inde, ambiri a inu tsopano mudzakumbukira Python ndi zina "network automation", koma izi ndizofunikira, koma osati zokwanira. Kuti injiniya wa ma netiweki "alowe nawo bwino gululi", ayenera kulankhula chilankhulo chimodzi ndi onse oyambitsa komanso ma admins / devops. Zikutanthauza chiyani?
- kuti musamangogwira ntchito ku Linux ngati wogwiritsa ntchito, komanso kuiwongolera, osachepera pamlingo wa sysadmin-junior: kukhazikitsa mapulogalamu ofunikira, kuyambitsanso ntchito yakugwa, lembani dongosolo losavuta.
- Mvetsetsani (osachepera) momwe network network imagwirira ntchito mu Linux, momwe maukonde amagwirira ntchito mu hypervisors ndi zotengera (lxc / docker / kubernetes).
- Zachidziwikire, mutha kugwira ntchito ndi ansible/chef/puppet kapena ma SCM system.
- Mzere wosiyana uyenera kulembedwa za SDN ndi maukonde amtambo wachinsinsi (mwachitsanzo, TungstenFabric kapena OpenvSwitch). Ichi ndi chidziwitso china chachikulu.
Mwachidule, ndinafotokozera katswiri wamtundu wa T (monga momwe zilili tsopano). Zikuwoneka kuti sizili zatsopano, komabe, malinga ndi zomwe adakumana nazo pa zokambirana, si onse opanga maukonde omwe angadzitamande ndi chidziwitso cha mitu iwiri kuchokera pamndandanda womwe uli pamwambapa. M'zochita, kusowa kwa chidziwitso "m'madera okhudzana" kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kwambiri kuyankhulana ndi anzako okha, komanso kumvetsetsa zofunikira zomwe bizinesi imayika pa intaneti monga maziko otsika kwambiri a polojekitiyi. Ndipo popanda kumvetsetsa izi, zimakhala zovuta kuteteza malingaliro anu ndi "kugulitsa" ku bizinesi.
Kumbali ina, chizoloΕ΅ezi cha "kumvetsetsa momwe dongosolo limagwirira ntchito" kumapatsa okonda maukonde mwayi wabwino kwambiri kuposa "akuluakulu" osiyanasiyana omwe amadziwa zaukadaulo kuchokera ku nkhani za HabrΓ©/zapakatikati ndi ma telegalamu, koma sadziwa konse mfundo izi kapena pulogalamuyo imagwira ntchito. Ndipo kudziwa zanthawi zonse, monga mukudziwa, kumalowetsa m'malo mwa chidziwitso chazinthu zambiri.
Mapeto, kapena kungoti TL; DR
- Woyang'anira maukonde (monga DBA kapena injiniya wa VoIP) ndi katswiri wa mbiri yopapatiza (mosiyana ndi ma sysadmins / devops / SRE), kufunikira komwe sikumabwera nthawi yomweyo (ndipo sikungabwere kwa nthawi yayitali, kwenikweni) . Koma ngati ziwuka, ndiye kuti sizingatheke kuti zisinthidwe ndi ukadaulo wakunja (kutulutsa ntchito kapena olamulira wamba, "omwe amayang'aniranso maukonde"). Chomwe chili chomvetsa chisoni ndichakuti kufunikira kwa akatswiri oterowo ndi kochepa, ndipo, mokhazikika, mu kampani yomwe ili ndi mapulogalamu 800 ndi 30 devops / admins, pangakhale ma network awiri okha omwe amagwira ntchito yawo mwangwiro. Iwo. msika unali ndipo ndi wochepa kwambiri, komanso wochepa kwambiri ndi malipiro abwino.
- Kumbali ina, wogwiritsa ntchito intaneti wabwino m'masiku ano sayenera kudziwa ma netiweki okha (ndi momwe angasinthire masinthidwe awo), komanso momwe machitidwe ogwiritsira ntchito ndi mapulogalamu amalumikizirana nawo, omwe amayendera maukonde awa. Popanda izi, zidzakhala zovuta kwambiri kumvetsetsa zomwe anzanu akufunsani ndikuwafotokozera (moyenera) zomwe mukufuna / zomwe mukufuna kwa iwo.
- Kulibe mtambo, ndi kompyuta ya munthu wina chabe. Muyenera kumvetsetsa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mitambo yapagulu / yachinsinsi kapena ntchito za omwe akukuchitirani "omwe amakuchitirani chilichonse" sikutsutsa kuti pulogalamu yanu ikugwiritsabe ntchito netiweki, ndipo zovuta nazo zidzakhudza magwiridwe antchito anu. . Kusankha kwanu ndi komwe likulu la luso lidzakhala, lomwe lidzakhala ndi udindo pa network ya polojekiti yanu.
Source: www.habr.com