Kwa milungu iwiri tsopano, Runet yakhala ikupanga phokoso la Telegalamu ndi momwe zinthu zilili ndi kutsekereza kopanda nzeru komanso kopanda chifundo ndi Roskomnadzor. The ricochet inakhumudwitsa anthu ambiri, koma zonsezi ndi mitu ya zolemba pa Geektimes. Ndinadabwa ndi chinthu china - sindinawonepo kusanthula kumodzi pa Habré wa network ya TON yokonzekera kumasulidwa pamaziko a Telegalamu - Telegram Open Network. Ndinkafuna kuti ndithandizire kupereŵeraku, chifukwa pali chinachake choti ndiphunzire kumeneko - ngakhale kuti palibe mawu ovomerezeka okhudza izi.
Ndiroleni ndikukumbutseni kuti pali mphekesera kuti Telegraph yakhazikitsa ICO yotsekedwa kwambiri, atatolera kale ndalama zosaneneka. Zikuyembekezeka kuti cryptocurrency ya Gram ikhazikitsidwa chaka chino - ndipo aliyense wogwiritsa ntchito Telegalamu adzakhala ndi chikwama, chomwe chokha chimapanga mwayi wopambana kuposa ma cryptocurrencies ena.
Tsoka ilo, popeza palibe ziganizo zovomerezeka, nditha kungopitilirapo , zimene ndikukuchenjezani mwamsanga. Zoonadi, zikhoza kukhala zabodza zaluso kwambiri, koma ndizothekanso kuti izi ndi zoyera zenizeni za dongosolo lamtsogolo, lolembedwa ndi Nikolai Durov (ndipo zinawukhira, mwinamwake, ndi mmodzi wa osunga ndalama). Koma ngakhale zitakhala zabodza, palibe amene angatiletse kuphunzira ndikukambirana, sichoncho?
Kodi chikalatachi chikuti chiyani? Ndiyesera kufotokozeranso m'mawu anga, pafupi ndi malemba, koma mu Chirasha komanso mwaumunthu (mulole Nikolai andikhululukire ndi chizolowezi chake chopita ku masamu ovomerezeka). Kumbukirani kuti ngakhale izi zili zowona, uku ndikulongosola kwadongosolo kwadongosololi ndipo kuyenera kusintha pofika nthawi yokhazikitsidwa ndi anthu.
Timaphunzira kuti kuwonjezera pa cryptocurrency, pali zambiri zomwe zikuyembekezeka. Tiyeni tizitenge mwadongosolo.
- TON Blockchain. Awa ndiwo maziko a dongosolo lonse. Ngati simukudziwa chomwe chiri - Ndikupangira kupeza, chifukwa padzakhala ma blockchains ambiri pano. Zosungidwa mkati mwa wina ndi mzake, pafupifupi ma blockchains ogawika komanso "oyima" mkati mwa midadada ya blockchains ena. Padzakhalanso mawu omveka bwino ngati Instant Hypercube Routing и Infinite Sharding Paradigm, koma zambiri pambuyo pake. Ndipo, ndithudi, umboni wa mtengo ndi makontrakitala anzeru.
- TON P2P Network. Maukonde a anzawo ndi anzawo pamaziko omwe dongosololi lidzamangidwe. Tidzakambidwa koyamba m'gawo ili la nkhaniyi.
- TON yosungirako. Kusungirako mafayilo, omwe, mosasamala kanthu za blockchain, adzamangidwa pa intaneti ya anzanu ndi anzawo. Tingayerekezere ndi mitsinje.
- TON Proxy. Iyi ndi ntchito yomwe cholinga chake ndikuwonjezera kusadziwika kwa omwe akutenga nawo mbali pamaneti. Paketi iliyonse imatha kutumizidwa osati mwachindunji, koma kudzera m'machubu apakatikati okhala ndi kubisa kowonjezera - monga I2P kapena TOR.
- Mtengo wa DHT. Gulu la hashi logawidwa posungira zinthu zosasintha. Amamangidwanso pamwamba TON Network (koma nthawi yomweyo amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi iye) ndipo amathandiza TON yosungirako pezani "kugawa" mfundo, ndi TON Proxy - obwereza apakatikati. Koma ziyenera kuzindikirika kuti, mosiyana ndi blockchain, tebulo ili la hashi si malo otetezedwa - simungathe kusunga zambiri zofunika mmenemo.
- TON Services. Pulatifomu yazithandizo zamakhalidwe. Kwenikweni, iyi ndi intaneti yatsopano pamwamba pa zonse zomwe zafotokozedwa pamwambapa. Kusinthana kwa data - kudzera TON Network/TON Proxy, ndipo malingaliro ali mumgwirizano wanzeru wa TON Blockchain. Ndi mawonekedwe okhala ndi ma URL odziwika bwino.
- TON DNS. Popeza tikulankhula za ma URL odziwika bwino, timafunikiranso wotembenuza kuchokera kwa iwo kukhala ma adilesi a 256-bit - maakaunti, makontrakitala, mautumiki ndi ma node.
- Malipiro a TON. Ndipo apa ndipamene nkhani ya ndalama imayamba. Ndipo sizidzakhala kokha gramu - monga ndi ether, "zizindikiro" zilizonse zidzatheka; Ma gramu adzakhala ndalama "zosasinthika" pano.
Ili ndi gawo loyamba lomwe limafotokoza za "zokhazikika" za TON - gawo lake la netiweki, lomangidwa pamwamba pa miyambo yachikhalidwe. Mu gawo lotsatira tidzakambirana za "zofewa" - blockchain, zomwe zidzathandizidwa ndi dongosolo lomwe lafotokozedwa pansipa. Chifukwa chake, dongosolo langa lofotokozeranso ndi losiyana pang'ono ndi lomwe lagwiritsidwa ntchito m'chikalata chomwe chatchulidwa pamwambapa (chomwe chimayamba nthawi yomweyo pamlingo wosadziwika).
Mfundo zoyambirira
TL (Chiyankhulo chamtundu). Ndi mtundu wabinare wamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya data. Imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu protocol ya Telegraph ndipo idzagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachangu ku TON. Ngati mukufuna kudziwana nazo mwatsatanetsatane - .
Hashi (hash). Ntchito yomwe imapangitsa kusintha kosasinthika kwa data yosasinthika kukhala nambala imodzi yautali wokhazikika. Pazolemba zonse timalankhula za ntchitoyi .
Network node (Mfundo). Node ndi pulogalamu yomwe imatsimikizira kuti dongosolo likugwira ntchito. Makamaka, zimaganiziridwa kuti ntchito iliyonse yamakasitomala a Telegraph idzaphatikiza node ya TON. Pamalo otsika, ma node amakhala ndi ma adilesi a IPv4/IPv6 ndipo amalumikizana pogwiritsa ntchito protocol ya UDP; pamlingo wapamwamba, amakhala maadiresi osamveka ndi kukhazikitsa ADNL protocol (za abstract adilesi ndi ADNL - onani pansipa). Zikafika pa mfundo yakuti mbali zina za dongosololi zimapanga chinachake kapena kusunga deta, zimamveka kuti izi zimachitika ndi node za intaneti.
Adilesi yachidule (kapena mwachidule adilesi, adiresi). Adilesi ya node imatsimikiziridwa ndi kiyi yake yapagulu. Mosamalitsa, ndi 256-bit hashi (SHA256) ya data yomwe ili ndi kiyi yapagulu (ma cryptographic algorithm sanatchulidwe - ma elliptic curves ndi RSA-2048 amaperekedwa ngati zitsanzo). Kuti node imodzi ilankhule ndi ina, iyenera kudziwa osati adilesi yake yokhayo, komanso dongosolo la data. Mwachidziwitso, mfundo imodzi yakuthupi imatha kupanga ma adilesi angapo (ogwirizana ndi makiyi osiyanasiyana).
Kuphatikiza apo, ulalo woterewu umagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri: "chifaniziro" chamtundu wa TL (chokhala ndi pafupifupi chilichonse), ndi hashi ya 256-bit, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyankhulira.
Kutchinga (blockchain). Blockchain ndi dongosolo la data, zinthu (midadada) zomwe zimayikidwa mu "unyolo", ndipo chipika chilichonse chotsatira cha unyolo chimakhala ndi hashi yapitayi. Mwanjira iyi, kukhulupirika kumatheka - zosintha zitha kupangidwa powonjezera midadada yatsopano.
utumiki (utumiki). Ntchito mkati mwa TON zitha kukhala zamitundu yosiyanasiyana, kutengera ngati amagwiritsa ntchito blockchain kapena ayi. Mwachitsanzo, ma node amodzi (kapena ambiri) amatha kukonza zopempha zina za RPC pogwiritsa ntchito protocol ya ADNL yomwe yafotokozedwa pansipa, osapanga zolemba zilizonse mu blockchain - monga ma seva achikhalidwe. Kuphatikizira kuthekera kokhazikitsa HTTP pa ADNL, komanso kusintha kwa mthengayo ku protocol iyi. Poyerekeza ndi TOR kapena I2P, izi zipangitsa kuti zikhale zosagwirizana ndi kutsekereza kosiyanasiyana.
Panthawi imodzimodziyo, mautumiki angapo amaphatikizapo kuyanjana ndi blockchain ndi zopempha zokonza kunja kwake. Mwachitsanzo, kwa TON Storage - kusungirako mafayilo - sizomveka kwambiri kusunga mafayilo okha pa blockchain. Idzakhala ndi ma hashes amafayilo okha (pamodzi ndi zina zambiri za iwo), ndipo ma node apadera a netiweki adzakhala ngati "maseva a fayilo", okonzeka kuwatumiza ku ma node ena kudzera pa ADNL.
Utumiki wa chifunga (utumiki wa chifunga). Tikulankhula za ntchito zina zomwe zikutanthawuza kugawikana kwa mayiko ndikugawana nawo momasuka. Mwachitsanzo, TON Proxy ndi ntchito yomwe ingathe kuthandizidwa ndi aliyense amene akufuna kupereka node yawo ngati mkhalapakati (proxy) kutumiza mapaketi pakati pa mfundo zina. Ngati angafune, atha kulipiritsa chindapusa chokhazikitsidwa ndi iye pa izi - pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya TON Payments ya micropayments (yomwe, nayonso, ndi ntchito ya chifunga).
ADNL: Abstract Datagram Network Layer
Pamsinkhu wotsikitsitsa, kulankhulana pakati pa ma node kudzachitidwa pogwiritsa ntchito protocol ya UDP (ngakhale zosankha zina ndizovomerezeka).
Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, kuti node imodzi itumize paketi kwa ina, iyenera kudziwa imodzi mwa makiyi ake apagulu (ndipo chifukwa chake adilesi yomwe imatanthauzira). Imasunga paketiyo ndi kiyi iyi ndikuwonjezera adilesi yofikira ya 256-bit kumayambiriro kwa paketi - popeza node imodzi imatha kukhala ndi maadiresi angapo, izi zipangitsa kuti idziwe chinsinsi chomwe mungagwiritse ntchito polemba.
Kuonjezera apo, mmalo mwa adiresi ya wolandira, chiyambi cha paketi ya data chikhoza kukhala ndi zomwe zimatchedwa. chozindikiritsa njira. Pankhaniyi, kukonza paketi kale kumadalira mapangano enieni pakati pa ma node - mwachitsanzo, zomwe zimatumizidwa kunjira inayake zitha kupangidwira node ina ndipo ziyenera kutumizidwa kwa iwo (uwu ndiye utumiki. TON Proxy). Mlandu wina wapadera ukhoza kukhala wolumikizana mwachindunji pakati pa ma node, koma ndi kubisa pogwiritsa ntchito kiyi imodzi panjira iyi (yopangidwa kale pogwiritsa ntchito Diffie-Hellman protocol).
Pomaliza, vuto lapadera ndi njira "yopanda pake" - ngati node sikudziwa makiyi a anthu "oyandikana nawo", imatha kuwatumizira mapaketi popanda kubisa konse. Izi zimangoyambira - ma node akatumiza zambiri za makiyi awo, ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito polumikizananso.
Protocol yomwe yafotokozedwa pamwambapa (256 bits of channel identifier + packet content) imatchedwa ADNL. Zolembazo zimanena za kuthekera kogwiritsa ntchito analogue ya TCP pamwamba pake kapena zowonjezera zake - RLDP (Reliable Large Datagram Protocol), koma sizipita mwatsatanetsatane za kukhazikitsidwa kwawo.
TON DHT: Table Hash Yogawidwa
Monga momwe zilili ndi machitidwe ena ogawidwa, TON imakhudza kukhazikitsidwa kwa DHT - . Mwachindunji, tebulo ndi . Ngati simukudziwa mtundu wa tebulo la hashi, musadandaule, pansipa ndikufotokozerani momwe amagwirira ntchito.
Mwachidziwitso, DHT imayika makiyi a 256-bit kuzinthu zamabinala zautali wokhazikika. Pankhaniyi, makiyi omwe ali patebulo ndi ma hashes ochokera kumtundu wina wa TL (zomangamangazo zimasungidwa limodzi ndi DHT). Izi ndizofanana kwambiri ndi mapangidwe a ma adilesi - ndipo amatha kukhalapo mu DHT (mwachitsanzo, pogwiritsa ntchito kiyi yotere adilesi ya IP ya node yofanana ndi yoperekedwa. adilesi yosamveka, ngati sakubisa). Koma kawirikawiri, "prototypes of keys" (awo mafotokozedwe, mafotokozedwe ofunika) ndi metadata yomwe imasonyeza "mwini" wa cholowa mu tebulo la hashi (ndiko kuti, kiyi yapagulu ya node ina), mtundu wamtengo wapatali wosungidwa, ndi malamulo omwe kulowa uku kungasinthidwe pambuyo pake. Mwachitsanzo, lamulo likhoza kulola eni ake okha kuti asinthe mtengowo, kapena kuletsa kutsika mtengowo (kuti atetezedwe ku masewero obwereza).
Kuphatikiza pa makiyi a 256-bit, lingaliro la ma adilesi a DHT limayambitsidwa. Kusiyana kwake ndi maadiresi omwe amakhalapo nthawi zonse ndikuti adilesi ya DHT imamangirizidwa ku adilesi ya IP. Ngati node sibisa IP yake, imatha kugwiritsa ntchito adilesi yokhazikika ya DHT. Koma nthawi zambiri, adilesi yosiyana, "yokhazikika" imapangidwira zosowa za DHT.
Lingaliro la mtunda limayambitsidwa pamwamba pa makiyi ndi ma adilesi a DHT - mu izi zonse zimagwirizana ndi matebulo - mtunda pakati pa makiyi ndi wofanana ndi XOR (pang'ono chabe OR) wa iwo. Monga matebulo a Kademlia, mtengo wolingana ndi kiyi inayake uyenera kusungidwa s mfundo zomwe zili ndi mtunda waufupi kwambiri ku kiyi iyi (s apa pali chiwerengero chochepa).
Kuti node ya DHT ilumikizane ndi ma node ena, imasunga kukumbukira tebulo la DHT - DHT ndi ma adilesi a IP a ma node omwe adalumikizana nawo m'mbuyomu, ophatikizidwa ndi mtunda kwa iwo. Pali magulu 256 oterowo (amafanana ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri lomwe limayikidwa patali - ndiye kuti, ma node patali kuchokera ku 0 mpaka 255 adzagwera m'gulu limodzi, kuyambira 256 mpaka 65535 - lotsatira, etc.). Mkati mwa gulu lirilonse, chiwerengero chochepa cha node "zabwino" chimasungidwa (molingana ndi ping kwa iwo).
Node iliyonse iyenera kuthandizira ntchito zingapo: kusunga mtengo wa kiyi, kufufuza mfundo и fufuzani makhalidwe. Kusaka ma node kumaphatikizapo kutulutsa, kutengera fungulo lomwe laperekedwa, ma node omwe ali pafupi kwambiri ndi tebulo lolowera; kuyang'ana mmwamba ndizofanana, kupatula pomwe node ikudziwa mtengo wa kiyi (ndiye imangobweza). Chifukwa chake, ngati node ikufuna kupeza mtengo ndi kiyi mu DHT, imatumiza zopempha kumagulu ochepa omwe ali pafupi ndi kiyi iyi kuchokera patebulo lake. Ngati mtengo wofunikira suli pakati pa mayankho awo, koma pali ma adilesi ena a node, ndiye pempholi likubwerezedwa kwa iwo.
TON DHT itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana, mwachitsanzo, kukhazikitsa mafayilo osungira ngati torrent (onani. TON yosungirako); kudziwa maadiresi a ma node omwe amayendetsa ntchito zina; kusunga zambiri za eni akaunti pa blockchain. Koma chofunikira kwambiri ndikupeza ma node ndi ma adilesi awo osamveka. Kuti muchite izi, adilesiyo imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati kiyi yomwe mtengo wake uyenera kupezeka. Chifukwa cha pempho, mwina node yokha ipezeka (ngati adilesi yomwe yafufuzidwa inali adilesi yake ya DHT yanthawi zonse), kapena mtengo wake udzakhala adilesi ya IP ndi doko lolumikizirana - kapena adilesi ina yomwe iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati adilesi. msewu wapakati.
Onetsani ma network ku TON
Protocol ya ADNL yomwe yafotokozedwa pamwambapa ikutanthauza kuthekera kwa ma node aliwonse kusinthanitsa zidziwitso wina ndi mnzake - ngakhale sichoncho mwanjira yoyenera. Titha kunena kuti chifukwa cha ADNL, node zonse zimapanga graph yapadziko lonse ya TON (yolumikizidwa bwino). Koma ndizothekanso kupanga maukonde ophatikizika - ma subgraphs mkati mwa graph iyi.
Mu network yotereyi, kuyanjana kumachitika mwachindunji - kudzera m'malumikizidwe opangidwa kale pakati pa ma node omwe akutenga nawo gawo pamaneti (kudzera njira za ADNL zomwe tafotokozazi). Mapangidwe a kulumikizana koteroko pakati pa oyandikana nawo, kufunafuna oyandikana nawo okha, ndi njira yodziwikiratu yomwe imafuna kusungitsa kulumikizana kwa netiweki yophatikizika ndikuchepetsa kuchedwa pakusinthanitsa kwa data momwemo.
Kuphatikiza apo, pali njira yogawira mwachangu zosintha zazikulu zowulutsa mkati mwa netiweki - zimagawika mzidutswa, kuwonjezeredwa ndi code yokonza zolakwika, ndipo zidutswa zonsezi zimatumizidwa kuchokera kwa wina kupita kwa wina. Chifukwa chake, wophunzirayo sayenera kupeza mokwanira magawo onse asanawatumize patsogolo pa netiweki.
Maukonde owonjezera amatha kukhala agulu kapena achinsinsi. Kukhala membala wapaintaneti sizovuta - muyenera kupeza mawonekedwe a TL omwe amafotokoza (atha kukhala pagulu kapena kufikika ndi kiyi inayake mu DHT). Pankhani ya intaneti yachinsinsi, dongosololi liyenera kudziwika ndi node pasadakhale.
Kuti apitirize
Ndinaganiza zogawa ndemanga ya TON m'nkhani zingapo. Apa ndi pamene gawo ili likuthera, ndipo Ndikupitiriza kuganizira za mapangidwe a blockchain (mochuluka, blockchains) omwe TON adzakhala nawo.
Source: www.habr.com
