Ngati mwakhala mukuganizira za machitidwe ovuta, mwina mumamvetsetsa kufunikira kwa maukonde. Maukonde amalamulira dziko lathu. Kuchokera ku machitidwe a mankhwala mkati mwa selo, ku intaneti ya maubwenzi mu chilengedwe, ku malonda ndi ndale zomwe zimapanga mbiri yakale.

Kapena ganizirani nkhani imene mukuwerengayi. Mwinamwake mwapezamo social network, dawunilodi ku kompyuta network ndipo panopa akumasulira tanthauzo pogwiritsa ntchito yanu neural network.

Koma monga momwe ndimaganizira za ma network kwazaka zambiri, mpaka posachedwa sindimamvetsetsa kufunika kosavuta kufalikira.

Uwu ndiye mutu wathu wa lero: momwe, momwe zinthu zonse zimayendera ndikufalikira. Zitsanzo zina kuti muchepetse chilakolako chanu:

• Matenda opatsirana omwe amadutsa kuchokera ku chonyamulira kupita ku chonyamulira mkati mwa anthu.
• Ma memes akufalikira pama graph otsatirawa pamasamba ochezera.
• Moto wa nkhalango.
• Malingaliro ndi machitidwe omwe amakhudza chikhalidwe.
• Neutron imatuluka mu uranium wolemera.

Chidziwitso chofulumira cha mawonekedwe.

Mosiyana ndi ntchito zanga zonse zam'mbuyomu, nkhaniyi ndi yolumikizana [in nkhani yoyamba Zitsanzo zolumikizana zimaperekedwa ndi masilayidi ndi mabatani omwe amawongolera zinthu pazenera - pafupifupi. njira].

Choncho tiyeni tiyambe. Ntchito yoyamba ndikukhazikitsa mawu owonekera kuti afalitse pamanetiweki.

Chitsanzo chosavuta

Ndikukhulupirira kuti nonse mumadziwa maziko a maukonde, ndiye kuti, ma node + m'mphepete. Kuti muphunzire kufalikira, muyenera kungolemba ma node ngati yogwira. Kapena, monga akatswiri a miliri amakonda kunena, kuthenga kachilombo:

Kutsegulaku kapena matenda kumafalikira kudzera pa netiweki kuchokera ku node kupita ku mfundo molingana ndi malamulo omwe tipanga pansipa.

Maukonde enieni amakhala okulirapo kuposa netiweki yosavuta iyi ya ma node asanu ndi awiri. Amakhalanso osokoneza kwambiri. Koma pofuna kuphweka, tipanga chitsanzo cha chidole pano kuti tiphunzire latisi, ndiye kuti, network network.

(Zomwe ma mesh amasowa zenizeni, zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kujambula 😉

Pokhapokha pomwe tawonera, ma network ali ndi oyandikana nawo anayi, mwachitsanzo:

Ndipo muyenera kuganiza kuti ma lattice awa amakula mosalekeza mbali zonse. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, sitikhala ndi chidwi ndi khalidwe lomwe limapezeka m'mphepete mwa maukonde kapena mwa anthu ochepa.

Poganizira kuti ma lattice adayitanidwa, titha kuwapangitsa kukhala ma pixel. Mwachitsanzo, zithunzi ziwirizi zikuyimira maukonde omwewo:

Mu khalidwe limodzi, mfundo yogwira nthawi zonse imafalitsa matendawa kwa oyandikana nawo (osakhudzidwa). Koma ndizotopetsa. Zinthu zosangalatsa kwambiri zimachitika pamene kusamutsa chotheka.

SIR ndi SIS

В Zithunzi za SIR (Susceptible-Infected-Removed) node ikhoza kukhala m'magawo atatu:

• Wotengeka
• Kuthenga kachilombo
• Zachotsedwa

Umu ndi momwe kuyerekezera kumagwirira ntchito [in nkhani yoyamba mutha kusankha kuchuluka kwa matenda opatsirana kuchokera ku 0 mpaka 1, onani ndondomekoyi pang'onopang'ono kapena yonse - pafupifupi. transl.]:

• Ma node amayamba kukhala otengeka, kupatula ma node ochepa omwe amayamba ngati ali ndi kachilombo.
• Pa nthawi iliyonse, ma node omwe ali ndi kachilombo amakhala ndi mwayi wopatsirana matendawa kwa anansi awo omwe ali ndi mwayi wofanana ndi kuchuluka kwa kufalikira.
• Maselo omwe ali ndi kachilombo amalowa m'malo "ochotsedwa", kutanthauza kuti sangathenso kupatsira ena kapena kutenga kachilomboka.

Pankhani ya matenda, kuchotsedwa kungatanthauze kuti munthuyo wamwalira kapena kuti wapanga chitetezo chokwanira ku tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Timanena kuti "achotsedwa" pa chitsanzo chifukwa palibe china chimene chimachitika kwa iwo.

Kutengera ndi zomwe tikuyesera kutengera, mtundu wosiyana ndi SIR ungafunike.

Ngati tikuyerekeza kufalikira kwa chikuku kapena kuphulika kwamoto, SIR ndi yabwino. Koma tiyerekeze kuti tikutengera kufalikira kwa chikhalidwe chatsopano, monga kusinkhasinkha. Poyamba mfundo (munthuyo) ndi yomvera chifukwa sinachitepo izi. Ndiye, ngati ayamba kusinkhasinkha (mwinamwake atamva za mnzako), tidzamutengera ngati ali ndi kachilomboka. Koma ngati asiya mchitidwewo, sadzafa ndipo sangagwe m’chiyerekezocho, chifukwa m’tsogolo akhoza kutenganso chizoloŵezichi mosavuta. Chotero akubwerera ku mkhalidwe wolandira.

izi Chithunzi cha SIS (Otengeka-Wodwala-Wovomerezeka). Chitsanzo chachikale chili ndi magawo awiri: liwiro lotumizira ndi liwiro lochira. Komabe, muzoyerekeza za nkhaniyi, ndidaganiza zofewetsa posiya kuchuluka kwa kuchira. M'malo mwake, node yomwe ili ndi kachilomboka imabwereranso kumalo omwe angatengeke panthawi ina, pokhapokha atagwidwa ndi m'modzi wa oyandikana nawo. Kuphatikiza apo, timalola node yomwe ili ndi kachilombo pa sitepe n kuti idzipatsire yokha pa sitepe n+1 ndi mwayi wofanana ndi mlingo wotumizira.

Zokambirana

Monga mukuwonera, izi ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi mtundu wa SIR.

Chifukwa mfundo sizimachotsedwa, ngakhale kansalu kakang'ono kwambiri komanso kotsekeka kangathe kuthandizira matenda a SIS kwa nthawi yayitali. Matendawa amangodumpha kuchokera ku mfundo kupita ku mfundo ndikubwerera.

Ngakhale amasiyana, SIR ndi SIS zimakhala zosinthika modabwitsa pazolinga zathu. Chifukwa chake m'nkhani yonseyi tikhalabe ndi SIS - makamaka chifukwa ndiyokhazikika komanso yosangalatsa kugwira nayo ntchito.

Mulingo wovuta

Mutasewera mozungulira ndi mitundu ya SIR ndi SIS, mwina mwawonapo kanthu za kutalika kwa matendawa. Paziwopsezo zotsika kwambiri, monga 10%, matendawa amatha kufa. Ngakhale pamtengo wapamwamba, monga 50%, matendawa amakhalabe amoyo ndipo amatenga maukonde ambiri. Ngati maukondewo anali opanda malire, titha kuganiza kuti akupitilira ndikufalikira kosatha.

Kufalikira kopanda malire kotereku kuli ndi mayina ambiri: "viral", "nyukiliya" kapena (pamutu wa nkhaniyi) wotsutsa.

Zikupezeka kuti zilipo mwachindunji nsonga yosweka yomwe imalekanitsa subcritical network (adzatheratu) kuchokera ma network apamwamba kwambiri (wokhoza kukula kosatha). Kusintha uku kumatchedwa malire ovuta, ndipo ichi ndi chizindikiro chodziwika bwino cha kufalikira kwa maukonde wamba.

Mtengo weniweni wa gawo lofunikira umasiyanasiyana pakati pa maukonde. Chofala ndi ichi kupezeka tanthauzo lotere.

[Muchiwonetsero chochokera nkhani yoyamba Mukhoza kuyesa pamanja kupeza zofunika maukonde polowera ndi kusintha kufala liwiro mtengo. Ndi kwinakwake pakati pa 22% ndi 23% - pafupifupi. trans.]

Pa 22% (ndi pansi), matendawa amatha kufa. Pa 23% (ndi pamwamba), matenda oyambirira nthawi zina amafa, koma nthawi zambiri amatha kukhala ndi moyo ndi kufalikira kwa nthawi yaitali kuti atsimikizire kukhalapo kwamuyaya.

(Mwa njira, pali gawo lonse la sayansi lodzipereka kuti lipeze zofunikira izi zamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya maukonde. Kuti muyambe mwachangu, ndikupangira kuti mufufuze mwachangu nkhani ya Wikipedia khomo la kutayikira).

Mwambiri, umu ndi momwe zimagwirira ntchito: Pansi pa gawo lofunikira, matenda aliwonse omwe ali pamanetiweki amatsimikizika (ndi mwayi 1) kuti afa. Koma pamwamba pa malo ovuta, pali kuthekera (p> 0) kuti matendawa apitirire kosatha, ndipo potero adzafalikira mopanda malire kutali ndi malo oyambirira.

Komabe, dziwani kuti network ya supercritical sichoncho zimatsimikizirakuti matenda adzapitirira mpaka kalekale. Ndipotu nthawi zambiri zimazimiririka, makamaka m'magawo oyambirira a kuyerekezera. Tiyeni tione mmene zimenezi zimachitikira.

Tiyerekeze kuti tinayamba ndi mfundo imodzi yokhala ndi kachilomboka komanso oyandikana nawo anayi. Pa gawo loyamba lachitsanzo, matendawa ali ndi mwayi wodziyimira pawokha 5 (kuphatikiza mwayi "wodzifalikira" pa sitepe yotsatira):

Tsopano tiyeni tiyerekeze kuti mayendedwe ndi 50%. Pankhaniyi, mu sitepe yoyamba timatembenuza ndalama kasanu. Ndipo ngati mitu isanu itakulungidwa, matendawo awonongedwa. Izi zimachitika pafupifupi 3% ya milandu - ndipo izi ndi gawo loyamba. Matenda omwe apulumuka pa sitepe yoyamba amakhala ndi mwayi wina (nthawi zambiri wocheperako) woti afe mu sitepe yachiwiri, ena (ngakhale ang'onoang'ono) mwayi wakufa mu sitepe yachitatu, ndi zina zotero.

Chifukwa chake, ngakhale ma netiweki ndi okwera kwambiri - ngati kuchuluka kwa kufalikira ndi 99% - pali mwayi woti matendawa atha.

Koma chofunika n’chakuti satero nthawi zonse zidzazimiririka. Ngati muwonjezera mwayi wa masitepe onse omwe amafa mopanda malire, zotsatira zake zimakhala zosakwana 1. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, pali mwayi wosakhala wa zero kuti matendawa apitirire kosatha. Izi ndi zomwe zikutanthawuza kuti maukonde akhale apamwamba kwambiri.

SISA: kuyambitsa modzidzimutsa

Mpaka pano, zoyeserera zathu zonse zidayamba ndi kachidutswa kakang'ono kamene kamakhala ndi kachilombo komwe kamakhala pakati.

Koma bwanji ngati mutangoyamba kumene? Kenako timatengera kutsegulira kodzidzimutsa - njira yomwe mfundo yomwe ingatengeke imatenga kachilombo mwangozi (osati kuchokera kwa m'modzi wa oyandikana nawo).

izi wotchedwa Chithunzi cha SISA. Chilembo "a" chikuyimira "automatic".

M'mayesero a SISa, gawo latsopano likuwonekera - kuchuluka kwa kuyambika kwachisawawa, komwe kumasintha pafupipafupi matenda obwera mwadzidzidzi (chiyerekezo cha kufala chomwe tawona kale chiliponso).

Zimatengera chiyani kuti matenda afalikire pa intaneti?

Zokambirana

Mwina mwaona mu kayeseleledwe kuti kuwonjezeka mlingo wa kutsegula mowiriza sikusintha ngati matenda amatenga pa maukonde lonse kapena ayi. Kokha liwiro kufala imatsimikizira ngati netiwekiyo ndi yaying'ono kapena yapamwamba kwambiri. Ndipo pamene maukonde ndi subcritical (chiwongola dzanja chocheperapo kapena chofanana ndi 22%), palibe matenda omwe angafalikire ku gridi yonse, ngakhale atayamba kangati.

Zili ngati kuyatsa moto m’munda wonyowa. Mutha kuyatsa masamba owuma pang'ono pamoto, koma lawi lizimitsa mwachangu chifukwa malo ena onse sangapse mokwanira (subcritical). Pamalo owuma kwambiri (modabwitsa), kamoto kamodzi kamakhala kokwanira kuti moto uyambe kuyaka.

Zinthu zofanana zimawonedwa m'gawo la malingaliro ndi zopanga. Nthawi zambiri dziko silinakonzekere lingaliro, momwemo likhoza kupangidwa mobwerezabwereza, koma silimakopa anthu ambiri. Kumbali inayi, dziko lapansi likhoza kukhala lokonzekera kupangidwa (kufunidwa kwakukulu kobisika), ndipo litangobadwa, limavomerezedwa ndi aliyense. Pakatikati pali malingaliro omwe amapangidwa m'malo angapo ndikufalikira kwanuko, koma osakwanira kuti mtundu umodzi wokha usasese maukonde onse nthawi imodzi. M'gulu lotsirizali timapeza, mwachitsanzo, ulimi ndi kulemba, zomwe zinapangidwa mwapadera ndi zitukuko za anthu pafupifupi khumi ndi katatu, motero.

Chitetezo chokwanira

Tiyerekeze kuti timapanga ma node ena kuti asawonongeke, ndiye kuti, otetezedwa ku kutsegula. Zili ngati poyamba ali kutali, ndipo chitsanzo cha SIS(a) chimayambitsidwa pa mfundo zotsalira.

Chitetezo cha mthupi chimawongolera kuchuluka kwa ma node omwe amachotsedwa. Yesani kusintha mtengo wake (pamene chitsanzocho chikuyenda!)

Zokambirana

Kusintha chiwerengero cha node osayankhidwa kumasintha kwathunthu chithunzi ngati maukonde adzakhala sub- kapena supercritical. Ndipo sikovuta kuona chifukwa chake. Ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha makamu osagwidwa, matendawa ali ndi mwayi wochepa wofalikira kwa olandira atsopano.

Zikuoneka kuti izi zili ndi zotsatira zofunika kwambiri zothandiza.

Chimodzi mwa izo ndikuletsa kufalikira kwa moto wa nkhalango. M'dera lanu, munthu aliyense ayenera kusamala (mwachitsanzo, osasiya moto wamoto osayang'aniridwa). Koma pamlingo waukulu, miliri yapayekha ndiyosapeŵeka. Chifukwa chake njira ina yodzitetezera ndikuwonetsetsa kuti pali "zopuma" zokwanira (pamaneti azinthu zoyaka moto) kuti chipwirikiti chisawononge maukonde onse. Kuyeretsa kumagwira ntchito izi:

Mliri wina wofunika kuuthetsa ndi matenda opatsirana. Apa lingaliro likuyambitsidwa ng'ombe chitetezo. Ili ndilo lingaliro lakuti anthu ena sangathe kulandira katemera (mwachitsanzo, ali ndi chitetezo chamthupi), koma ngati anthu okwanira ali ndi kachilomboka, matendawa sangafalikire mpaka kalekale. M'mawu ena, muyenera katemera zokwanira gawo la anthu kusamutsa anthu kuchoka ku supercritical kupita ku subcritical state. Izi zikachitika, wodwala m'modzi akhoza kutenga kachilomboka (pambuyo popita kudera lina, mwachitsanzo), koma popanda maukonde opitilira muyeso momwe angakulire, matendawa amatha kupatsira anthu ochepa.

Pomaliza, lingaliro la chitetezo cha mthupi limafotokoza zomwe zimachitika mu nyukiliya. Pochita tcheni, atomu yowola ya uranium-235 imatulutsa pafupifupi ma neutroni atatu, zomwe zimapangitsa (pafupifupi) kupasuka kwa maatomu opitilira U-235. Manyuturoni atsopanowo amachititsa kugawanika kwina kwa maatomu, ndi zina zotero:

Mukapanga bomba, mfundo yonse ndikuwonetsetsa kuti kukula kwachulukidwe kukupitilirabe osayendetsedwa. Koma mu malo opangira magetsi, cholinga chake ndi kupanga mphamvu popanda kupha aliyense wozungulira inu. Pachifukwa ichi, amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndodo zowongolera, yopangidwa kuchokera ku zinthu zomwe zimatha kuyamwa ma neutroni (mwachitsanzo, siliva kapena boron). Chifukwa amayamwa m'malo motulutsa ma neutroni, amakhala ngati chitetezo chamthupi pakuyerekeza kwathu, motero amalepheretsa nyukiliya yotulutsa ma radio kuti isapitirire kwambiri.

Chifukwa chake chinyengo chopangira zida za nyukiliya ndikusunga zomwe zikuchitika pafupi ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri posuntha ndodo zowongolera mmbuyo ndi mtsogolo, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti chilichonse chikavuta, ndodozo zimagwera pakati ndikuyimitsa.

Digiri

Digiri Chiwerengero cha oyandikana nawo ndicho chiwerengero cha mfundo. Mpaka pano, takambirana za ma network a degree 4. Koma chimachitika ndi chiyani ngati mutasintha izi?

Mwachitsanzo, mutha kulumikiza mfundo iliyonse osati kwa oyandikana nawo anayi okha, komanso anayi ena diagonally. Mu network yotere digiriyi idzakhala 8.

Ma lattice okhala ndi madigiri 4 ndi 8 ndi ofananira bwino. Koma ndi digiri ya 5 (mwachitsanzo), vuto limakhala: oyandikana nawo asanu ati tiyenera kusankha? Pamenepa, timasankha anansi anayi apafupi (N, E, S, W), ndiyeno mwachisawawa sankhani mnansi mmodzi kuchokera pagulu la {NE, SE, SW, NW}. Kusankha kumapangidwa modziyimira pawokha pa node iliyonse panthawi iliyonse.

Zokambirana

Apanso, sizovuta kuwona zomwe zikuchitika pano. Pamene node iliyonse ili ndi oyandikana nawo ambiri, mwayi wofalitsa matenda ukuwonjezeka-ndipo motero maukonde amakhala ovuta kwambiri.

Komabe, zotsatira zake zingakhale zosayembekezereka, monga momwe tionere pansipa.

Mizinda ndi kachulukidwe ka netiweki

Mpaka pano, maukonde athu akhala ofanana kwathunthu. Node iliyonse imawoneka ngati ina iliyonse. Koma bwanji ngati tisintha momwe zinthu zilili ndikulola mayiko osiyanasiyana pamaneti?

Mwachitsanzo, tiyeni tiyesetse kutsanzira mizinda. Kuti tichite izi, tidzawonjezera kachulukidwe m'malo ena a netiweki (madigiri apamwamba a node). Timachita izi potengera zomwe nzika zili nazo anthu ambiri ndi kucheza kwambirikuposa anthu akunja kwa mizinda.

Muchitsanzo chathu, ma node omwe atengeka amakhala amitundu kutengera digiri yawo. Manode mu "madera akumidzi" ali ndi digiri 4 (ndi amitundu yotuwa yotuwa), pomwe mfundo "m'matauni" ali ndi madigiri apamwamba (ndipo ndi akuda kwambiri), kuyambira ndi digirii 5 kunja ndi kutha ndi 8 pakati pa mzinda .

Yesetsani kusankha liwiro la kufalitsa kotero kuti kutsegula kumakwirira mizinda ndiyeno sikudutsa malire awo.

Ndimaona kuti kayeseleledwe kameneka ndi koonekeratu komanso kodabwitsa. Zachidziwikire, mizinda imasunga chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe bwino kuposa madera akumidzi - aliyense amadziwa izi. Chomwe chimandidabwitsa ndichakuti mitundu ina yazikhalidwe izi zimangoyambira kutengera chikhalidwe cha malo ochezera a pa Intaneti.

Iyi ndi mfundo yosangalatsa, ndiyesera kufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane.

Pano tikuchita ndi mitundu ya chikhalidwe yomwe imafalikira mosavuta komanso mwachindunji kuchokera kwa munthu kupita kwa munthu. Mwachitsanzo, makhalidwe, masewera a pabwalo, mayendedwe, zinenero, miyambo yamagulu ang'onoang'ono, ndi zinthu zomwe zimafalitsidwa pakamwa, kuphatikizapo zambiri zomwe timazitcha kuti malingaliro.

(Zindikirani: kufalitsa uthenga pakati pa anthu kumakhala kovuta kwambiri chifukwa cha zoulutsira nkhani. Nkosavuta kulingalira malo akale a umisiri, monga Ancient Greece, kumene pafupifupi chikhalidwe chilichonse chinkachitika chifukwa cha kugwirizana kwa zinthu zakuthambo.)

Kuchokera kufananiza pamwambapa, ndinaphunzira kuti pali malingaliro ndi miyambo ya chikhalidwe yomwe ingazika mizu ndi kufalikira mumzinda, koma sangathe (masamu sangathe) kufalikira kumidzi. Awa ndi malingaliro omwewo ndi anthu omwewo. Mfundo si yakuti anthu akumidzi ali mwanjira ina "ogwirizana": pamene akugwirizana ndi lingaliro lomwelo, iwo chimodzimodzi mwayi wochigwiramonga anthu akutawuni. Kungoti lingalirolo lokha silingakhale lowopsa m'madera akumidzi, chifukwa palibe malumikizano ambiri omwe angafalikire.

Izi mwina ndizosavuta kuziwona m'munda wamafashoni - zovala, masitayilo atsitsi, ndi zina zambiri. Mu network network, titha kulanda m'mphepete mwa latisi pomwe anthu awiri amawonana zovala. M'tawuni, munthu aliyense amatha kuwona anthu ena oposa 1000 tsiku lililonse - mumsewu, mumsewu wapansi panthaka, m'malo odyera odzaza anthu, etc. Kumidzi, m'malo mwake, munthu aliyense amatha kuwona khumi ndi awiri okha. ena. Kutengera kusiyana uku kokha, mzindawu umatha kuthandizira mafashoni ambiri. Ndipo njira zolimbikitsira kwambiri zokha—zomwe zili ndi ziwopsezo zapamwamba kwambiri zopatsirana—zingathe kutulukira kunja kwa mzindawu.

Timakonda kuganiza kuti ngati lingaliro lili labwino, pamapeto pake lidzafikira aliyense, ndipo ngati lingaliro lili loipa, lidzatha. Zoonadi, izi ndi zoona muzochitika zovuta kwambiri, koma pakati pali malingaliro ambiri ndi machitidwe omwe amatha kufalikira pa intaneti zina. Izi ndi zodabwitsa kwambiri.

Osati mizinda yokha

Tikuyang'ana zotsatira zake apa kachulukidwe ka intaneti. Imatanthauzidwa ngati nambala yoperekedwa ngati nambala nthiti zenizeni, kugawidwa ndi nambala zotheka m'mphepete. Ndiko kuti, kuchuluka kwa maulumikizidwe omwe angakhalepo.

Chifukwa chake, tawona kuti kuchuluka kwa maukonde m'matauni ndikwambiri kuposa akumidzi. Koma mizinda si malo okhawo kumene timapeza maukonde owirira.

Chitsanzo chochititsa chidwi ndi sukulu za sekondale. Mwachitsanzo, kudera linalake, timayerekezera maukonde omwe alipo pakati pa ana asukulu ndi maukonde omwe amakhalapo pakati pa makolo awo. Dera lomwelo komanso kuchuluka kwa anthu omwewo, koma maukonde amodzi amakhala owundana nthawi zambiri kuposa ena. Choncho n’zosadabwitsa kuti mafashoni ndi zinenero zimafalikira mofulumira kwambiri pakati pa achinyamata.

Momwemonso, maukonde osankhika amakhala olimba kwambiri kuposa maukonde omwe si osankhika - chowonadi chomwe ndikuganiza sichiyamikiridwa (anthu otchuka kapena otchuka amawononga nthawi yochulukirapo pa intaneti motero amakhala ndi "oyandikana nawo" ambiri kuposa anthu wamba). Kutengera zofananira pamwambapa, tikuyembekeza kuti maukonde osankhika azithandizira mitundu ina yachikhalidwe yomwe singathe kuthandizidwa ndi ambiri, kutengera malamulo a masamu a digiri yapakati pa intaneti. Ndikusiyani kuti muganizire za chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe ichi.

Pomaliza, titha kugwiritsa ntchito lingaliro ili pa intaneti poyipanga ngati yayikulu komanso zolimba kwambiri mzinda. Ndizosadabwitsa kuti zikhalidwe zatsopano zambiri zikuyenda bwino pa intaneti zomwe sizingathandizidwe pamanetiweki wapamalo: zokonda zanthawi zonse, mapangidwe abwinoko, kuzindikira kopanda chilungamo, ndi zina zambiri. Ndipo sizinthu zabwino chabe. Monga momwe mizinda yakale idali malo oberekera matenda omwe sakanatha kufalikira pakuchulukirachulukira kwa anthu, momwemonso intaneti ndi malo oyambira mitundu yoyipa yazikhalidwe monga clickbait, nkhani zabodza, komanso kukwiyitsa anthu.

Chidziwitso

"Kukhala ndi katswiri woyenera pa nthawi yoyenera nthawi zambiri ndiye njira yothandiza kwambiri pothana ndi mavuto." - Michael Nielsen, Inventing Discovery

Nthawi zambiri timaganiza za kutulukira kapena kutulukira ngati njira yomwe imachitika m'maganizo mwa munthu wanzeru. Iye agwidwa ndi kung'anima kwa kudzoza ndipo - Eureka! - mwadzidzidzi tili ndi njira yatsopano yoyezera voliyumu. Kapena mphamvu yokoka. Kapena babu.

Koma ngati titenga malingaliro a wopanga yekha panthawi yomwe atulukira, ndiye kuti tikuyang'ana chodabwitsa. kuchokera pamalingaliro a node. Ngakhale zingakhale zolondola kutanthauzira zomwe zidapangidwa ngati netiweki chodabwitsa.

Maukonde ndi ofunika m'njira ziwiri. Choyamba, malingaliro omwe alipo ayenera kudutsa mu chidziwitso woyambitsa. Awa ndi mawu ochokera m'nkhani yatsopano, gawo la mabuku a buku latsopano - zimphona zomwe Newton anaima pamapewa awo. Kachiwiri, maukonde ndi ofunikira kuti abwererenso lingaliro latsopano kubwerera mu dziko; chopangidwa chomwe sichinafalikire sichiyenera kutchedwa "chopangidwa" nkomwe. Choncho, pazifukwa zonsezi, n'zomveka kusonyeza kupangidwa-kapena, mokulirapo, kukula kwa chidziwitso-monga njira yofalitsa.

M'kamphindi, ndikuwonetsa kuyerekezera kovutirapo kwa momwe chidziwitso chingafalikire ndikukulira mu netiweki. Koma choyamba ndiyenera kufotokoza.

Kumayambiriro kwa kuyerekezera, pali akatswiri anayi mu quadrant iliyonse ya gridi, yokonzedwa motere:

Katswiri 1 ali ndi lingaliro loyamba - tiyeni titchule Idea 1.0. Katswiri 2 ndiye munthu amene amadziwa kutembenuza Idea 1.0 kukhala Idea 2.0. Katswiri 3 amadziwa momwe angasinthire Idea 2.0 kukhala Idea 3.0. Ndipo potsiriza, katswiri wachinayi amadziwa momwe angagwiritsire ntchito mapeto pa Idea 4.0.

Izi zikufanana ndi njira monga origami, kumene njira zimapangidwira ndikuphatikizidwa ndi njira zina kuti apange zojambula zosangalatsa. Kapena ungakhale gawo lachidziŵitso, monga la fizikiya, mmene ntchito zaposachedwa kwambiri zimamangirira pa ntchito yofunikira ya akale.

Mfundo yofanizira iyi ndikuti tifunika akatswiri onse anayi kuti athandizire kumasulira komaliza kwa lingalirolo. Ndipo pa gawo lililonse lingaliro liyenera kubweretsedwa kwa katswiri woyenera.

Malangizo ochepa. Pali malingaliro ambiri osatheka omwe amasungidwa muzoyerekeza. Nazi zochepa chabe mwa izo:

1. Zimaganiziridwa kuti malingaliro sangathe kusungidwa ndi kufalitsidwa kupatulapo kuchokera kwa munthu kupita kwa munthu (ie, palibe mabuku kapena zofalitsa).
2. Zimaganiziridwa kuti pali akatswiri okhazikika mwa anthu omwe amatha kupanga malingaliro, ngakhale kuti zenizeni zinthu zambiri zosasinthika zimakhudza kuchitika kwa kutulukira kapena kupangidwa.
3. Magulu onse anayi amalingaliro amagwiritsa ntchito magawo omwewo a SIS (chiwerengero cha baud, kuchuluka kwa chitetezo chamthupi, ndi zina), ngakhale ndizowona kugwiritsa ntchito magawo osiyanasiyana pamtundu uliwonse (1.0, 2.0, etc.)
4. Zimaganiziridwa kuti lingaliro la N+1 nthawi zonse limachotsa lingaliro la N, ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri matembenuzidwe akale ndi atsopano amazungulira nthawi imodzi, popanda wopambana.

... ndi ena ambiri.

Zokambirana

Ichi ndi chitsanzo chosavuta cha momwe chidziwitso chimakulirakulira. Pali zambiri zofunika zomwe zatsala kunja kwa chitsanzo (onani pamwambapa). Komabe, imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri. Ndipo kotero ife tikhoza, ndi kusungitsa, kulankhula za kukula kwa chidziwitso pogwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso chathu cha kufalitsa.

Makamaka, chitsanzo chogawa chimapereka chidziwitso cha momwe kufulumizitsa ndondomekoyi: Kufunika kutsogolera kusinthana kwa malingaliro pakati pa mfundo za akatswiri. Izi zitha kutanthauza kuchotsa maukonde a ma node akufa omwe akulepheretsa kufalikira. Kapena zingatanthauze kuyika akatswiri onse mumzinda kapena gulu lomwe lili ndi kachulukidwe kaukonde komwe malingaliro amafalikira mwachangu. Kapena ingowasonkhanitsani m'chipinda chimodzi:

Kotero ... ndizo zonse zomwe ndinganene za kufalikira.

Koma ndili ndi lingaliro lomaliza, ndipo ndilofunika kwambiri. Ndi za kukulandi kuyimirira) chidziwitso m'magulu asayansi. Lingaliro ili ndi losiyana m'mawu ndi zomwe zili pamwambapa, koma ndikhulupilira kuti mundikhululukire.

Za maukonde asayansi

Chithunzichi chikuwonetsa chimodzi mwazinthu zofunikira kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi (ndipo zakhala motere kwa nthawi yayitali):

Kupita patsogolo kwa kuzungulira (K ⟶ T) ndikosavuta: timagwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso chatsopano kupanga zida zatsopano. Mwachitsanzo, kumvetsetsa physics ya semiconductors kumatithandiza kupanga makompyuta.

Komabe, kusunthira pansi kumafuna kufotokozera. Kodi chitukuko cha luso lamakono chimapangitsa kuti chidziwitso chiwonjezeke bwanji?

Njira imodzi—mwina yolunjika kwambiri—ndi pamene umisiri watsopano umatipatsa njira zatsopano zowonera dziko. Mwachitsanzo, maikulosikopu abwino kwambiri amakulolani kuyang'ana mkati mwa selo, kukupatsani chidziwitso cha biology ya maselo. Ma tracker a GPS akuwonetsa momwe nyama zimayendera. Sonar amakulolani kuti mufufuze nyanja. Ndi zina zotero.

Mosakayikira iyi ndi njira yofunika kwambiri, koma pali njira zina ziwiri kuchokera kuukadaulo kupita ku chidziwitso. Izo sizingakhale zophweka, koma ndikuganiza kuti ndizofunikanso:

Yoyamba. Ukadaulo umabweretsa kuchuluka kwachuma (i.e. chuma), zomwe zimalola anthu ambiri kuchita nawo kupanga chidziwitso.

Ngati 90% ya anthu a m'dziko lanu akuchita ulimi, ndipo otsala 10% akuchita malonda (kapena nkhondo), ndiye kuti anthu amakhala ndi nthawi yochepa yoganizira za malamulo a chilengedwe. Mwina ndicho chifukwa chake m’nthaŵi zakale sayansi inkalimbikitsidwa makamaka ndi ana ochokera m’mabanja olemera.

United States imapanga ma Ph.D. opitilira 50 chaka chilichonse. M’malo moti munthu azipita kukagwira ntchito m’fakitale ali ndi zaka 000 (kapena kupitirira apo), wophunzira womaliza maphunziro ake ayenera kulipidwa mpaka zaka 18 kapena 30—ndipo ngakhale pamenepo sizidziŵika bwino ngati ntchito yawo idzakhala ndi chiyambukiro chenicheni cha zachuma. Koma m’pofunika kuti munthu afike patsogolo pa chilango chake, makamaka m’magawo ovuta monga physics kapena biology.

Chowonadi ndi chakuti kuchokera ku machitidwe, akatswiri ndi okwera mtengo. Ndipo gwero lalikulu lachuma cha anthu lomwe limapereka ndalama kwa akatswiriwa ndiukadaulo watsopano: pulawo imathandizira cholembera.

chachiwiri. Tekinoloje zatsopano, makamaka pazaulendo ndi kulumikizana, zikusintha mawonekedwe a malo ochezera omwe chidziwitso chimakula. Makamaka, zimalola akatswiri ndi akatswiri kuti azilumikizana kwambiri.

Zodziwika bwino zomwe zidapangidwa pano ndi monga makina osindikizira, sitima zapamadzi ndi njanji (zothandizira maulendo ndi/kapena kutumiza makalata akutali), matelefoni, ndege, ndi intaneti. Ukadaulo wonsewu umathandizira pakuchulukirachulukira kwa maukonde, makamaka m'magulu apadera (komwe pafupifupi chidziwitso chonse chimakula). Mwachitsanzo, maukonde amakalata omwe adawonekera pakati pa asayansi aku Europe kumapeto kwa Middle Ages, kapena momwe akatswiri asayansi amakono amagwiritsira ntchito arXiv.

Pamapeto pake, njira ziwirizi ndizofanana. Onsewa amawonjezera kuchuluka kwa maukonde a akatswiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chidziwitso chichuluke:

Kwa zaka zambiri ndinali kunyalanyaza maphunziro apamwamba. Kukhalitsa kwanga kwaufupi kusukulu yomaliza maphunziro kunasiya kukoma koipa mkamwa mwanga. Koma tsopano pamene ndiyang’ana m’mbuyo ndi kuganiza (kupatulapo mavuto onse aumwini), ndiyenera kunena kuti maphunziro apamwamba akadalipobe kwambiri zofunika.

Malo ochezera a maphunziro (mwachitsanzo, madera ofufuza) ndi amodzi mwazinthu zapamwamba kwambiri komanso zamtengo wapatali zomwe chitukuko chathu chapanga. Palibe paliponse pomwe tasonkhanitsa akatswiri ambiri omwe amayang'ana kwambiri kupanga chidziwitso. Palibe paliponse pamene anthu akulitsa luso lokulirapo la kumvetsetsa ndi kutsutsa malingaliro a wina ndi mnzake. Ndi mtima wogunda wa kupita patsogolo. Ndi m'ma network awa pomwe moto wowunikira umayaka kwambiri.

Koma sitingaone kuti kupita patsogolo n’kopepuka. Ngati kuyesera kosatheka kupanga zovuta ndipo ngati idatiphunzitsa kalikonse, ndikuti sayansi ikhoza kukhala ndi zovuta zadongosolo. Uwu ndi mtundu wa kuwonongeka kwa netiweki.

Tiyerekeze kuti timasiyanitsa njira ziwiri zochitira sayansi: sayansi yeniyeni и ntchito. Sayansi yeniyeni ndi machitidwe omwe amapereka chidziwitso modalirika. Zimalimbikitsidwa ndi chidwi komanso zimadziwika ndi kuwona mtima (Feynman: "Mukuwona, ndikungofunika kumvetsetsa dziko lapansi"). Careerism, m'malo mwake, imalimbikitsidwa ndi zokhumba za akatswiri ndipo imadziwika ndi kusewera ndale ndi njira zazifupi zasayansi. Zitha kuwoneka ndikuchita ngati sayansi, koma osati amatulutsa chidziwitso chodalirika.

(Inde, uku ndi kusokoneza mokokomeza. Kungoyesa maganizo. Osandiimba mlandu).

Chowonadi ndi chakuti pamene olemba ntchito atenga malo mu gulu lenileni la kafukufuku, amawononga ntchitoyo. Amayesetsa kudzikweza pamene anthu ena onse amayesetsa kupeza ndi kugawana nzeru zatsopano. M'malo moyesetsa kumveketsa bwino, akatswiri amasokoneza ndikusokoneza chilichonse kuti amveke bwino. Akuchita (monga Harry Frankfurt anganene) zamkhutu zasayansi. Chifukwa chake titha kuwafanizira ngati ma node akufa, osasinthika kusinthanitsa koyenera kwa chidziwitso chofunikira pakukula kwa chidziwitso:

Mwina chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri ndi chomwe ma node odziwa ntchito samangokhala osazindikira, koma amafalitsa mwachangu. chidziwitso chabodza. Kudziwa zabodza kungaphatikizepo zotsatira zosafunikira zomwe kufunikira kwake kumachulukitsidwa, kapena zotsatira zabodza zomwe zimadza chifukwa chakusintha kapena kupeka kwa data.

Ziribe kanthu momwe tingawatsatire, akatswiri azantchito amatha kusokoneza madera athu asayansi.

Zili ngati machitidwe a nyukiliya omwe timafunikira kwambiri - timafunikira chidziwitso chochuluka - U-235 yathu yokhayo yomwe ili ndi isotope U-238 yosagwira ntchito, yomwe imalepheretsa machitidwe a unyolo.

Inde, palibe kusiyana koonekeratu pakati pa akatswiri a ntchito ndi asayansi enieni. Aliyense wa ife ali ndi pang'ono ntchito zobisika mwa ife. Funso ndilakuti maukonde amatha nthawi yayitali bwanji kufalitsa chidziwitso kusanathe.

O, inu muwerenge mpaka kumapeto. Zikomo powerenga.

Chilolezo

CC0 Ufulu wonse sunasungidwe. Mutha kugwiritsa ntchito izi momwe mukufunira :).

Zothokoza

• Kevin Kwok и Nicky Case kwa ndemanga zomveka komanso malingaliro pamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zolembedwazo.
• Nick Barr - Thandizo labwino pazochitika zonse komanso ndemanga zothandiza kwambiri pa ntchito yanga.
• Keith A. pondilozera kwa ine zochitika za percolation ndi percolation threshold.
• Geoff Lonsdale kwa link ku iyi ndi nkhani, yomwe (ngakhale kuti ili ndi zofooka zambiri) inali chilimbikitso chachikulu chogwira ntchito pa izi.

Interactive Essay Zitsanzo

• Ntchito zonse za Nicky Case, esp. "Fanizo la Polygons" (ndi Vi Hart) ndi "Kupanga voti yabwinoko". Ichi ndi chokwera kwambiri chomwe chingakhale nkhani yolumikizana.
• Distill.pub: Mafotokozedwe apamwamba kwambiri ophunzirira makina.
• Ntchito yapamwamba yolemba Bret Victor "Pamwamba ndi Pansi pa Makwerero a Abstraction". Sindinali wokhoza kusuntha masitepe, koma nthawi zonse pamakhala kuyesa kwinanso.

Source: www.habr.com