Mau oyamba
"Kupanga manambala mwachisawawa ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti siwasiyire mwangozi."
Robert Cavue, 1970
Nkhaniyi ikugwiritsidwa ntchito pakugwiritsa ntchito njira zothetsera mavuto pogwiritsa ntchito chiwerengero cha anthu mwachisawawa m'malo osadalirika. Mwachidule, momwe ndi chifukwa chiyani mwachisawawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu blockchains, komanso pang'ono za momwe angasiyanitsire "zabwino" mwachisawawa ndi "zoyipa". Kupanga manambala mwachisawawa ndi vuto lovuta kwambiri, ngakhale pakompyuta imodzi, ndipo lakhala likuphunziridwa ndi akatswiri a cryptographer. Chabwino, mu maukonde ogawidwa, kupanga manambala osasintha kumakhala kovuta komanso kofunikira.
Ndi mu maukonde omwe otenga nawo mbali sakhulupirirana kuti kuthekera kopanga nambala yosatsutsika kumatilola kuti tithane ndi zovuta zambiri ndikuwongolera kwambiri ziwembu zomwe zilipo. Ndiponso, kutchova njuga ndi malotale sindizo cholinga choyamba pano, monga momwe zingawonekere poyamba kwa woΕ΅erenga wosadziΕ΅a zambiri.
Kupanga manambala mwachisawawa
Makompyuta sangathe kupanga manambala mwachisawawa okha; amafunikira thandizo lakunja kuti atero. Kompyutayo imatha kupeza phindu linalake kuchokera, mwachitsanzo, kusuntha kwa mbewa, kuchuluka kwa kukumbukira komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito, mafunde osokera pamapini a purosesa, ndi zina zambiri zotchedwa entropy sources. Makhalidwe awa pawokha siwongochitika mwachisawawa, chifukwa ali mumtundu wina kapena ali ndi zosintha zodziwikiratu. Kuti asinthe manambala oterowo kukhala manambala osasinthika mkati mwamtundu womwe waperekedwa, ma cryptotransformations amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa iwo kuti apange zikhalidwe zogawika mosiyanasiyana kuchokera pamagawo omwe amagawika mosagwirizana ndi gwero la entropy. Zotsatira zake zimatchedwa pseudorandom chifukwa sizongochitika mwachisawawa, koma zimachokera ku entropy. Chilichonse chabwino cha cryptographic algorithm, polemba deta, chimapanga ma ciphertexts omwe ayenera kukhala osadziwika bwino kuchokera kumagulu ang'onoang'ono, kotero kuti mupange mwachisawawa mutha kutenga gwero la entropy, lomwe limapereka kubwereza kwabwino komanso kusadziΕ΅ika bwino kwamtengo wapatali ngakhale m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, ntchito yotsalayo ndikubalalitsa ndikusakaniza ma bits mu Phindu lotsatila lidzatengedwa ndi algorithm ya encryption.
Kuti mumalize pulogalamu yachidule yamaphunziro, ndiwonjezera kuti kupanga manambala mwachisawawa ngakhale pachipangizo chimodzi ndi imodzi mwazambiri zotsimikizira chitetezo cha data yathu. makiyi a cryptographic, pakuwongolera katundu, kuyang'anira kukhulupirika, ndi zina zambiri. Chitetezo cha ma protocol ambiri chimadalira kuthekera kopanga zodalirika, zosadziwika kunja kwachisawawa, kuzisunga, osaulula mpaka sitepe yotsatira ya protocol, mwinamwake chitetezo chidzasokonezedwa. Kuwukira kwa jenereta wamtengo wapatali wa pseudorandom ndikoopsa kwambiri ndipo nthawi yomweyo kumawopseza mapulogalamu onse omwe amagwiritsa ntchito kupanga mwachisawawa.
Muyenera kudziwa zonsezi ngati mutaphunzira maphunziro a cryptography, ndiye tiyeni tipitilize za ma network ogawidwa.
Mwachisawawa mu blockchains
Choyamba, ndilankhula za blockchains mothandizidwa ndi makontrakitala anzeru; ndi omwe atha kugwiritsa ntchito bwino mwayi woperekedwa mwachisawawa chapamwamba, chosatsutsika. Kuphatikiza apo, mwachidule, nditcha ukadaulo uwu "Ma Beacons Osatsimikizika Paguluβ kapena PVRB. Popeza ma blockchains ndi maukonde omwe chidziwitso chikhoza kutsimikiziridwa ndi aliyense wotenga nawo mbali, gawo lofunikira la dzinali ndi "Kutsimikizika Pagulu", i.e. Aliyense atha kugwiritsa ntchito kuwerengera kuti apeze umboni kuti nambala yomwe idayikidwa pa blockchain ili ndi izi:
- Chotsatiracho chiyenera kukhala ndi kugawidwa kofanana, mwachitsanzo, kuzikidwa pa cryptography yolimba kwambiri.
- Sizingatheke kulamulira mbali iliyonse ya zotsatira. Chifukwa chake, zotsatira zake sizinganenedweratu.
- Simungathe kuwononga protocol ya m'badwo posatenga nawo gawo mu protocol kapena kudzaza maukonde ndi mauthenga owukira.
- Zonse zomwe zili pamwambazi ziyenera kukhala zosagwirizana ndi chinyengo cha chiwerengero chovomerezeka cha omwe atenga nawo mbali mwachinyengo (mwachitsanzo, 1/3 ya omwe atenga nawo mbali).
Kuthekera kulikonse kwa gulu laling'ono lomwe likuchita nawo gawo kuti lipange zowongolera mosasamala / zosawerengeka ndi dzenje lachitetezo. Kuthekera kulikonse kwa gulu kuletsa kuperekedwa kwachisawawa ndi dzenje lachitetezo. Nthawi zambiri, pali mavuto ambiri, ndipo ntchitoyi si yosavuta ...
Zikuwoneka kuti ntchito yofunika kwambiri ya PVRB ndi masewera osiyanasiyana, malotale, komanso mtundu uliwonse wa njuga pa blockchain. Zowonadi, iyi ndi njira yofunikira, koma kusakhazikika mu blockchains kumakhala ndi ntchito zofunika kwambiri. Tiyeni tiyang'ane pa iwo.
Consensus Algorithms
PVRB imagwira ntchito yayikulu pakukonza mgwirizano wapaintaneti. Zochita mu blockchains zimatetezedwa ndi siginecha yamagetsi, kotero "kuukira kochitika" nthawi zonse kumakhala kuphatikizika / kuchotsedwa kwa malonda mu chipika (kapena midadada ingapo). Ndipo ntchito yaikulu ya algorithm yogwirizana ndiyo kuvomereza dongosolo la zochitikazi ndi dongosolo la midadada yomwe imaphatikizapo izi. Komanso, katundu wofunikira wa blockchains weniweni ndi womaliza - kuthekera kwa maukonde kuvomereza kuti unyolo mpaka chipika chomalizidwa ndi chomaliza, ndipo sichidzachotsedwa konse chifukwa cha mawonekedwe a foloko yatsopano. Kawirikawiri, pofuna kuvomereza kuti chipika ndi chovomerezeka ndipo, chofunika kwambiri, chomaliza, ndi koyenera kusonkhanitsa siginecha kuchokera kwa ambiri opanga chipika (pambuyo pake amatchedwa BP - block-producers), zomwe zimafuna osachepera kupereka chipika. ku ma BP onse, ndikugawira siginecha pakati pa ma BP onse. Pamene chiwerengero cha BP chikukula, chiwerengero cha mauthenga ofunikira pa intaneti chimakula kwambiri, choncho, ma aligovimu ogwirizana omwe amafunikira kutha, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachitsanzo mu mgwirizano wa Hyperledger pBFT, sagwira ntchito pa liwiro lofunika, kuyambira ma BP angapo, omwe amafunikira. chiwerengero chachikulu cha mgwirizano.
Ngati pali PVRB yosatsutsika komanso yowona mtima pa intaneti, ndiye, ngakhale kuyerekezera kosavuta, munthu akhoza kusankha mmodzi wa opanga chipikacho potengera izo ndikumuika kukhala "mtsogoleri" panthawi imodzi ya protocol. Ngati tatero N opanga block, omwe M: M > 1/2 N ndi oona mtima, musati censor zotuluka ndipo musati mphanda unyolo kuchita "kawiri ndalama" kuwukira, ndiye ntchito uniformly anagawira osatsutsika PVRB adzalola kusankha mtsogoleri woona mtima mwina M / N (M / N > 1/2). Ngati mtsogoleri aliyense apatsidwa nthawi yake yomwe amatha kupanga chipika ndikutsimikizira unyolo, ndipo izi ndizofanana ndi nthawi, ndiye kuti blockchain ya BP yowona mtima idzakhala yayitali kuposa unyolo wopangidwa ndi BPs oyipa, ndi mgwirizano. algorithm imadalira kutalika kwa unyolo, ingotaya "yoyipa". Mfundo imeneyi kugawira magawo ofanana nthawi kwa aliyense BP anayamba ntchito Graphene (m'mbuyo wa EOS), ndipo amalola midadada ambiri kutsekedwa ndi siginecha limodzi, amene amachepetsa kwambiri katundu maukonde ndipo amalola kugwirizana izi ntchito mofulumira kwambiri ndi mokhazikika. Komabe, intaneti ya EOS tsopano iyenera kugwiritsa ntchito midadada yapadera ( Block Irreversible Block ), zomwe zimatsimikiziridwa ndi siginecha za 2/3 BP. midadada iyi imathandizira kutsimikizira kutha (kusatheka kwa foloko ya unyolo kuyambira pa block yomaliza yosasinthika).
Komanso, mu makhazikitsidwe weniweni, ndondomeko ndondomeko ndi zovuta kwambiri - kuvota kwa akufuna midadada ikuchitika mu magawo angapo kusunga maukonde ngati akusowa midadada ndi mavuto ndi maukonde, koma ngakhale kuganizira zimenezi, mogwirizana ma aligovimu ntchito PVRB amafuna. mauthenga ochepa kwambiri pakati pa BP, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zofulumira kuposa PVFT yachikhalidwe, kapena kusintha kwake kosiyanasiyana.
Woyimira wodziwika kwambiri wa ma algorithms awa: kuchokera ku timu ya Cardano, yomwe imanenedwa kuti imatsimikiziridwa ndi masamu motsutsana ndi BP collusion.
Mu Ouroboros, PVRB imagwiritsidwa ntchito kutanthauzira zomwe zimatchedwa "BP ββschedule" - ndondomeko yomwe BP iliyonse imapatsidwa nthawi yake yosindikiza chipika. Ubwino waukulu wogwiritsa ntchito PVRB ndi "kufanana" kwathunthu kwa BP (malinga ndi kukula kwa mapepala awo owerengera). Kukhulupirika kwa PVRB kumatsimikizira kuti ma BP oyipa sangathe kuwongolera kuwongolera kwa nthawi, motero sangathe kuwongolera unyolo pokonzekera ndi kusanthula mafoloko a unyolo pasadakhale, ndikusankha mphanda ndikokwanira kungodalira kutalika kwa unyolo. unyolo, popanda kugwiritsa ntchito njira zachinyengo kuwerengera "zothandiza" za BP ndi "kulemera" kwa midadada yake.
Nthawi zambiri, muzochitika zonse zomwe otenga nawo mbali mwachisawawa akuyenera kusankhidwa mumaneti okhazikika, PVRB nthawi zambiri ndiyo yabwino koposa, m'malo mongosankha motengera, mwachitsanzo, hashi ya block. Popanda PVRB, kuthekera kokopa kusankha kwa omwe akutenga nawo mbali kumabweretsa kuwukira komwe wowukirayo angasankhe kuchokera m'tsogolo zingapo kuti asankhe ochita nawo chinyengo kapena angapo nthawi imodzi kuti awonetsetse kuti ali ndi gawo lalikulu pachigamulo. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa PVRB kumatsutsa zowukira zamtunduwu.
Kukula ndi kusanja katundu
PVRB itha kukhalanso yopindulitsa kwambiri pantchito monga kuchepetsa katundu ndi makulitsidwe amalipiro. Poyamba, ndizomveka kudzidziwa bwino Rivesta "Matikiti a Lottery Yamagetsi ngati Micropayments". Lingaliro lalikulu ndilakuti m'malo molipira 100 1c kuchokera kwa wolipira kupita kwa wolandila, mutha kusewera lottery yowona mtima ndi mphotho ya 1$ = 100c, pomwe wolipira amapatsa banki imodzi mwa 1 ya "matikiti alotale" ake pa aliyense. 100c malipiro. Imodzi mwa matikiti awa imapambana mtsuko wa $ 1, ndipo ndi tikiti iyi yomwe wolandirayo angalembe mu blockchain. Chofunika kwambiri ndi chakuti matikiti 99 otsala amasamutsidwa pakati pa wolandira ndi wolipira popanda kutenga nawo mbali kunja, kudzera pa njira yachinsinsi komanso pa liwiro lililonse lomwe mukufuna. Kufotokozera kwabwino kwa protocol yochokera pa chiwembu ichi pa intaneti ya Emercoin ikhoza kuwerengedwa .
Dongosololi lili ndi zovuta zingapo, monga wolandila angasiye kutumikira wolipirayo atangolandira tikiti yopambana, koma pamapulogalamu ambiri apadera, monga kubweza pamphindi kapena kulembetsa pakompyuta ku mautumiki, izi zitha kunyalanyazidwa. Chofunikira chachikulu, ndithudi, ndi kukhulupirika kwa lotale, ndipo kuti agwiritse ntchito PVRB ndiyofunikira kwambiri.
Kusankhidwa kwa otenga nawo mbali mwachisawawa ndikofunikiranso kwambiri pakugawana ma protocol, cholinga chake ndikukweza mozungulira ma block chain, kulola ma BP osiyanasiyana kuti azingoyang'anira kuchuluka kwawo komwe amagulitsa. Iyi ndi ntchito yovuta kwambiri, makamaka pankhani yachitetezo pophatikiza ma shards. Kusankha koyenera kwa BP mwachisawawa ndi cholinga chogawa omwe ali ndi udindo pa shard inayake, monga momwe amachitira mogwirizana, ndi ntchito ya PVRB. Mu machitidwe apakati, shards amapatsidwa ndi balancer; izo zimangowerengera hashi kuchokera ku pempho ndikuzitumiza kwa oyenerera. Mu blockchains, kuthekera kosintha gawoli kungayambitse kuukira kwa mgwirizano. Mwachitsanzo, zomwe zili muzochitikazo zimatha kuyendetsedwa ndi wowukira, amatha kuwongolera zomwe zimapita ku shard yomwe amawongolera ndikuwongolera midadada momwemo. Mutha kuwerenga zokambirana za vuto logwiritsa ntchito manambala mwachisawawa pakugawana ntchito ku Ethereum
Sharding ndi imodzi mwazovuta kwambiri komanso zovuta kwambiri pantchito ya blockchain; yankho lake lilola kupanga ma network odziwika bwino a magwiridwe antchito komanso kuchuluka kwake. PVRB ndi imodzi mwa midadada yofunika kwambiri kuti ithetse.
Masewera, ndondomeko zachuma, kukangana
Udindo wa manambala mwachisawawa mu makampani Masewero ndi zovuta overestimate. Kugwiritsa ntchito mwachidziwitso m'makasino apaintaneti, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mosabisa powerengera zotsatira za zomwe osewera akuchita ndizovuta kwambiri pamanetiweki ogawidwa, pomwe palibe njira yodalira gwero lapakati lachisawawa. Koma kusankha mwachisawawa kumathanso kuthetsa mavuto ambiri azachuma ndikuthandizira kupanga ma protocol osavuta komanso ogwira mtima. Tiyerekeze kuti mu protocol yathu pali mikangano yolipirira ntchito zina zotsika mtengo, ndipo mikanganoyi imachitika kawirikawiri. Pankhaniyi, ngati pali PVRB yosatsutsika, makasitomala ndi ogulitsa akhoza kuvomereza kuthetsa mikangano mwachisawawa, koma ndi mwayi wopatsidwa. Mwachitsanzo, ndi mwayi wa 60% kuti kasitomala apambana, ndipo ndi 40% mwayi wogulitsa apambana. Njirayi, yomwe ndi yosamveka kuyambira pachiyambi, imakulolani kuthetsa mikangano ndi gawo lodziwikiratu la kupambana / kutayika, zomwe zimagwirizana ndi onse awiri popanda kutenga nawo mbali kwa gulu lachitatu komanso kuwononga nthawi kosafunikira. Komanso, chiΕ΅erengero cha kuthekera chikhoza kukhala champhamvu ndipo chimadalira pamitundu ina yapadziko lonse. Mwachitsanzo, ngati kampani ikuchita bwino, ili ndi mikangano yochepa komanso yopindulitsa kwambiri, kampaniyo imatha kusintha mwayi wothetsa mikangano kuti ikhale pakati pa makasitomala, mwachitsanzo 70/30 kapena 80/20, ndi mosemphanitsa, ngati mikangano imatenga ndalama zambiri ndipo ndi yachinyengo kapena yosakwanira, mutha kusintha kuthekera kwina.
Ma protocol ambiri osangalatsa, monga ma registries osankhidwa bwino, misika yolosera, ma curve ogwirizana ndi ena ambiri, ndi masewera azachuma omwe khalidwe labwino limalipidwa ndipo makhalidwe oipa amalangidwa. Nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zovuta zachitetezo zomwe chitetezo chimatsutsana. Zomwe zimatetezedwa ku kuukiridwa ndi "nyangumi" zokhala ndi mabiliyoni a zizindikiro ("mtengo waukulu") zimakhala pachiwopsezo cha kuukiridwa ndi masauzande a maakaunti okhala ndi masikelo ang'onoang'ono ("sybil stake"), ndi njira zomwe zimatengedwa motsutsana ndi kuwukira kumodzi, monga kusakhala- zolipiritsa zofananira zomwe zidapangidwa kuti zipangitse kugwira ntchito ndi mtengo waukulu kukhala wopanda phindu nthawi zambiri zimatsutsidwa ndi kuwukira kwina. Popeza tikukamba za masewera azachuma, zolemera zowerengera zofananira zimatha kuwerengedwa pasadakhale, ndikungosintha ma komishoni ndi osankhidwa mwachisawawa ndikugawa koyenera. Makomiti otheka oterowo amakwaniritsidwa mophweka ngati blockchain ili ndi gwero lodalirika lachisawawa ndipo safuna mawerengedwe ovuta, zomwe zimapangitsa moyo kukhala wovuta kwa anamgumi ndi ma sybils.
Panthawi imodzimodziyo, m'pofunika kupitiriza kukumbukira kuti kulamulira pang'ono pang'onopang'ono mwachisawawa kumakupatsani mwayi wonyenga, kuchepetsa ndi kuonjezera mwayi ndi theka, kotero kuti PVRB yowona mtima ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri la ndondomeko zoterezi.
Mungapeze kuti yoyenera mwachisawawa?
Mwachidziwitso, kusankha mwachisawawa mumanetiweki okhazikika kumapangitsa pafupifupi ma protocol aliwonse kukhala otetezedwa ku chinyengo. Zolinga zake ndi zophweka - ngati maukonde amavomereza pa 0 kapena 1 pang'ono, ndipo osachepera theka la omwe atenga nawo mbali ndi osaona mtima, ndiye, atapatsidwa kubwereza kokwanira, maukonde amatsimikiziridwa kuti agwirizane pachokhacho ndi chotheka chokhazikika. Mwachidule chifukwa chowona mtima mwachisawawa amasankha 51 mwa 100 otenga nawo mbali 51% yanthawiyo. Koma izi ziri mu chiphunzitso, chifukwa ... mu maukonde enieni, kuonetsetsa mlingo wotere wa chitetezo monga m'nkhani, mauthenga ambiri pakati makamu, zovuta Mipikisano chiphaso cryptography chofunika, ndipo vuto lililonse la protocol yomweyo anawonjezera kuukira vekitala watsopano.
Ndicho chifukwa chake sitikuwonabe PVRB yotsimikiziridwa yotsutsa mu blockchains, yomwe ikanakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yokwanira kuti iyesedwe ndi ntchito zenizeni, kafukufuku wambiri, katundu, ndipo ndithudi, kuukira kwenikweni, popanda zomwe zimakhala zovuta kuzitcha mankhwala otetezekadi.
Komabe, pali njira zingapo zodalirika, zimasiyana mwatsatanetsatane, ndipo imodzi mwa izo idzathetsa vutoli. Ndi zipangizo zamakono zamakompyuta, chiphunzitso cha cryptographic chikhoza kumasuliridwa mwanzeru kuti chigwiritsidwe ntchito. M'tsogolomu, tidzakhala okondwa kulankhula za PVRB kukhazikitsa: tsopano pali angapo a iwo, aliyense ali ndi seti zake zofunika katundu ndi kukhazikitsa mbali, ndipo kumbuyo aliyense pali lingaliro labwino. Palibe magulu ambiri omwe akutenga nawo mbali pakupanga zinthu mwachisawawa, ndipo zomwe zachitikira aliyense waiwo ndizofunikira kwambiri kwa wina aliyense. Tikukhulupirira kuti chidziwitso chathu chidzalola magulu ena kuyenda mofulumira, poganizira zomwe adakumana nazo.
Source: www.habr.com