🥇ShIoTiny: makina ang'onoang'ono, intaneti ya zinthu kapena "miyezi isanu ndi umodzi tchuthi chisanachitike"

Mfundo zazikuluzikulu kapena zomwe nkhaniyi ikunena

ТPopeza zofuna za anthu ndizosiyana, ndipo anthu ali ndi nthawi yochepa, ndiye mwachidule za zomwe zili m'nkhaniyi.

СNkhaniyi ndi chithunzithunzi cha polojekiti yolamulira ndi mtengo wocheperako komanso kuthekera mapulogalamu owonera kudzera pa WEB Browser.

ПPopeza iyi ndi nkhani yowunikiranso yomwe cholinga chake ndi kuwonetsa "zomwe zitha kufinyidwa kwa wowongolera khobiri," simuyenera kuyang'ana zowona zozama ndi ma algorithms atsatanetsatane momwemo.

РZolimbikitsa, malingaliro ndi zotsatira zomanga wowongolera kutengera chipangizo cha WiFI zimaganiziridwa ESP8266.

Kupewa

Sindinafune kulemba nkhaniyi. Sindine wokonda kulemba zolemba konse. Muyenera kuganiza za izi, ndi zambiri. Ganizirani za momwe mungalembe m'njira yoti chiwerengero cha anthu omwe sakumvetsetsani chichepetse. Ganizirani momwe mungasapitirire mopambanitsa. Ndipo pali zambiri zoti muganizire.
Koma anzanga adanena kuti popeza kuyesetsa kwanga pa IoT ndi makina ena ang'onoang'ono amawasangalatsa, ndiye kuti angakhalenso osangalatsa kwa ena komanso kwa anthu wamba. Chabwino, kodi anthu amasonkhana kuti omwe ali ndi chidwi ndi izi? Inde, pa likulu. Ndipo ine ndiri pano. Wowerenga wakale komanso wolemba watsopano.

Ndilibe udindo uliwonse wa zolakwika, zolakwika, typos, kalembedwe kachikale, ndi zina zotero, zomwe owerenga sangakonde. Werengani mwakufuna kwanu.

Ndikukuchenjezaninso mwamsanga kuti sindidzafotokozera zomwe MQTT, WiFi ndi UDP multicast ndi zinthu zina zomwe sizikugwirizana mwachindunji ndi mutuwo. Pali maulalo kumapeto kwa nkhaniyi.

Kubadwa kwa lingaliro kapena mawu ena

ЖMoyo si chinthu chophweka ndipo His Majness Chance amatenga gawo lofunikira mmenemo. Chifukwa chake ndikufuna kugawana momwe zochitika mwachisawawa, kuphatikiza ulesi wachibadwidwe, zidapangitsa kuti pakhale chitukuko chosangalatsa cha owongolera kutengera ESP8266.

НZonse zidayamba mwachizolowezi: Ndinkafuna kupanga njira yoyendetsera madzi ndi kuthirira m'mabedi ndi tchire mdziko muno.

Нo, popeza ndimatha kugwira ntchito pamapaipi, akasinja, ndi matepi patchuthi, chomwe chinali chisanakwane miyezi isanu ndi umodzi - zonse zidangokhala pazokambirana zantchito ndi anzanga ndi abwenzi ndi abwenzi mosakhazikika.

ТMutu wa "ma automation ang'onoang'ono" kapena, monga amanenera nthawi zambiri pakati pa "anyamata asukulu awa-owononga-hipsters" - mutu wa IoT - Internet of Things - wandisangalatsa kwa nthawi yayitali. Kale kwambiri intaneti isanayambe kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.

ЕNgakhale ndili mwana, ndinkafuna kuti zinthu zizichita “zokha. Ndipo kukanakhala kokhumbitsidwa kuti ndikanatha kuwalamulira mwanjira ina ali kutali. Koma pa nthawi imeneyo (80s, oyambirira 90s wa Zakachikwi zapitazi) zinali zovuta kwambiri. Intaneti sinali kupezeka kulikonse padziko lapansi, monga momwe kunalibe mafoni am'manja, mapiritsi, ngakhale zowonetsera za LCD kapena USB flash drive kulikonse. Choncho tinkangofunika “kuombera ma switch mawayilesi” komanso maremoteti a wailesi. Koma kwa nthawizo ndi zaka zimenezo, sizinali zoipa komanso zosangalatsa.

НO, izi ndi zinthu zakale. Tsopano ndi zaka za zana la 15. Ndipo aliyense ali ndi foni yam'manja m'thumba mwake, intaneti imapezeka pafupifupi kulikonse komwe ikufunika komanso yosafunikira, ndipo maziko a zida zamagetsi zomwe zilipo tsopano ndizoti zaka XNUMX zapitazo anthu ambiri padziko lapansi sakanalota. .

ПChoncho, nditaganiza zomanga woyang'anira nkhani zamadzi ku dacha, ndinatembenukira ku chip ESP8266.
Choyamba, chip ichi ndi chotsika mtengo. Ndipo ngati wolamulira mmodzi sakukwanira, mukhoza kukhazikitsa awiri, atatu kapena asanu. Chachiwiri, ili ndi WiFi pabwalo. Ndiko kuti, mutha kuyang'ana zomwe zikuchitika kudzera pa intaneti komanso ngakhale kuwongolera njira kuchokera pa smartphone iliyonse. Inde, mukufunikira malo olowera ndi intaneti, koma izi sizovuta. Komabe, ili pafupi kulikonse kapena yatsala pang'ono kukhala, kuphatikizapo mu dacha yanga.

ПNditakhazikika m'dziko lodabwitsa la ntchito za ESP8266, ndinadabwa kuona kuti ngakhale kuti chipangizochi chili ndi mphamvu zambiri, mapulojekiti omwe ali nawo, kupatulapo kawirikawiri, amagawidwa m'mitundu iwiri: awa ndi mapulogalamu akale kwambiri monga "dinani". zosintha kuchokera ku smartphone yanu ndikuyang'ana kutentha kwa sensor kudzera pa intaneti"; kapena omasulira abwino ndi olimba a JavaScript kapena a Lua, koma mwatsoka, amawononga pafupifupi kukumbukira konse ndipo samakulolani kuchita chilichonse chachikulu.

ПLingaliro langa loyamba linali losavuta ngati zikondamoyo - kulemba pulogalamu yosavuta yowongolera mapampu potengera momwe masensa amakhalira ndipo ndizomwezo. Koma, monga wodzigudubuza wokhazikika pankhani yodumphira pamachitidwe osiyanasiyana, ndidamvetsetsa kuti sindingathe kuwoneratu zopindika zonse za ma aligorivimu zomwe ndikadafuna kapena kuziwongola panthawi yomanga. madzi ndi ulimi wothirira.

ДSikoyenera kwambiri kukonza pulogalamuyi ku dacha, mu nkhokwe yamdima. Koma muyenera kutero.
Njira yopulumukira ndi chiyani? Zachidziwikire, chinthu choyamba chomwe chidabwera m'maganizo mwanga chinali kupanga ma algorithms kukhala osinthika. Mmodzi mwa anzanga anapereka malangizo ambiri - zoyenera kukhazikitsa ndi momwe. Ndi ichi adapha lingaliro langa loyamba mumphukira. Zikomo kwa iye. Akadapanda kuwulula pamaso panga kuchuluka kwa magawo omwe ndikadayenera kuwakonza, mwina sindikanakana njirayi: kupanga tsamba lokonzekera algorithm.

НChithunzi chochititsa mantha cha kuchuluka kwa zoikamo, ngakhalenso zomwe zimalimbikitsana, zinandichititsa manyazi. Apanso ndinazindikira kuti simungathe kuwoneratu chilichonse ...

СNdisungirako kamodzi: Ndine waulesi. Waulesi kwambiri! Kunena zoona ndine waulesi kuti ndilembenso pulogalamuyo nthawi zonse. Chifukwa chake, ntchitoyi idawuka - momwe mungakhazikitsire algorithm mwachangu komanso mosavuta, makamaka popanda kupanga? Komanso, algorithm iyi idzakhala yovuta kwambiri; adzakhala ndi magawo ambiri; adzakhala achindunji pa mlandu wanga komanso wosayenera kwa ena. Ndipo ndikufunadi kuti chipangizochi chikhale chocheperako ...

ПPopeza kunali kudakali pafupifupi miyezi isanu ndi umodzi isanafike tchuthi ndi mitundu yonse ya ntchito zopopera zitoliro, ndinaganiza zotenga nthawi yanga ndikuganiza za momwe ndingapangire kukhala kosavuta komanso kokongola? Momwe mungapangire popanda pulogalamu? Kodi mungachite bwanji popanda magawo thililiyoni omwe angasinthidwe pokonza?

КMonga mwachizolowezi, zonse zidapangidwa kale ife: Ndinazindikira kuti ndikufuna kujambula algorithm mu mawonekedwe a mabwalo ochitirapo kanthu ndikuwalumikiza ndi mizere yolumikizirana yomwe imawonetsa komwe deta ikuwulukira ndi kupita. Chabwino, poloza pabwalo, ndikufuna kuti ndizitha kukonza magawo ake.

ИLingaliro lakutanthauzira algorithm pojambula m'mabwalo silatsopano. Machitidwe otere analipo kale mu 80s; Tsopano pali dongosolo lodziwika bwino la NodeRed, lomwe limadziwika bwino kwa iwo omwe adalowa kale kudziko laling'ono la automation / IoT.

НO, nali vuto: machitidwe otere amapangidwira "ma PC akulu". Poyipa kwambiri - pa Raspberry PI. Koma osati pa ESP8266, yomwe ili ndi ma kilobytes ochepa chabe a RAM ndipo palibe makina ogwiritsira ntchito!

КZoyenera kuchita? Ndipo pali njira ziwiri zokha zotulukira: lembani ndi kujambula pulogalamu pa "PC yayikulu" kapena laputopu, ndiyeno musamutsire mwanjira ina ku ESP8266, kapena yesani "kukankhira zosatheka" mu ESP8266 wowongolera wokha.

ПChifukwa chake, pulogalamu yayikulu yomwe ndinali nayo inali iyi: kupanga pulogalamu yowongolera, simuyenera kufunikira china chilichonse kupatula laputopu yokhala ndi msakatuli wa WEB! Ndiye kuti, laputopu yokhala ndi msakatuli wa WEB ndi wowongolera wanga - izi ziyenera kukhala zokwanira kukonza ndikulemba ndikujambula mapulogalamu owongolera.

И, monga momwe zinakhalira, zinali zotheka kukhazikitsa izi!
Sindidzakuvutitsani ndi tsatanetsatane wa chitukuko cha polojekiti. Ndingonena kuti kutengera mawu omwe adabwera m'maganizo mwanga ndi lilime langa panthawi yachitukuko, ndizotheka kupanga zosiyana "Mtanthauzira mawu wa zilankhulo zotukwana zogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ogwira ntchito pakampani yamagetsi" Koma zonse zatha. Zowonjezereka, osati zonse, koma gawo loyamba, lovuta kwambiri, pamene sizikudziwikiratu ngati lingaliro lanu la kukhala ndi moyo lidzakhalapo kapena ndi chisokonezo cha imvi pausiku wowala mwezi.

ПNdigawana zotsatira za zomwe zidatuluka ndikupeza dzina "ShiioTiny Controller".

Ndiye chinachitika ndi chiyani?

Z Hardware Wowongolera wa ShIoTiny ndi wokhazikika komanso wosavuta: zolowera zitatu zopangidwira ma sensor amtundu wa "kulumikizana kowuma" (mabatani, ma switch a bango, nawonso ndi masensa amadzi mu thanki), kulowetsa kumodzi kwa ADC, kulowetsa kumodzi kulumikiza kutentha ndi chinyezi cha sensor. Mtundu wa DHT22 kapena zofanana. Ndipo potsiriza, zotuluka zitatu mu mawonekedwe a kusintha relays kwa 220 Volt, 1 Ampere. Relay imati 10A, koma ndine wowona ndipo sindingalole 10Amps kudutsa bolodi. Ndipo kuti muwongolere zoyambira pampu, 1Amp ndiyokwanira. Zonsezi zimayendetsedwa ndi gwero lamagetsi ndi voteji ya 5 mpaka 9 volts.

ЧKunena zowona, ndinawonjezera sensa ya kutentha monga choncho, koma pa ADC ndinali ndi chiyembekezo choyezera magetsi a network network. Angadziwe ndani?

РZachidziwikire, zolowetsa zonse, kupatula zolumikizira zolumikizira DHT22, zimatetezedwa ndi zopinga ndi ma diode: ndinalibe chikhumbo chowotcha ESP8266, ndipo ma diode ndi resistors amangotengera ma kopecks ochepa.

chithunzi Chomalizidwacho chikhoza kuwonedwa kumayambiriro kwa nkhaniyi. Ndinalamula angapo mwa matabwa - bwanji ngati nditawawotcha kapena kudula miyendo ya njanji?
Koma, mwamwayi, sindinayenera kutero.

ФMankhwalawa ndi, ndithudi, kukongola ndi kukongola. Koma kuti zitheke, m'munsimu muli chithunzi chojambula cholumikizira ma simulators a masensa ndi ma actuators ku bolodi.

Вm'malo mwa masensa amtundu pali mabatani a Input1..3, m'malo moyambira pali ma LED olumikizidwa ku Relay1..3 relay. Chabwino, chosinthira chosinthika pa ADC kuti chiyesere mphamvu yolowera.
КPamene relay yazimitsidwa, kuwala kwa LED kofiira kumawunikira. Ndipo ikayatsidwa, imakhala yobiriwira. Chifukwa chake ndidachichotsa patebulo.

КKuphatikiza pa zonsezi, pali cholumikizira champhamvu kumanzere kwa bolodi, ndi mabatani awiri a utumiki kumanja: Bwezerani ndi AP. Chabwino, pali chosinthira cha DIP chomwe chimasintha chipangizochi kukhala pulogalamu yamapulogalamu. Cholumikizira mapulogalamu cha ESP8266 kudzera pa adapter ya USB-UART chiliponso.

Zofotokozera zina za mabatani. Kodi Bwezerani - ndipo zikuwonekeratu. Ndipo apa pali batani AP zofunika kumasulira ShIoTiny kuti mutsegule njira yofikira (mawonekedwe osinthira kapena Config Mode). N’chifukwa chiyani zimenezi zili zofunika? Mwachitsanzo, mwasokoneza makonda anu pa intaneti ndipo mukufuna kusintha. Dinani batani la AP kwa masekondi angapo (mpaka kuwala kokongola kwa buluu kuyatsa). Kenako, tengani foni yam'manja kapena laputopu, yatsani WiFi ndikuwona malo otsegula omwe ali ndi dzina esp_8266_xxxx ndikulumikiza. Kenako pitani ku msakatuli wa foni yam'manja kapena laputopu ndikulemba ma adilesi: 192.168.4.1. Ngati zonse zili bwino, ndiye kuti mumatengedwera ku tsamba lowongolera la ShIoTiny ndipo mutha kulikonzanso.

КMonga tikuonera, hardware si chinthu chovuta. Chifukwa chake o mapulogalamu gawo.

ВNdikufotokozerani zovuta zonse za kukhazikitsa, koma pambuyo pake. Tsiku lina. Ndipo lero ndingoganizira za pulogalamuyo kokha "kuchokera kunja," ndiko kuti, kuchokera kwa wogwiritsa ntchito - ineyo kapena wina yemwe adaika pachiwopsezo chogwiritsa ntchito luso langa (palinso ochita masewerawa).

С Kuchokera pakuwona kwa wogwiritsa ntchito, chipangizocho ndi seva ya HTTP yomwe imapezeka pa WiFi. Zokonda zonse, kukonza mapulogalamu, ndi zina zambiri zimachitika pogwiritsa ntchito msakatuli wa WEB.

ИKotero, tinapita ku tsamba lowongolera. Kodi tikuwona chiyani? Ndipo tikuwona tabu ya "Control and Status", yomwe ikuwonetsa momwe zida zogwiritsidwira ntchito: zolowetsa, zotuluka, ADC, DHT22. Kuphatikiza apo, magawo olumikizira kumalo ofikira akuwonetsedwa (ngati tikugwira ntchito mumayendedwe a WiFi station); magawo ofikira (ngati tikugwira ntchito mu WiFi access point mode) kapena zonse ziwiri. Chabwino, kuwonjezera apo, magawo olumikizana ndi MQTT broker akuwonetsedwa ngati protocol ya MQTT ikugwiritsidwa ntchito.

КMonga tikuonera, palibe chapadera kapena chosangalatsa. Palibe ngakhale kudina! Ngakhale ... Pali ma tabo ena awiri! Kukonza zokonda pamanetiweki Intaneti ndi pulogalamu circuit editor ElDraw.

Кndiye mwaganiza, Intaneti - uku ndikukhazikitsa ma network, koma osati kokha. Ili ndi magawo angapo osangalatsa. Tiyeni dinani pa tabu Intaneti ndipo tiwona pamenepo pafupifupi zomwe zikuwonetsedwa pachithunzichi.
НKukhazikitsa dzina lolowera ndi mawu achinsinsi panjira iliyonse - malo ochezera a WiFi ndi malo ofikira a WiFi. Chilichonse chikuwoneka bwino. Komanso cholinga cha batani "Scan WiFi" zoonekeratu.
А nawu mndandanda wotsitsa "ShIoTiny mode" zimafuna kufotokozera. Chowonadi ndi chakuti sindikanatha kusankha mwanjira iliyonse yomwe ingakhale yabwino kwambiri kuti ndigwire ntchito. Ndipo kotero iye anapereka 5 modes ntchito chipangizo.

ПTiyeni titchule mwachidule njira zogwirira ntchito izi.

Sinthani mode - kasinthidwe mode. Iyi ndi njira yotseguka yofikira yokhala ndi adilesi yokhazikika ya 192.168.4.1 ndi dzina la esp_8266_xxxx.

Njira yapa station - mawonekedwe a malo ochezera a WiFi olumikizidwa ndi malo anu ofikira.

Njira ya AP - njira yotseka yofikira. Mumayika dzina ndi mawu achinsinsi nokha.

AP+Station mode - Uku ndikuyambitsanso munthawi yomweyo AP mode + Station mode.

mode Single - gwiritsani ntchito popanda intaneti konse. Wolamulira yekhayekha yemwe ali ndi gawo lake lalikulu ...

В iliyonse mwa mitundu kupatula "Config mode", mutha kuletsa tsamba la WEB poyang'ana bokosilo "Lock Web in Station mode". Izi ndi mtundu wa zifukwa chitetezo.

НZokonda za MQTT ndizodziwikiratu: seva, doko, mawu achinsinsi, kulumikizana kotseguka kapena ndi SSL. Sindifotokoza mwatsatanetsatane apa.

КMwa zina, wolamulira wa ShIoTiny amatha kutumiza ndi kulandira mapaketi amtundu wapadera kudzera pa multicast. Zokonda zake ndizodziwikiratu: adilesi yamagulu ndi doko.
Zachidziwikire, ngati mufotokoza zamitundu yonse, mupeza nkhani ina, koma iyi si gawo la mapulani anga.

Иinde, ndi tabu Intaneti zonse zimamveka bwino. Tiyeni tipite ku gawo lalikulu la woyang'anira - mkonzi wa dera la pulogalamu ElDraw.

Тpodutsa pa tabu ElDraw, tiwona zinthu monga zotsatirazi. Inde, ngati chipangizocho chilibe dera lodzaza, ndiye kuti gawo la dera lidzakhala lopanda kanthu.

Сkumanzere - phale la zinthu kapena mfundo (mfundo).
Сufulu - gawo la schema kapena "chiwembu".
СPamwambapa pali mabatani otsitsa ndikutsitsa ku disk ndi ku chipangizocho, komanso mabatani osintha.

ДKwa iwo omwe adagwirapo ntchito ndi akonzi, kasamalidwe kamakhala koonekeratu. Muyenera kuwonjezera chinthu pachithunzicho - chitengeni ndi mbewa ndikuchikoka kuchokera pa phale kupita pazithunzi. Ngati mukufuna kuchotsa chinthu kapena kulumikizana pazithunzi, dinani pa izo kapena izo ndi mbewa ndikusindikiza fungulo DEL. Tiyenera kulumikiza zinthu - timatengera kulowetsa kwa chinthu chimodzi ndikuchilumikiza ndi chotuluka china.

ЕPalinso makulitsidwe (SHIFT + mbewa gudumu). Tsoka ilo, sizingatheke kukopera zinthu ndi magulu azinthu. Koma izi sizikundivutitsa.

КKuphatikiza apo, pazifukwa zomveka, kulowetsa kwa node kumatha kulumikizidwa ndi gawo limodzi la node ina. Koma kutulutsa kwa node kumakhala ndi zolowetsa zingapo za node zina. Zolowera nthawi zonse zimakhala kumanzere kwa node. Zotuluka zili kumanja nthawi zonse.

КKodi tili ndi kuthekera kotani kuti tigwiritse ntchito ma algorithms?
ВMwayi wake ndi waukulu ndithu. Phaleli lili ndi ma node omwe amayimira zida zonse zowongolera ShIoTiny: zolowetsa, zotumizirana, ADC, DHT11/22.

ДPali zomveka ndi masamu mfundo pokonza deta.

ЧKuti tigwiritse ntchito chipangizochi kudzera pa intaneti, pali node zolembera ndi kusindikiza magawo pa MQTT broker.

ЕNgati tikufuna olamulira angapo a ShIoTiny kuti asinthane zambiri, titha kugwiritsa ntchito ma node potumiza ndi kulandira magawo pogwiritsa ntchito protocol ya UDP multicast.

КKuphatikiza apo, pali ma node owerengera; node zowongolera zochitika.

ПNdikupatsani zitsanzo zingapo. Mwachitsanzo, kodi mukufuna kuti kutentha ndi chinyezi zizisindikizidwa ku seva ya MQTT mphindi 30 zilizonse? Palibe chomwe chingakhale chophweka. Tiyeni tijambule chonchi.

Жmeme batani "Pangani". Zonse!
ЕNgati mwakonza molondola kulumikizana ndi broker wa MQTT pa Networking tabu, ndizo zonse!
Кtheka la ola lililonse, kutentha kumasindikizidwa pa broker pansi pa mutu wa / T, ndi chinyezi - pansi pa mutu / H. Kapena, ngati muyika mayina anu amutu, ndiye pansipa.
ЗFunso lodziwikiratu ndilakuti: chifukwa chiyani 18000 30 mphindi? Chifukwa nthawi zonse zimayesedwa mu magawo khumi a sekondi.

ТTsopano mukufuna kuwonjezera pa chiwembuchi kuthekera koyatsa Relay1 kudzera pa intaneti, ngakhale kwakanthawi? Palibe vuto. Tiyeni timalize kujambula motere.

ОZisanu dinani "Kwezani" batani. Zonse! Tsopano, kuwonjezera pa mfundo yakuti theka la ola lililonse, kutentha ndi chinyezi zidzasindikizidwa pa MQTT broker, zidzatheka kuyatsa Relay1 relay. Inde, osati kungoyatsa, koma kwa mphindi 10 ndendende. Mungathe kuthandizira kubwezeretsanso mwa kusindikiza mutu / r1cmd, kukhazikitsidwa ku 1. Ndipo mkhalidwe weniweni wa relay udzasindikizidwa pamutu /r1status.

ВKodi simukufuna kungoyatsa, komanso kuzimitsa kutumizirana mauthenga pasanapite nthawi? Inde, zilizonse zomwe munganene. Chithunzi chili m'munsichi chikuwonetsa momwe mungachitire izi!

ПKodi mfundo yake ndi yomveka? Mukungojambula algorithm ndi mbewa yanu! Ndipo lembani zosintha zingapo: nthawi, dzina la mutu ndi zomwezo. Izi ndizomveka bwino kuposa kulemba mulu wa ma code.

КMwa njira, kuwunikira kulumikizana kwamitundu yosiyanasiyana si "Photoshop" - ndi imodzi mwazochita za mkonzi. Mutha kupaka utoto momwe mukufunira kuti musasokonezedwe.

Нo ndipo si zokhazo! Kuti musinthe ma aligorivimu, pali batani la "Monitor Start". Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, imayatsa "Monitor" mode. Munjira iyi, momwe zotuluka zonse za node zonse zimawerengedwa nthawi ndi nthawi kuchokera kwa wowongolera ShIoTiny ndi kuwonetsedwa pachithunzichi. Pafupifupi monga chithunzi chili pansipa.

ТNdiye kuti, titha kuwona "pafupifupi nthawi yeniyeni" zomwe tili nazo pakulowetsa ndi kutulutsa kwa node iliyonse. Zimathandiza kwambiri ngati chinthu sichikudziwika bwino.

ЕPalinso “zanzeru ndi zinthu” zina zambiri zimene ndikufuna kufotokoza, koma chikumbumtima changa sichidzakulolani kuwononga nthaŵi yanu pa izo m’nkhani imodzi. Lingaliro lalikulu lomwe lakhazikitsidwa likuwonekera kale: magawo ochepera osinthika - kumveka bwino kwambiri.

Yendetsani mafuta

КInde, ndikufuna kuti pasakhale ntchentche mumafuta, koma dziko silili labwino. Onse mkonzi wanga ndi wowongolera wanga sali angwiro. Ndinazindikira zinthu ziwiri zazikulu zomwe sindinathe kuzichotsa.

ВChoyamba, glitches nthawi zina amawonekera pamene akusuntha zinthu m'magulu. Koma izi sizimasokoneza kwambiri ntchito. Zambiri za "chinthu" kuposa "chilombo".

И, kachiwiri, pansi pazifukwa zina, mutatha kukweza dera mu chipangizocho pogwiritsa ntchito batani la "Pangani", imayambiranso. Izi sizikusokoneza moyo, koma tsamba la mkonzi liyenera kusinthidwa.

Pomaliza

НNdikukhulupirira kuti mudakonda lingaliro lojambulira ma aligorivimu m'malo molemba mapulogalamu. Umu ndi momwe malingaliro, malingaliro, ndi mikangano mwachisawawa nthawi zina zimadzetsa chitukuko chotheka.

НO, m'malingaliro anga, kuchuluka kwa nkhaniyo kwadutsa malire onse oyenera. Ndiye ndimaliza lero.
ПNdiloleni ndingonena kuti kwatsala milungu ingapo kuti tchuthi chichitike ndipo ndili wokonzeka kuchoka pakusintha kwa wowongolera patebulo kupita kuwongolera "m'munda."
ЕNgati wina ali ndi chidwi ndi malingaliro anga kapena zachitukuko changa, ndilembeni: [imelo ndiotetezedwa]

ВNdidzakhala wokondwa nthawi zonse kulandira ndemanga ndi kutsutsidwa, ngati ziri, ndithudi, zogwirizana.

Жlandirani ndemanga zanu, ndemanga ndi malingaliro anu.