Galimoto yoyamba yapadziko lonse, IBM RAMAC 305, yomwe inatulutsidwa mu 1956, inali ndi 5 MB yokha ya deta, yolemera 970 kg ndipo inali yofanana ndi firiji ya mafakitale. Mabungwe amakono amakampani amatha kudzitamandira 20 TB. Tangoganizani: Zaka 64 zapitazo, kuti mulembe kuchuluka kwa chidziwitsochi, pakufunika 4 miliyoni RAMAC 305, ndipo kukula kwa malo opangira data omwe amayenera kukhala nawo kukadapitilira ma kilomita 9, pomwe lero bokosi laling'ono lolemera. pafupifupi 700 gm! Munjira zambiri, kuwonjezeka kodabwitsa kumeneku kwa kachulukidwe kasungidwe kudakwaniritsidwa chifukwa chakusintha kwa njira zojambulira maginito.
Ndizovuta kukhulupirira, koma mapangidwe ofunikira a hard drive sanasinthe kwa zaka pafupifupi 40, kuyambira 1983: ndipamene 3,5-inch hard drive RO351 yoyamba, yopangidwa ndi kampani yaku Scottish Rodime, idawona kuwala kwa tsiku. Mwanayu anali ndi mbale ziwiri za maginito za 10 MB iliyonse, kutanthauza kuti ankatha kusunga deta yowirikiza kawiri monga 412-inch ST-5,25 Seagate yosinthidwa chaka chomwecho pamakompyuta aumwini a IBM 5160.
Rodime RO351 - woyamba padziko lonse 3,5-inch hard drive
Ngakhale luso lake ndi kukula yaying'ono, pa nthawi ya kumasulidwa RO351 kunakhala pafupifupi wopanda ntchito kwa aliyense, ndi zoyesayesa zina zonse za Rodime kuti apeze chopondapo mu msika hard drive analephera, nchifukwa chake mu 1991 kampani anakakamizika. kuti asiye ntchito zake, kugulitsa pafupifupi katundu aliyense amene alipo komanso kuchepetsa antchito. Komabe, Rodime sanakonzedwe kuti awonongeke: posakhalitsa opanga ma hard drive akuluakulu adayamba kulumikizana nawo, akufuna kugula chilolezo chogwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe ovomerezeka ndi Scots. Pakadali pano, mainchesi 3,5 ndiye mulingo wovomerezeka wovomerezeka popanga ma HDD onse ogula komanso ma drive-class class.
Kubwera kwa ma neural network, Deep Learning ndi Internet of Things (IoT), kuchuluka kwa deta yopangidwa ndi anthu kunayamba kukula kwambiri. Malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwa bungwe la analytical IDC, pofika chaka cha 2025 kuchuluka kwa chidziwitso chopangidwa ndi anthu okha komanso zida zomwe zili pafupi nafe zidzafika pa 175 zettabytes (1 Zbyte = 1021 bytes), ndipo izi ngakhale kuti mu 2019 izi zinali 45 Zbytes. , mu 2016 - 16 Zbytes, ndipo kubwerera ku 2006, chiwerengero chonse cha deta chomwe chinapangidwa pa mbiri yonse yowoneka sichinapitirire 0,16 (!) Zbytes. Ukadaulo wamakono ukuthandizira kuthana ndi kuphulika kwa chidziwitso, zomwe ndi njira zabwino zojambulira deta.
LMR, PMR, CMR ndi TDMR: Kodi pali kusiyana kotani?
Mfundo yoyendetsera ma hard drive ndi yosavuta. Zitsulo zopyapyala zokutidwa ndi wosanjikiza wa ferromagnetic material (chinthu cha crystalline chomwe chimatha kukhalabe ndi maginito ngakhale sichinawonedwe ndi maginito akunja pamatenthedwe otsika pansi pa Curie point) amasuntha molingana ndi mutu wolembera pa liwiro lalikulu (5400 revolutions pamphindi kapena Zambiri). Mphamvu yamagetsi ikagwiritsidwa ntchito pamutu wolembera, maginito osinthika amawuka, omwe amasintha njira ya magnetization vector ya madera (discrete regions of matter) ya ferromagnet. Kuwerenga kwa data kumachitika mwina chifukwa cha zochitika za electromagnetic induction (kuyenda kwa madera okhudzana ndi sensa kumapangitsa kuti magetsi aziwoneka motsatira), kapena chifukwa champhamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi (motengera mphamvu ya maginito mphamvu yamagetsi. kukana kusintha kwa sensa), monga momwe zimakhalira mumayendedwe amakono. Domeni iliyonse imayika chidziwitso chimodzi, kutenga mtengo womveka "0" kapena "1" kutengera komwe vesi la magnetization likupita.
Kwa nthawi yayitali, ma hard drive adagwiritsa ntchito njira ya Longitudinal Magnetic Recording (LMR), momwe ma magnetization vector adagona mu ndege ya maginito. Ngakhale zinali zosavuta kukhazikitsa, ukadaulo uwu unali ndi vuto lalikulu: kuti athe kuthana ndi kukakamiza (kusintha kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono kupita kudera limodzi), malo ochititsa chidwi achitetezo (omwe amatchedwa malo achitetezo) adayenera kusiyidwa pakati pawo. mayendedwe. Zotsatira zake, kachulukidwe kakang'ono kakujambula komwe kanakwaniritsidwa kumapeto kwa ukadaulo uwu kunali 150 Gbit/inch2 yokha.
Mu 2010, LMR idasinthidwa kukhala PMR (Perpendicular Magnetic Recording). Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu pakati pa teknolojiyi ndi kujambula kwa maginito kwautali ndikuti maginito otsogolera maginito a dera lililonse ali pamtunda wa 90 Β° pamwamba pa maginito, zomwe zachepetsa kwambiri kusiyana pakati pa mayendedwe.
Chifukwa cha izi, kachulukidwe wojambulira deta adakula kwambiri (mpaka 1 Tbit/in2 pazida zamakono), osataya mawonekedwe othamanga komanso kudalirika kwa hard drive. Pakadali pano, kujambula kwa maginito kumayang'anira msika, ndichifukwa chake kumatchedwanso CMR (Conventional Magnetic Recording). Nthawi yomweyo, muyenera kumvetsetsa kuti palibe kusiyana pakati pa PMR ndi CMR - ndi mtundu wina wa dzina.
Mukamawerenga zaukadaulo wama hard drive amakono, mutha kukumananso ndi chidule chachinsinsi cha TDMR. Makamaka, ukadaulo uwu umagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ma drive-class drives . Kuchokera pamalingaliro afizikiki, TDMR (yomwe imayimira Two Dimensional Magnetic Recording) siyosiyana ndi PMR wamba: monga kale, tikuchita ndi mayendedwe osadutsana, madera omwe amangoyang'ana ndege ya maginito. mbale. Kusiyana kwa matekinoloje kuli pa njira yowerengera zambiri.
Mu chipika cha mitu ya maginito ya hard drive yomwe idapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa TDMR, mutu uliwonse wolembera uli ndi masensa awiri owerengera omwe amawerenga nthawi imodzi deta kuchokera panjanji iliyonse. Kuchulukitsa uku kumathandizira wowongolera HDD kusefa bwino phokoso lamagetsi, mawonekedwe ake omwe amayamba chifukwa cha intertrack interference (ITI).
Kuthetsa vuto la ITI kumapereka maubwino awiri ofunika kwambiri:
- kuchepetsa phokoso la phokoso limakupatsani mwayi wowonjezera kachulukidwe kujambula pochepetsa mtunda pakati pa mayendedwe, kupereka phindu lathunthu mpaka 10% poyerekeza ndi PMR wamba;
- Kuphatikizidwa ndi ukadaulo wa RVS ndi chowongolera cha magawo atatu, TDMR imalimbana bwino ndi kugwedezeka kozungulira komwe kumayambitsidwa ndi ma hard drive, zomwe zimathandiza kukwaniritsa magwiridwe antchito osasinthika ngakhale m'malo ovuta kwambiri.
Kodi SMR ndi chiyani ndipo imadyedwa ndi chiyani?
Kukula kwa mutu wolembera ndi pafupifupi 1,7 nthawi zazikulu poyerekeza ndi kukula kwa sensa yowerengera. Kusiyanitsa kochititsa chidwi kotereku kumatha kufotokozedwa mophweka: ngati gawo lojambulira lipangidwa pang'ono kwambiri, mphamvu ya maginito yomwe ingathe kupanga sikhala yokwanira kuti ipangitse madera a ferromagnetic layer, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti detayo imangopanga. osasungidwa. Pankhani ya sensa yowerengera, vutoli silimawuka. Kuphatikiza apo: miniaturization yake imapangitsa kuti zitheke kuchepetsa kukopa kwa ITI yomwe yatchulidwa pamwambapa pakuwerenga zambiri.
Izi zidapanga maziko a Shingled Magnetic Recording (SMR). Tiyeni tiwone momwe zimagwirira ntchito. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito PMR yachikhalidwe, mutu wolembera umasinthidwa molingana ndi njira iliyonse yam'mbuyomu ndi mtunda wofanana ndi m'lifupi mwake + m'lifupi mwa malo achitetezo.
Mukamagwiritsa ntchito njira yojambulira maginito ya matailosi, mutu wolembera umasunthira kutsogolo gawo limodzi la m'lifupi mwake, kotero kuti nyimbo iliyonse yam'mbuyo imasinthidwa pang'ono ndi yotsatira: njira za maginito zimadutsana ngati matailosi ofolera. Njirayi imakuthandizani kuti muwonjezere kuchuluka kwa kujambula, kupereka phindu la mphamvu mpaka 10%, popanda kusokoneza ndondomeko yowerengera. Chitsanzo ndi - ma drive oyamba padziko lonse a 3.5-inch 20 TB okhala ndi mawonekedwe a SATA/SAS, mawonekedwe ake omwe adatheka chifukwa chaukadaulo watsopano wojambulira maginito. Chifukwa chake, kusintha kwa ma disks a SMR kumakupatsani mwayi wowonjezera kachulukidwe kasungidwe ka data muzoyika zomwezo ndi ndalama zochepa pakukweza zida za IT.
Ngakhale pali mwayi waukulu wotere, SMR ilinso ndi zovuta zake. Popeza maginito amalumikizana wina ndi mzake, kukonzanso deta kudzafuna kulemberanso osati chidutswa chokhacho, komanso mayendedwe onse omwe amatsatira mu mbale ya maginito, kuchuluka kwake komwe kumatha kupitirira 2 terabytes, zomwe zingayambitse kugwa kwakukulu kwa ntchito.
Vutoli litha kuthetsedwa pophatikiza ma track angapo kukhala magulu osiyana otchedwa zones. Ngakhale njira iyi yokonzekera kusungirako deta imachepetsa mphamvu yonse ya HDD (popeza m'pofunika kusunga mipata yokwanira pakati pa madera kuti ateteze mayendedwe a magulu oyandikana nawo kuti asalembedwe), ikhoza kufulumizitsa kwambiri ndondomeko yokonzanso deta, kuyambira tsopano. mayendedwe ochepa okha ndi omwe akuphatikizidwamo.
Kujambula kwa maginito a tile kumaphatikizapo njira zingapo zoyendetsera:
- Drive Managed SMR
Ubwino wake waukulu ndikuti palibe chifukwa chosinthira pulogalamu yolandila ndi / kapena zida, popeza wolamulira wa HDD amayang'anira njira yojambulira deta. Ma drive otere amatha kulumikizidwa ndi makina aliwonse omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe ofunikira (SATA kapena SAS), pambuyo pake galimotoyo imakhala yokonzeka kugwiritsidwa ntchito.
Kuipa kwa njirayi ndikuti magwiridwe antchito amasiyanasiyana, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti Drive Managed SMR ikhale yosayenera kwa mabizinesi pomwe magwiridwe antchito amafunikira. Komabe, zoyendetsa zotere zimagwira ntchito bwino m'malo omwe amalola nthawi yokwanira kuti kusokoneza deta yakumbuyo kuchitike. Mwachitsanzo, ma drive a DSMR , yokometsedwa kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito ngati gawo laling'ono la 8-bay NAS, idzakhala chisankho chabwino kwambiri pakusunga zakale kapena makina osunga zobwezeretsera omwe amafunikira kusungidwa kwanthawi yayitali kwa zosunga zobwezeretsera.
- Host Managed SMR
Host Managed SMR ndiye njira yojambulira yomwe mumakonda kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito m'mabizinesi. Pachifukwa ichi, makina osungira omwe ali ndi udindo woyang'anira kayendetsedwe ka deta ndi kuwerenga / kulemba ntchito, pogwiritsa ntchito zolinga izi ATA (Zoned Device ATA Command Set, ZAC) ndi SCSI (Zoned Block Commands, ZBC) zowonjezera mawonekedwe opangidwa ndi INCITS. Makomiti a T10 ndi T13.
Mukamagwiritsa ntchito HMSMR, mphamvu zonse zosungirako zosungirako zosungirako zimagawidwa m'mitundu iwiri: Madera Okhazikika, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kusungira metadata ndi kujambula mwachisawawa (makamaka kusewera ngati cache), ndi Sequential Write Required Zones, zomwe zimakhala. gawo lalikulu la okwana chosungira mphamvu imene deta amalembedwa mosamalitsa sequentially. Deta ya kunja kwa dongosolo imasungidwa m'dera la cache, kuchokera komwe imatha kusamutsidwa kupita kumalo oyenera kulemba motsatizana. Izi zimatsimikizira kuti magawo onse akuthupi amalembedwa motsatizana motsatira njira ya radial ndipo amalembedwanso pambuyo pa kusamutsidwa kwa cyclic, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti machitidwe azikhala okhazikika komanso odziwikiratu. Nthawi yomweyo, ma drive a HMSMR amathandizira malamulo owerengera mwachisawawa mofanana ndi ma drive omwe amagwiritsa ntchito PMR wamba.
Host Managed SMR imayikidwa pama hard drive amtundu wamakampani .
Mzerewu umaphatikizapo ma SATA apamwamba kwambiri ndi ma drive a SAS opangidwa kuti azigwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo opangira ma data a hyperscale. Kuthandizira kwa Host Managed SMR kumakulitsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa ma hard drive otere: kuwonjezera pa makina osunga zobwezeretsera, ndiabwino kusungirako mitambo, CDN kapena nsanja zotsatsira. Kuchuluka kwa ma hard drive kumakupatsani mwayi wowonjezera kachulukidwe kasungidwe (muzoyika zomwezo) ndi ndalama zochepa zokweza, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu pang'ono (osapitilira 0,29 Watts pa terabyte yazidziwitso zosungidwa) ndi kutayika kwa kutentha (pafupifupi 5 Β° C kutsika. kuposa ma analogues) - kumachepetsanso ndalama zogwirira ntchito pakukonza malo a data.
Chotsalira chokha cha HMSMR ndizovuta kwambiri pakukhazikitsa. Chowonadi ndichakuti masiku ano palibe makina ogwiritsira ntchito kapena kugwiritsa ntchito komwe kungagwire ntchito ndi ma drive oterowo m'bokosi, chifukwa chake kusintha kwakukulu pamapulogalamu amafunikira kuti musinthe mawonekedwe a IT. Choyamba, izi zimadetsa nkhawa, inde, OS yokha, yomwe malinga ndi malo amakono a data omwe amagwiritsa ntchito ma seva apakati ndi ma socket ambiri ndi ntchito yosakhala yachidule. Mutha kudziwa zambiri zazomwe mungagwiritse ntchito pothandizira Host Managed SMR pazithandizo zapadera , yoperekedwa ku nkhani za zonal zosungirako deta. Zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa apa zikuthandizani kuwunika koyambirira kwa chipangizo chanu cha IT kuti musamutsire ku zone yosungirako.
- Host Aware SMR (Host Aware SMR)
Zipangizo zothandizidwa ndi Host Aware SMR zimaphatikiza kusavuta komanso kusinthasintha kwa Drive Managed SMR ndi liwiro lapamwamba lolemba la Host Managed SMR. Ma drive awa ndi obwerera m'mbuyo amagwirizana ndi machitidwe osungira cholowa ndipo amatha kugwira ntchito popanda kuwongolera mwachindunji kuchokera kwa wolandirayo, koma pakadali pano, monga ndi ma drive a DSMR, magwiridwe antchito awo amakhala osayembekezereka.
Monga Host Managed SMR, Host Aware SMR imagwiritsa ntchito mitundu iwiri ya madera: Magawo Odziwika Polemba mwachisawawa ndi Magawo Otsatira Okonda. Zotsirizirazi, mosiyana ndi Sequential Write Required Zones zomwe tazitchula pamwambapa, zimangoperekedwa ku gulu lazokhazikika ngati ayamba kulemba deta popanda dongosolo.
Kukhazikitsa kozindikira kwa SMR kumapereka njira zamkati zobwezeretsera zolemba zosagwirizana. Deta ya kunja kwa dongosolo imalembedwa ku madera a cache, kuchokera komwe disk ikhoza kusamutsa chidziwitso kumalo olembera otsatizana pambuyo poti midadada yonse yofunikira yalandilidwa. Diskiyo imagwiritsa ntchito tebulo loyang'anira kuti isamalire zolemba zomwe sizinalembedwe komanso kusokoneza zakumbuyo. Komabe, ngati mabizinesi amafunikira magwiridwe antchito odziwikiratu komanso okhathamiritsa, izi zitha kuthekabe ngati wolandirayo atenga ulamuliro wonse wamayendedwe onse a data ndi madera ojambulira.
Source: www.habr.com