Ndiye amene anatulukira wailesi: Guglielmo Marconi kapena Alexander Popov?

Popov ayenera kuti anali woyamba - koma sanavomereze zomwe adapanga kapena kuyesa kuzigulitsa

Mu 1895, katswiri wa sayansi ya zakuthambo wa ku Russia dzina lake Alexander Popov anagwiritsa ntchito chida chake chamkuntho posonyeza kufalikira kwa mafunde a wailesi.

Ndani anatulukira wailesi? Yankho lanu lingadalire komwe mukuchokera.

Pa May 7, 1945, bwalo la masewera la Bolshoi ku Moscow linali lodzaza ndi asayansi ndi akuluakulu a chipani cha Communist Party of the Soviet Union, akukondwerera zaka 50 za chionetsero choyamba cha wailesi. Alexander Popov. Uwu unali mwayi wolemekeza woyambitsa nyumba ndikuyesera kusuntha mbiri yakale kutali ndi zomwe zapindula Guglielmo Marconi, amene amadziwika m’maiko ambiri padziko lonse lapansi monga amene anayambitsa wailesi. May 7 adalengezedwa ku USSR wailesi masana, yomwe ikukondwerera mpaka lero ku Russia.

Zonena za Popov yemwe anali woyamba kukhala woyambitsa wailesi zachokera pa nkhani yomwe adapereka pa May 7, 1895, "Pa ubale wa ufa wachitsulo ndi kugwedezeka kwa magetsi" pa yunivesite ya St. Petersburg.

Alexander Popov adapanga wailesi yoyamba yomwe imatha kufalitsa kachidindo ka Morse

Chipangizo cha Popov chinali chosavuta wogwirizana ["Branly chubu"] - botolo lagalasi lomwe lili ndi zosefera zachitsulo mkati, ndipo maelekitirodi awiri omwe ali pamtunda wa masentimita angapo kuchokera kwa mnzake amatuluka. Chipangizocho chinachokera ku ntchito ya katswiri wa sayansi ya ku France Edouard Branly, amene anafotokoza za chiwembu chofananacho mu 1890, komanso pa ntchito za katswiri wa sayansi ya zakuthambo wa ku England Oliver Lodge, amene anakonza chipangizochi mu 1893. Poyambirira, kukana kwa ma electrode kumakhala kwakukulu, koma ngati mphamvu yamagetsi ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa iwo, njira yamakono idzawoneka ndi kukana pang'ono. Zamakono zidzayenda, koma zitsulo zachitsulo zidzayamba kugwedezeka ndipo kukana kudzawonjezeka. Wogwirizanitsa ayenera kugwedezeka kapena kugwedezeka nthawi iliyonse kuti amwazenso utuchi.

Malinga ndi Central Museum of Communications yotchedwa A. S. Popov ku St. Petersburg, chipangizo cha Popov chinali choyamba cholandira wailesi chomwe chimatha kuzindikira zizindikiro ndi nthawi yake. Anagwiritsa ntchito chizindikiro cha Lodge ndikuwonjezera polarized kutumiza kwa telegraph, yomwe inkagwira ntchito ngati amplifier mwachindunji. Relay inalola Popov kulumikiza zomwe wolandirayo amatulutsa ku belu lamagetsi, chipangizo chojambulira, kapena telegraph, ndi kulandira mayankho a electromechanical. Chithunzi cha chipangizo choterocho chokhala ndi belu kuchokera kumalo osungiramo zinthu zakale chikuwonetsedwa kumayambiriro kwa nkhaniyi. Ndemangazo zidabweza wophatikizayo kukhala momwe adakhalira. Pamene belu linalira, wogwirizanayo anagwedezeka.

Pa Marichi 24, 1896, Popov adachitanso chiwonetsero china chosinthira pagulu la chipangizocho - nthawi ino kutumiza zidziwitso mu Morse code kudzera patelefoni opanda zingwe. Ndipo kachiwiri, ali ku yunivesite ya St. Petersburg, pamsonkhano wa Russian Physical and Chemical Society, Popov anatumiza zizindikiro pakati pa nyumba ziwiri zomwe zili pamtunda wa mamita 243 kuchokera kwa wina ndi mzake. Pulofesayo anaima pa bolodi m’nyumba yachiŵiri, akumalemba makalata ovomerezedwa ndi Morse code. Zotsatira zake zinali: Heinrich Hertz.

Mabwalo ogwirizana ngati a Popov adakhala maziko a zida zamawayilesi am'badwo woyamba. Anapitirizabe kugwiritsidwa ntchito mpaka 1907, pamene adasinthidwa ndi olandira pogwiritsa ntchito zowunikira makristalo.

Popov ndi Marconi adayandikira wailesi mosiyana kwambiri

Popov anali m'nthawi ya Marconi, koma zida zawo paokha, popanda kudziwana. Kudziwiratu ukulu ndi kovuta chifukwa cha zolemba zosakwanira za zochitika, matanthauzo otsutsana a zomwe zimapanga wailesi, ndi kunyada kwa dziko.

Chimodzi mwa zifukwa zomwe Marconi amakondera m'maiko ena ndikuti amadziwa bwino zovuta za luntha. Imodzi mwa njira zabwino zopezera malo anu m'mbiri ndikulembetsa ma patent ndikufalitsa zomwe mwapeza pa nthawi yake. Popov sanachite izi. Sanapemphe chilolezo cha chowunikira mphezi, ndipo palibe mbiri yachiwonetsero chake pa Marichi 24, 1896. Zotsatira zake, adasiya chitukuko cha wailesi ndipo adatenga ma X-ray omwe adapezeka posachedwa.

Marconi anafunsira patent ku Britain pa June 2, 1896, ndipo idakhala ntchito yoyamba pantchito yojambula ma radiotelegraph. Iye mwamsanga anasonkhanitsa ndalama zofunika malonda dongosolo lake, analenga ntchito yaikulu mafakitale, choncho amaona kuti anayambitsa wailesi m'mayiko ambiri kunja kwa Russia.

Ngakhale Popov sanayese kugulitsa wailesi ndi cholinga chotumiza mauthenga, adawona kuthekera kwake kuti agwiritse ntchito kujambula kusokonezeka kwamlengalenga - ngati chowunikira mphezi. Mu July 1895, anaika chida choyamba chowunikira mphezi pamalo owonetsera zanyengo a Forestry Institute ku St. Iwo ankatha kuzindikira mabingu pa mtunda wa makilomita 50. Chaka chotsatira anaika chojambulira chachiwiri pa All-Russian Manufacturing Exhibition, umene unachitikira Nizhny Novgorod, makilomita 400 kuchokera Moscow.

Zaka zingapo zitachitika izi, kampani yowonera ya Hoser Victor ku Budapest idayamba kupanga zowunikira mphezi potengera mapangidwe a Popov.

Chipangizo cha Popov chinafika ku South Africa

Imodzi mwa magalimoto ake inafika ku South Africa, kuyenda makilomita 13. Masiku ano ikuwonetsedwa m'nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale South African Institute of Electrical Engineers (SAIE) ku Johannesburg.

Malo osungiramo zinthu zakale samadziwa nthawi zonse tsatanetsatane wa mbiri ya ziwonetsero zawo. Magwero a zida zakale ndizovuta kwambiri kudziwa. Zolemba zosungiramo nyumba zosungiramo zinthu zakale ndizosakwanira, ogwira ntchito amasintha pafupipafupi, ndipo chifukwa chake, bungwe likhoza kutaya chidziwitso cha chinthu ndi mbiri yake.

Izi zikadachitika ku chowunikira cha Popov ku South Africa ngati sichinali diso lakuthwa la Derk Vermeulen, mainjiniya amagetsi komanso membala wanthawi yayitali wa gulu lazambiri la SAIEE. Kwa zaka zambiri, Vermeulen ankakhulupirira kuti chiwonetserochi chinali chojambula chakale chogwiritsidwa ntchito poyeza zamakono. Komabe, tsiku lina anaganiza zophunzira bwino chionetserocho. Anazindikira mokondwera kuti mwina chinali chinthu chakale kwambiri m'gulu la SAIEE, komanso chida chokhacho chomwe chidatsala kuchokera ku Johannesburg Meteorological Station.

Chodziŵira mphezi cha Popov chochokera ku Johannesburg Meteorological Station, chowonetsedwa ku South African Institute of Electrical Engineers museum.

Mu 1903, boma la atsamunda linalamula chipangizo chojambulira cha Popov, pakati pa zida zina zofunika pa siteshoni yomwe inali itangotsegulidwa kumene, yomwe inali paphiri lomwe lili kumalire a kum’mawa kwa mzindawu. Mapangidwe a chowunikira ichi amagwirizana ndi mapangidwe a Popov, kupatula kuti chogwedeza, chomwe chinagwedeza utuchi, chinasokonezanso cholembera. Chojambuliracho chinakulungidwa mozungulira ng'oma ya aluminiyamu yomwe inkazungulira kamodzi pa ola. Ndi kusintha kulikonse kwa ng'oma, phula lapadera limasuntha chinsalu ndi 2 mm, chifukwa chake zida zimatha kujambula zochitika kwa masiku angapo motsatizana.

Vermeulen anafotokoza zomwe anapeza ya December 2000 ya Proceedings of the IEEE. Anatisiya mwachisoni chaka chatha, koma mnzake Max Clark adatha kutitumizira chithunzi cha chowunikira cha South Africa. Vermeulen adachita kampeni mwachangu popanga nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale zosungiramo zinthu zakale zosungidwa ku SAIEE, ndipo adakwaniritsa cholinga chake mu 2014. Zikuwoneka bwino, m'nkhani yoperekedwa kwa apainiya a mauthenga a pawailesi, kuti azindikire zoyenera za Vermeulen ndikukumbukira chowunikira chawayilesi chomwe adachipeza.

Source: www.habr.com