Mau oyamba

function getAbsolutelyRandomNumer() {
        return 4; // returns absolutely random number!
}

Monga momwe zilili ndi lingaliro lachidziwitso champhamvu kwambiri kuchokera ku cryptography, "Publicly Verifiable Random Beacon" (pambuyo pake PVRB) ma protocol amangoyesa kuyandikira kwambiri chiwembu choyenera, chifukwa. mu maukonde enieni si ntchito mu mawonekedwe ake koyera: m'pofunika kuvomereza mosamalitsa pang'ono pang'ono, payenera kukhala ozungulira ambiri, ndipo mauthenga onse ayenera mwangwiro mofulumira ndi kuperekedwa nthawi zonse. Inde, izi sizili choncho mu maukonde enieni. Choncho, popanga PVRBs kwa ntchito yeniyeni mu blockchains masiku, kuwonjezera zosatheka kulamulira chifukwa randomness ndi cryptographic mphamvu, zambiri mwangwiro zomanga ndi luso mavuto amadza.

Kwa PVRB, blockchain palokha ndi njira yolumikizirana momwe mauthenga = zotengera. Izi zimakupatsani mwayi woti mupewe zovuta zapaintaneti, kusatumiza mauthenga, zovuta zapakati - zoopsa zonsezi zimaganiziridwa ndi netiweki yokhazikika, ndipo phindu lake lalikulu la PVRB ndikulephera kubweza kapena kuwononga zomwe zatumizidwa kale - izi zimatero. osalola otenga nawo mbali kukana kutenga nawo mbali mu protocol, pokhapokha atachita bwino kuukira mgwirizano. Mulingo wachitetezo uwu ndi wovomerezeka, chifukwa chake PVRB iyenera kukhala yosagwirizana ndi kugwirizana ndi otenga nawo mbali pamlingo wofanana ndendende ndi unyolo waukulu wa blockchain. Komanso, izi zikuwonetsa kuti PVRB iyenera kukhala gawo la mgwirizano ngati maukonde akugwirizana pa blockchain yayikulu, ngakhale ikugwirizananso pazotsatira zachilungamo zokha. Kapena, PVRB ndi njira yokhayo yomwe imakhazikitsidwa ndi mgwirizano wanzeru womwe umagwira ntchito mosagwirizana ndi blockchain ndi midadada. Njira zonsezi zili ndi ubwino wake ndi kuipa kwake, ndipo kusankha pakati pawo ndikosavuta kwambiri.

Njira ziwiri zogwiritsira ntchito PVRB

Tiyeni tifotokoze mwatsatanetsatane njira ziwiri zogwiritsira ntchito PVRB - mtundu wa standalone, womwe umagwira ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito mgwirizano wanzeru wodziimira pa blockchain, ndi mgwirizano wophatikizana, womwe unamangidwa mu protocol, malinga ndi zomwe maukonde amavomereza pa blockchain ndi zochita kuphatikizidwa. Muzochitika zonse, ndikutanthauza injini zodziwika bwino za blockchain: Ethereum, EOS, ndi onse ofanana nawo momwe amachitira ndi kukonza mapangano anzeru.

Standalone contract

M'bukuli, PVRB ndi mgwirizano wanzeru womwe umavomereza zochitika za opanga mwachisawawa (omwe amatchedwa RP), amawakonza, amaphatikiza zotsatira, ndipo, chifukwa chake, amafika pamtengo wina umene aliyense wogwiritsa ntchito angalandire kuchokera ku mgwirizanowu. Mtengo uwu sungakhoze kusungidwa mwachindunji mu mgwirizano, koma m'malo mwake uimirire ndi deta yomwe mtengo umodzi wokha wa zotsatira zosasinthika ukhoza kupezedwa motsimikiza. Muchiwembu ichi, RPs ndi ogwiritsa ntchito blockchain, ndipo aliyense akhoza kuloledwa kutenga nawo mbali pakupanga kachitidwe.

Njira yokhala ndi standalone-contract ndiyabwino:

• kunyamula (mapangano amatha kukokedwa kuchokera ku blockchain kupita ku blockchain)
• kuphweka ndi kuyesa (mapangano ndi osavuta kulemba ndi kuyesa)
• zosavuta pakukhazikitsa ndondomeko zachuma (ndizosavuta kupanga chizindikiro chanu, chomwe malingaliro ake amakwaniritsa zolinga za PVRB)
• kuthekera koyambitsa pa blockchains omwe akugwira ntchito kale

Ilinso ndi zoyipa zake:

• malire amphamvu pazachuma zamakompyuta, kuchuluka kwa ndalama ndi kusungirako (mwanjira ina, cpu/mem/io)
• zoletsa ntchito mkati mwa mgwirizano (osati malangizo onse omwe alipo, ndizovuta kulumikiza malaibulale akunja)
• Kulephera kupanga mauthenga mwachangu kuposa zomwe zimaphatikizidwa mu blockchain

Njirayi ndi yoyenera kukhazikitsa PVRB yomwe imayenera kuyendetsedwa pa intaneti yomwe ilipo, ilibe zolemba zovuta komanso sizifuna kuyanjana kwakukulu.

Kugwirizana-kuphatikizidwa

Mu mtundu uwu, PVRB ikugwiritsidwa ntchito mu code blockchain node, yomangidwa kapena ikuyenda mofanana ndi kusinthana kwa mauthenga pakati pa mfundo za blockchain. Zotsatira za protocol zimalembedwa mwachindunji muzitsulo zopangidwa, ndipo mauthenga a protocol amatumizidwa pa p2p network pakati pa node. Popeza kuti protocol imabweretsa manambala omwe amayenera kulembedwa mu midadada, maukonde ayenera kufikira mgwirizano pa iwo. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mauthenga a PVRB, monga ma transaction, akuyenera kutsimikiziridwa ndi ma node ndikuphatikizidwa mu midadada kuti aliyense wotenga nawo gawo pa netiweki athe kutsimikizira kutsatira ndi protocol ya PVRB. Izi zimatifikitsa ku yankho lodziwikiratu - ngati maukonde akugwirizana pa mgwirizano wokhudzana ndi chipika ndi zochitika m'menemo, ndiye kuti PVRB iyenera kukhala gawo la mgwirizano, osati ndondomeko yokhayokha. Apo ayi, n'zotheka kuti chipikacho chikhale chovomerezeka kuchokera ku lingaliro lachigwirizano, koma protocol ya PVRB sichitsatiridwa, ndipo kuchokera ku PVRB chigawocho sichingavomerezedwe. Chifukwa chake ngati njira ya "conssensus-integrated" yasankhidwa, PVRB imakhala gawo lofunikira pa mgwirizano.

Pofotokoza za kukhazikitsidwa kwa PVRB pamaneti ogwirizana, munthu sangapewe mwanjira iliyonse kutha. Finality ndi njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazogwirizana zokhazikika zomwe zimatsekera mu chipika (ndi unyolo wopitako) womwe ndi womaliza ndipo sudzatayidwa, ngakhale mphanda wofanana uchitika. Mwachitsanzo, mu Bitcoin mulibe njira yotere - ngati mutasindikiza unyolo wovuta kwambiri, udzalowa m'malo mwa zovuta zilizonse, mosasamala kanthu za kutalika kwa maunyolo. Ndipo mu EOS, mwachitsanzo, omaliza ndi otchedwa Last Irreversible Blocks, omwe amawoneka pafupifupi midadada iliyonse ya 432 (12 * 21 + 12 * 15, pre-vote + pre-commit). Izi zikudikirira 2/3 ya opanga block (omwe amatchedwanso BP) siginecha. Mafoloko akawoneka ngati akale kuposa LIB yomaliza, amangotayidwa. Njirayi imapangitsa kuti zitsimikizire kuti ntchitoyo ikuphatikizidwa mu blockchain ndipo sizidzabwezeredwa, ziribe kanthu zomwe wowukirayo ali nazo. Komanso, midadada yomaliza ndi midadada yosainidwa ndi 2/3 BP mu Hyperledger, Tendermint ndi mapangano ena a pBFT. Komanso, ndizomveka kupanga ndondomeko yowonetsetsa kuti pamapeto pake ikuwonjezera ku mgwirizano, chifukwa imatha kugwira ntchito mofanana ndi kupanga ndi kufalitsa midadada. Nayi yabwino nkhani Kusintha kwa mtengo wa Ethereum mpaka Ethereum.

Mapeto ndi ofunika kwambiri kwa ogwiritsa ntchito, omwe popanda iwo angapezeke kuti ali okhudzidwa ndi "kuwononga kawiri", kumene BP "imagwira" midadada, ndi kuwasindikiza pambuyo pa intaneti "kuwona" ntchito yabwino. Ngati palibe chomaliza, ndiye kuti foloko yosindikizidwa imalowa m'malo mwa chipikacho ndi "zabwino" zogulitsa ndi zina, kuchokera ku mphanda "zoipa", momwe ndalama zomwezo zimasamutsidwira ku adiresi ya wowukirayo. Pankhani ya PVRB, zomwe zimafunikira pomaliza zimakhala zovuta kwambiri, popeza kumanga mafoloko a PVRB kumatanthauza mwayi woti woukira akonzekere zosankha zingapo mwachisawawa kuti afalitse zopindulitsa kwambiri, ndikuchepetsa nthawi yomwe angawononge. yankho labwino.

Chifukwa chake, njira yabwino ndikuphatikiza PVRB ndi kutsiriza kukhala protocol imodzi - ndiye chipika chomalizidwa = chomalizidwa mwachisawawa, ndipo izi ndi zomwe tidafunikira kuti tipeze. Tsopano osewera alandila mwachisawawa mumasekondi a N, ndipo mutha kukhala otsimikiza kuti ndizosatheka kuyibweza kapena kuyibwerezanso.

Kusankha kophatikizana kogwirizana ndikwabwino:

• Kuthekera kwa kukhazikitsa kosasinthika pokhudzana ndi kupanga midadada - midadada imapangidwa mwachizolowezi, koma mofanana ndi izi, protocol ya PVRB imatha kugwira ntchito, yomwe sipanga chisawawa pa chipika chilichonse.
• kuthekera kogwiritsa ntchito ngakhale zolemetsa zolembera, popanda zoletsa zomwe zimayikidwa pamakontrakitala anzeru
• Kutha kukonza kusinthanitsa kwa mauthenga mwachangu kuposa zomwe zimaphatikizidwa mu blockchain, mwachitsanzo, gawo la protocol limatha kugwira ntchito pakati pa node popanda kugawa mauthenga pa intaneti.

Ilinso ndi zoyipa zake:

• Zovuta pakuyesa ndi chitukuko - muyenera kutsanzira zolakwika zapaintaneti, ma node osowa, mafoloko olimba a network
• Kukhazikitsa zolakwika kumafuna hardfork network

Njira zonse ziwiri zoyendetsera PVRB zili ndi ufulu wokhala ndi moyo, koma kukhazikitsa pamapangano anzeru mu blockchains zamakono kumakhalabe kochepa muzinthu zamakompyuta, ndipo kusintha kulikonse kwa cryptography yayikulu nthawi zambiri sikutheka. Ndipo tidzafunika cryptography yayikulu, monga zikuwonetsedwa pansipa. Ngakhale kuti vutoli ndi losakhalitsa, cryptography yaikulu m'mapangano imafunika kuthetsa mavuto ambiri, ndipo pang'onopang'ono ikuwonekera (mwachitsanzo, mapangano a dongosolo la zkSNARKs ku Ethereum)

Blockchain, yomwe imapereka njira yowonetsera komanso yodalirika ya mauthenga a protocol, sichimatero kwaulere. Protocol iliyonse yokhazikitsidwa iyenera kuganizira za kuthekera kwa kuwukira kwa Sybil; chilichonse chitha kuchitidwa ndi mphamvu zolumikizana zamaakaunti angapo, chifukwa chake, popanga, ndikofunikira kuganizira kuthekera kwa omwe akuwukirawo kuti apange chiwerengero chosagwirizana cha protocol. otenga nawo mbali akuchita nawo mpikisano.

PVRB ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya block.

Sindiname pamene ndinanena kuti palibe amene adagwiritsabe ntchito PVRB yabwino, yoyesedwa ndi mapulogalamu ambiri a njuga, mu blockchains. Kodi ndiye kuti mapulogalamu ambiri otchova njuga amachokera kuti pa Ethereum ndi EOS? Izi zimandidabwitsa monga momwe zimakudabwitsani, adapeza kuti "zolimbikira" zambiri pamalo okhazikika?

Njira yomwe mumakonda yopezera zinthu mwachisawawa mu blockchain ndikutenga zidziwitso zamtundu wina "zosayembekezereka" kuchokera pa block ndi kupanga zachisawawa potengera izo - mongothamangitsa mfundo imodzi kapena zingapo. Nkhani yabwino yokhudza zovuta za ziwembu zotere apa. Mutha kutenga chilichonse mwazinthu "zosayembekezereka" mu block, mwachitsanzo, block hash, kuchuluka kwa zomwe zachitika, zovuta zama network, ndi zina zomwe sizikudziwika pasadakhale. Kenako hash iwo, chimodzi kapena zingapo, ndipo, mwamalingaliro, muyenera kupeza mwachisawawa. Mukhozanso kuwonjezera pa wihitepaper kuti chiwembu chanu ndi "post-quantum otetezeka" (popeza pali ntchito za hashi quantum :)).

Koma ngakhale ma hashes otetezedwa pambuyo pa quantum sikokwanira, kalanga. Chinsinsi chagona pazofunikira za PVRB, ndiroleni ndikukumbutseni za nkhani yapitayi:

1. Chotsatiracho chiyenera kukhala ndi kugawidwa kofanana, mwachitsanzo, kuzikidwa pa cryptography yolimba kwambiri.
2. Sizingatheke kulamulira mbali iliyonse ya zotsatira. Chifukwa chake, zotsatira zake sizinganenedweratu.
3. Simungathe kuwononga protocol ya m'badwo posatenga nawo gawo mu protocol kapena kudzaza maukonde ndi mauthenga owukira.
4. Zonse zomwe zili pamwambazi ziyenera kukhala zosagwirizana ndi chinyengo cha chiwerengero chovomerezeka cha omwe atenga nawo mbali mwachinyengo (mwachitsanzo, 1/3 ya omwe atenga nawo mbali).

Pankhaniyi, chofunikira 1 chokha chimakwaniritsidwa, ndipo chofunikira 2 sichinakwaniritsidwe. Mwa kuthamangitsa zikhalidwe zosayembekezereka kuchokera pa block, tidzalandira kugawa kofanana ndi kusasintha kwabwino. Koma BP ili ndi mwayi "wofalitsa chipikacho kapena ayi." Chifukwa chake, BP ikhoza kusankha kuchokera ku ZIWIRI zosankha mwachisawawa: "zake" ndi zomwe zidzachitike ngati wina apanga chipika. BP ikhoza "kuyang'ana" pasadakhale zomwe zidzachitike ngati atasindikiza chipika, ndikungosankha kuchita kapena ayi. Choncho, posewera, mwachitsanzo, "ngakhale-osamvetseka" kapena "wofiira / wakuda" mu roulette, akhoza kusindikiza chipika pokhapokha ngati akuwona kupambana. Izi zimapangitsanso njira yogwiritsira ntchito, mwachitsanzo, hash block "kuchokera m'tsogolo" yosatheka. Pachifukwa ichi, iwo amati "adzagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachisawawa, omwe amapezedwa mwa hashing deta yamakono ndi hashi ya chipika chamtsogolo chokhala ndi kutalika kwa, mwachitsanzo, N + 42, kumene N ndi kutalika kwa chipika. Izi zimalimbitsa dongosololi pang'ono, komabe zimalola BP, ngakhale m'tsogolomu, kusankha ngati agwire chipika kapena kusindikiza.

Mapulogalamu a BP pankhaniyi amakhala ovuta, koma osati kwambiri. Mwachidule, potsimikizira ndikuphatikiza kugulitsa mu chipika, pali cheke chofulumira kuti muwone ngati pangakhale chipambano, ndipo, mwina, kusankha kwa magawo amodzi kuti mupeze mwayi wopambana. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, ndizosatheka kugwira BP yanzeru pazinthu zoterezi; nthawi iliyonse mutha kugwiritsa ntchito maadiresi atsopano ndikupambana pang'onopang'ono popanda kudzutsa kukayikira.

Kotero njira zogwiritsira ntchito chidziwitso kuchokera ku chipika sizoyenera monga kukhazikitsidwa kwapadziko lonse kwa PVRB. Mu mtundu wocheperako, wokhala ndi zoletsa kukula kwa kubetcha, zoletsa kuchuluka kwa osewera ndi/kapena kulembetsa kwa KYC (kuletsa wosewera wina kugwiritsa ntchito ma adilesi angapo), ziwembu izi zitha kugwira ntchito pamasewera ang'onoang'ono, koma palibenso china.

PVRB ndi kudzipereka-kuwulula.

Chabwino, chifukwa cha hashing komanso kusayembekezeka kwachibale kwa block hashi ndi zosintha zina. Mukathetsa vuto la oyendetsa migodi kutsogolo, muyenera kupeza chinthu choyenera. Tiyeni tiwonjeze ogwiritsa ntchito chiwembu ichi - aloleni akhudzenso kusakhazikika: wogwira ntchito aliyense waukadaulo angakuuzeni kuti chinthu chachisawawa pamakina a IT ndi zochita za ogwiritsa ntchito :)

Chiwembu chopanda nzeru, pamene ogwiritsa ntchito amangotumiza manambala osasintha ndipo zotsatira zake zimawerengedwa monga, mwachitsanzo, hashi ya ndalama zawo, sizoyenera. Pankhaniyi, wosewera wotsiriza angathe, posankha yekha mwachisawawa, kulamulira zomwe zotsatira zake zidzakhala. Ichi ndichifukwa chake njira yogwiritsiridwa ntchito kwambiri yodziwonetsera imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Otsogolera amayamba kutumiza ma hashes kuchokera kuzinthu zawo (zochita), ndiyeno atsegule mwachisawawa okha (awulula). Gawo la "kuwulula" limayamba pokhapokha zomwe zofunikira zitasonkhanitsidwa, kotero otenga nawo mbali amatha kutumiza ndendende hashi yomwe adatumizako kale. Tsopano tiyeni tiyike zonsezi pamodzi ndi magawo a chipika, ndipo bwino kuposa chomwe chinatengedwa kuchokera m'tsogolo (mwachisawawa chingapezeke mu imodzi mwa midadada yamtsogolo), ndipo voila - mwachisawawa ndi wokonzeka! Tsopano wosewera mpira aliyense amakhudza zomwe zimachitika mwachisawawa, ndipo akhoza "kugonjetsa" BP yoyipayo mwa kuigonjetsa ndi yake, yosadziwika pasadakhale, mwachisawawa ... pakufuna ndalama zina kuti ziphatikizidwe pazochitikazo pochita - ndalama zotetezera, zomwe zidzabwezeredwa pokhapokha panthawi yowululidwa. Pankhaniyi, kuchita ndi kusaulula kudzakhala kopanda phindu.

Kunali kuyesa kwabwino, ndipo ziwembu zotere ziliponso mumasewera a DApps, koma tsoka, izi sizokwanira. Tsopano osati mgodi wokhawokha, komanso aliyense wogwira nawo ntchito mu protocol angakhudze zotsatira zake. Ndizothekabe kulamulira mtengo wokha, ndi kusinthasintha pang'ono komanso mtengo wake, koma, monga momwe zimakhalira ndi mgodi, ngati zotsatira za zojambulazo ndi zamtengo wapatali kuposa malipiro a kutenga nawo mbali mu protocol ya PVRB, ndiye mwachisawawa. -producer(RP) atha kusankha ngati angawulule ndipo amatha kusankha zosankha ziwiri mwachisawawa.
Koma zidakhala zotheka kulanga amene achita ndi kusaulula, ndipo chiwembu ichi chidzathandiza. Kuphweka kwake ndi mwayi waukulu - ma protocol akulu amafunikira mawerengedwe amphamvu kwambiri.

PVRB ndi siginecha zotsimikizika.

Palinso njira ina yokakamiza RP kuti ipereke nambala yachinyengo yomwe singakhudze ngati iperekedwa ndi "chithunzi" - ichi ndi siginecha yotsimikizika. Siginecha yotereyi, mwachitsanzo, RSA, ndipo si ECS. Ngati RP ili ndi makiyi awiri: RSA ndi ECC, ndipo amasaina mtengo wina ndi kiyi yake yachinsinsi, ndiye kuti pa RSA adzalandira siginecha IMODZI NDI MMODZI YOKHA, ndipo pa ECS akhoza kupanga nambala iliyonse masiginecha osiyanasiyana ovomerezeka. Izi ndichifukwa choti popanga siginecha ya ECS, nambala yosasinthika imagwiritsidwa ntchito, yosankhidwa ndi wosayinayo, ndipo imatha kusankhidwa mwanjira iliyonse, kupatsa wosayinayo mwayi wosankha chimodzi mwa ma signature angapo. Pankhani ya RSA: "mtengo umodzi wolowetsa" + "makiyi awiri" = "siginecha imodzi". Ndikosatheka kuneneratu zomwe RP ina ipeza, kotero kuti PVRB yokhala ndi siginecha yotsimikizika ikhoza kukonzedwa pophatikiza siginecha za RSA za otenga nawo mbali angapo omwe adasaina mtengo womwewo. Mwachitsanzo, yapita mwachisawawa. Chiwembu ichi chimapulumutsa zinthu zambiri, chifukwa ma signature onse ndi chitsimikizo cha khalidwe lolondola molingana ndi ndondomeko komanso gwero lachisawawa.

Komabe, ngakhale ndi siginecha yotsimikizika, chiwembucho chimakhalabe pachiwopsezo cha vuto la "womaliza wosewera". Womaliza atha kusankhabe kusindikiza siginecha kapena ayi, potero amawongolera zotsatira. Mutha kusintha chiwembucho, kuwonjezera ma hashes a block, kupanga kuzungulira kuti zotsatira zake zisanenedweratu, koma njira zonsezi, ngakhale poganizira zosintha zambiri, zimasiyabe vuto lachikoka cha omwe akutenga nawo mbali pagulu. kumabweretsa malo osadalirika ndipo amatha kugwira ntchito pansi pa zovuta zachuma komanso nthawi. Kuphatikiza apo, kukula kwa makiyi a RSA (1024 ndi 2048 bits) ndi yayikulu kwambiri, ndipo kukula kwa blockchain ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri. Zikuwoneka kuti palibe njira yosavuta yothetsera vutoli, tiyeni tipitirire.

PVRB ndi njira zogawana mwachinsinsi

Mu cryptography, pali ziwembu zomwe zingalole kuti maukonde agwirizane pa mtengo umodzi wokha wa PVRB, pomwe njira zotere sizingagwirizane ndi zoyipa zilizonse za ena. Protocol imodzi yothandiza yomwe ikuyenera kudziwitsidwa ndi dongosolo lachinsinsi la Shamir. Zimagwira ntchito kugawa chinsinsi (mwachitsanzo, kiyi yachinsinsi) m'magawo angapo, ndikugawa magawowa kwa otenga nawo mbali a N. Chinsinsicho chimagawidwa m'njira yoti zigawo za M kuchokera mu N zikhale zokwanira kuti zibwezeretsenso, ndipo izi zitha kukhala zigawo za M. Ngati pa zala, ndiye kukhala ndi graph ya ntchito yosadziwika, otenga nawo mbali amasinthanitsa mfundo pa graph, ndipo atalandira mfundo za M, ntchito yonseyo ikhoza kubwezeretsedwa.
Kufotokozera kwabwino kumaperekedwa wiki koma kusewera nawo kuti mutengere protocol m'mutu mwanu ndikothandiza pachiwonetsero tsamba.

Ngati chiwembu cha FSSS (Fiat-Shamir Secret Sharing) chikadagwiritsidwa ntchito mwanjira yake yoyera, ingakhale PVRB yosawonongeka. Mwachidule chake, protocol ikhoza kuwoneka motere:

• Aliyense amadzipangira yekha mwachisawawa ndikugawa magawo kuchokera kwa omwe atenga nawo mbali
• Wophunzira aliyense amawulula gawo lake la zinsinsi za ena
• Ngati wotenga nawo mbali ali ndi magawo opitilira M, ndiye kuti chiwerengero cha omwe atenga nawo mbali chitha kuwerengedwa, ndipo chidzakhala chapadera, mosasamala kanthu za gulu la omwe awululidwa.
• Kuphatikizika kwa zowululidwa mwachisawawa ndikofuna PVRB

Apa, wophunzira payekha sasinthanso zotsatira za protocol, kupatula ngati kukwaniritsidwa kwachidziwitso changozi kumangodalira iye. Choncho, ndondomekoyi, ngati pali gawo lofunika la RPs lomwe likugwira ntchito pa protocol ndi likupezeka, limagwira ntchito, kukwaniritsa zofunikira za mphamvu za cryptographic, ndikukhala osagwirizana ndi vuto la "wosewera wotsiriza".

Iyi ikhoza kukhala njira yabwino, chiwembu ichi cha PVRB chotengera kugawana kwachinsinsi kwa Fiat-Shamir chikufotokozedwa mwachitsanzo mu izi nkhani. Koma, monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, ngati muyesera kuyika izo pamutu pa blockchain, zolephera zaukadaulo zimawonekera. Pano pali chitsanzo cha kuyesa kukhazikitsidwa kwa protocol mu mgwirizano wanzeru wa EOS ndi gawo lake lofunika kwambiri - kuyang'ana nawo gawo lofalitsidwa: code. Mutha kuwona kuchokera pama code kuti kutsimikizira umboni kumafuna kuchulukitsa kangapo, ndipo manambala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi akulu kwambiri. Ziyenera kumveka kuti mu blockchains, kutsimikizira kumachitika panthawi yomwe wopanga block akupanga zomwe akuchita, ndipo mwachizoloŵezi, aliyense wotenga nawo mbali ayenera kutsimikizira kulondola kwa protocol, kotero kuti zofunikira pa liwiro la ntchito yotsimikizira ndizowopsa kwambiri. . Mwanjira iyi, njirayo idakhala yosagwira ntchito, chifukwa kutsimikizira sikunagwirizane ndi malire ochitapo (masekondi 0.5).

Kuchita bwino kotsimikizira ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito, mwambiri, ziwembu zilizonse zapamwamba za cryptographic mu blockchain. Kupanga maumboni, kukonzekera mauthenga - njirazi zitha kuchotsedwa pa unyolo ndikuchitidwa pamakompyuta ochita bwino kwambiri, koma kutsimikizira sikungalambalale - ichi ndi chofunikira china chofunikira pa PVRB.

PVRB ndi ma signature apakati

Titadziwa bwino za dongosolo logawana chinsinsi, tidapeza gulu lonse la ma protocol olumikizidwa ndi mawu osakira oti "threshold". Pamene kuulula zina kumafuna kutengapo gawo kwa M omwe atenga nawo mbali mwachilungamo kuchokera mu N, ndipo gulu laotenga nawo mbali moona mtima litha kukhala kagawo kakang'ono ka N, timalankhula za ziwembu za "ng'anjo". Ndiwo omwe amatilola kuthana ndi vuto la "wosewera womaliza", tsopano ngati wowukirayo sawulula gawo lake lachinsinsi, wina, wochita nawo moona mtima adzamuchitira. Ndondomekozi zimalola mgwirizano pa tanthauzo limodzi lokha, ngakhale ndondomeko itasokonezedwa ndi ena mwa omwe akutenga nawo mbali.

Kuphatikizika kwa siginecha zotsimikizika ndi ziwembu zoyambira zidapangitsa kuti pakhale njira yabwino komanso yodalirika yoyendetsera PVRB - awa ndi ma signature otsimikiza. Pano nkhani za ntchito zosiyanasiyana za siginecha zolowera pakhomo, ndipo nayi ina yabwino owerenga nthawi yayitali kuchokera ku Dash.

Nkhani yomaliza ikufotokoza siginecha za BLS (BLS imayimira Boneh-Lynn-Shacham, tawonani nkhani), omwe ali ndi khalidwe lofunika kwambiri komanso losavuta kwambiri kwa opanga mapulogalamu - pagulu, chinsinsi, makiyi a anthu ndi ma signature a BLS akhoza kuphatikizidwa wina ndi mzake pogwiritsa ntchito masamu osavuta, pamene kuphatikiza kwawo kumakhalabe makiyi ovomerezeka ndi siginecha, kukulolani kuti muwerenge zambiri mosavuta. kusaina mu makiyi amodzi ndi ambiri agulu mu imodzi. Amakhalanso otsimikiza ndipo amatulutsa zotsatira zomwezo pazolowera zomwezo. Chifukwa chamtunduwu, kuphatikiza kwa siginecha za BLS ndi makiyi ovomerezeka, omwe amalola kukhazikitsidwa kwa njira yomwe otenga nawo gawo a M a N amatulutsa siginecha imodzi yokha yomwe ili yotsimikizika, yotsimikizika pagulu, komanso yosayembekezereka mpaka itatsegulidwa ndi Mth. wotenga nawo mbali .

Muchiwembu chokhala ndi siginecha ya BLS, aliyense wotenga nawo mbali amasaina china chake pogwiritsa ntchito BLS (mwachitsanzo, chisawawa cham'mbuyo), ndipo siginecha wamba ndiyomwe amafunidwa mwachisawawa. The cryptographic katundu wa BLS siginecha amakwaniritsa zofunika khalidwe mwachisawawa, pakhomo mbali amateteza "wotsiriza-wosewera", ndi combinability wapadera makiyi kumapangitsa kuti agwiritse ntchito aligoviyamu zambiri chidwi kuti amalola, mwachitsanzo, imayenera aggregation mauthenga protocol. .

Chifukwa chake, ngati mukumanga PVRB pa blockchain yanu, mutha kukhala ndi siginecha ya BLS threshold, mapulojekiti angapo akugwiritsa ntchito kale. Mwachitsanzo, DFinity (apa benchmark yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito dera, ndi apa mwachitsanzo kukhazikitsa kugawana kwachinsinsi kotsimikizirika), kapena Keep.network (nayi chowunikira chawo mwachisawawa yellow pepalandipo apa chitsanzo smart contract yotumikira protocol).

Kukhazikitsidwa kwa PVRB

Tsoka ilo, sitikuwonabe protocol yokonzeka yokhazikitsidwa mu blockchains ya PVRB yomwe yatsimikizira chitetezo ndi kukhazikika kwake. Ngakhale ma protocolwo ali okonzeka, kuwagwiritsa ntchito mwaukadaulo kumayankho omwe alipo sikophweka. Pamakina apakati, PVRB sizomveka, ndipo zogawika m'magulu ndizochepa pazopezeka zonse zamakompyuta: CPU, memory, storage, I/O. Kupanga PVRB ndikuphatikiza ma protocol osiyanasiyana kuti apange china chake chomwe chimakwaniritsa zofunikira zonse za blockchain yotheka. Protocol imodzi imawerengera bwino, koma imafuna mauthenga ambiri pakati pa RPs, pomwe ina imafuna mauthenga ochepa, koma kupanga umboni kungakhale ntchito yomwe imatenga mphindi makumi, kapena maola.

Ndilemba zinthu zomwe muyenera kuziganizira posankha PVRB yabwino:

• Mphamvu ya Cryptographic. PVRB yanu iyenera kukhala yosakondera, osatha kuwongolera pang'ono. Muzinthu zina izi sizili choncho, choncho imbani cryptgrapher
• Vuto la "wosewera womaliza".. PVRB yanu iyenera kukhala yosagwirizana ndi kuukira komwe wowukira yemwe akuwongolera RPs imodzi kapena angapo angasankhe chimodzi mwazotsatira ziwiri.
• Protocol sabotage vuto. PVRB yanu iyenera kukhala yosagonjetsedwa ndi kuwukira komwe wowukira yemwe amayang'anira RPs imodzi kapena angapo asankha kukhala mwachisawawa kapena ayi ndipo akhoza kutsimikiziridwa kapena kutheka kukhudza izi.
• Chiwerengero cha vuto la mauthenga. Ma RPs anu ayenera kutumiza mauthenga ochepa ku blockchain ndikupewa kuchitapo kanthu momwe mungathere monga "Ndatumiza zidziwitso, ndikudikirira kuyankha kuchokera kwa omwe atenga nawo mbali." Mu ma network a p2p, makamaka omwe amwazikana, musadalire kuyankha mwachangu
• Vuto la computational zovuta. Kutsimikizira kwa gawo lililonse la PVRB pa unyolo kuyenera kukhala kosavuta, chifukwa kumachitidwa ndi makasitomala onse pamaneti. Ngati kukhazikitsidwa kwachitika pogwiritsa ntchito mgwirizano wanzeru, ndiye kuti zofunikira zothamanga zimakhala zovuta kwambiri
• Vuto la kupezeka ndi moyo. PVRB yanu iyenera kuyesetsa kuti ikhale yolimba kukakhala kuti gawo lina la netiweki silikupezeka kwakanthawi ndipo gawo lina la RP limasiya kugwira ntchito.
• Vuto lakukhazikitsa kodalirika komanso kugawa makiyi oyamba. Ngati PVRB yanu imagwiritsa ntchito kukhazikitsidwa koyambirira kwa protocol, ndiye kuti iyi ndi nkhani yayikulu komanso yovuta. Pano chitsanzo. Ngati otenga nawo mbali akuyenera kuuzana makiyi awo asanayambe ndondomekoyi, izi zimakhalanso zovuta ngati kusintha kwa ophunzira kukusintha.
• Mavuto a chitukuko. Kupezeka kwa malaibulale m'zilankhulo zofunika, chitetezo ndi magwiridwe antchito, kulengeza, mayeso ovuta, ndi zina zambiri.

Mwachitsanzo, ma signature a BLS ali ndi vuto lalikulu - asanayambe kugwira ntchito, otenga nawo mbali ayenera kugawira makiyi kwa wina ndi mnzake, kukonza gulu lomwe lingagwire ntchito. Izi zikutanthauza kuti pafupifupi wozungulira umodzi wa kuwombola mu maukonde decentralized ayenera kudikira, ndipo anapatsidwa kuti kwaiye randi Mwachitsanzo, n'kofunika mu masewera, pafupifupi mu nthawi yeniyeni, izi zikutanthauza kuti kuwonongeka kwa protocol n'zotheka pa nthawi ino. , ndipo ubwino wa chreshold scheme watayika . Vutoli ndi losavuta kale kuposa lakale, komabe likufunika kuti pakhale njira yosiyana yopangira magulu olowera, omwe ayenera kutetezedwa mwachuma, kudzera m'madipoziti ndikuchotsa ndalama (kudula) kuchokera kwa omwe satsatira protocol. Komanso, kutsimikizira kwa BLS ndi mlingo wovomerezeka wa chitetezo sikungokwanira, mwachitsanzo, mu EOS yokhazikika kapena Ethereum transaction - palibe nthawi yokwanira yotsimikiziranso. Khodi ya mgwirizano ndi WebAssembly kapena EVM, yochitidwa ndi makina enieni. Ntchito za Cryptographic sizimakhazikitsidwa mwachibadwa (komabe), ndipo zimagwira ntchito pang'onopang'ono kuposa malaibulale wamba a cryptographic. Ma protocol ambiri samakwaniritsa zofunikira pongotengera voliyumu yofunika, mwachitsanzo 1024 ndi 2048 bits kwa RSA, nthawi 4-8 zazikulu kuposa siginecha yokhazikika mu Bitcoin ndi Ethereum.

Kukhalapo kwa zokhazikitsidwa m'zilankhulo zosiyanasiyana zamapulogalamu kumakhalanso ndi gawo - zomwe ndizochepa, makamaka zama protocol atsopano. Kusankha ndi kuphatikiza mu mgwirizano kumafuna kulemba protocol m'chinenero cha nsanja, kotero muyenera kuyang'ana kachidindo mu Go for geth, mu Rust for Parity, mu C ++ kwa EOS. Aliyense adzayang'ana JavaScript code, ndipo popeza JavaScript ndi cryptography si abwenzi apamtima, WebAssembly idzathandiza, yomwe tsopano imati ndiyofunika kwambiri pa intaneti.

Pomaliza

Ndikuyembekeza m'mbuyomu nkhani Ndidakwanitsa kukutsimikizirani kuti kupanga manambala mwachisawawa pa blockchain ndikofunikira pazinthu zambiri za moyo wama network okhazikika, ndipo ndi nkhaniyi ndidawonetsa kuti ntchitoyi ndi yolakalaka kwambiri komanso yovuta, koma mayankho abwino alipo kale. Kawirikawiri, mapangidwe omaliza a protocol ndi zotheka pokhapokha atachita mayesero aakulu omwe amaganizira mbali zonse kuyambira kukhazikitsidwa mpaka kutsanzira zolakwika, kotero simungathe kupeza maphikidwe okonzeka mu gulu loyera ndi zolemba, ndipo sitidzatero. Sankhani chaka chamawa kapena ziwiri zilembani kuti "chitani izi, molondola."

Bye, chifukwa cha PVRB yathu mu blockchain yomwe ikupangidwa Haya, takhazikika pakugwiritsa ntchito siginecha za BLS, tikukonzekera kukhazikitsa PVRB pamlingo wogwirizana, popeza kutsimikizira m'mapangano anzeru okhala ndi chitetezo chovomerezeka sikunatheke. Ndizotheka kuti tigwiritse ntchito ma ziwembu awiri nthawi imodzi: choyamba, kugawana kwachinsinsi kokwera mtengo kupanga kwanthawi yayitali mwachisawawa_seed, ndiyeno timaigwiritsa ntchito ngati maziko a mibadwo yopitilira muyeso pogwiritsa ntchito siginecha yotsimikizika ya BLS, mwina tingodziletsa tokha. imodzi mwa ziwembu. Tsoka ilo, sizingatheke kunena pasadakhale kuti protocol idzakhala chiyani; chabwino chokha ndichakuti, monga mu sayansi, mumavuto aukadaulo, zotsatira zoyipa ndizotsatira, ndipo kuyesa kwatsopano kulikonse kuthana ndi vutoli ndi sitepe ina ya kafukufuku wa onse okhudzidwa ndi vutoli. Kuti tikwaniritse zofunikira zamabizinesi, timathetsa vuto linalake lothandiza - kupereka mapulogalamu amasewera ndi gwero lodalirika la entropy, kotero tiyeneranso kulabadira blockchain palokha, makamaka nkhani za kutha kwa unyolo komanso kuwongolera maukonde.

Ndipo ngakhale sitinawone PVRB yotsimikiziridwa yotsutsa mu blockchains, yomwe ikanagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yokwanira kuti iyesedwe ndi ntchito zenizeni, kafukufuku wambiri, katundu, ndipo ndithudi, kuukira kwenikweni, koma chiwerengero cha njira zomwe zingatheke zimatsimikizira kuti. yankho lilipo, ndi chiyani -mwa ma aligorivimu awa pamapeto pake chidzathetsa vutoli. Tidzakhala okondwa kugawana zomwe tapeza ndikuthokoza magulu ena omwe akugwiranso ntchito pankhaniyi pazolemba ndi ma code omwe amalola mainjiniya kuti asakwerenso kawiri kawiri.

Chifukwa chake, mukamakumana ndi wopanga mapulogalamu omwe akupanga zinthu mwachisawawa, khalani tcheru komanso osamala, ndipo perekani thandizo lamalingaliro ngati kuli kofunikira :)

Source: www.habr.com