Phunziro la lero tidzapereka makonzedwe a VLAN, ndiye kuti, tidzayesetsa kuchita zonse zomwe takambirana m'maphunziro apitalo. Tsopano tiwona mafunso atatu: kupanga VLAN, kupatsa madoko a VLAN, ndikuwona nkhokwe ya VLAN.
Tiyeni titsegule zenera la pulogalamu ya Cisco Packer tracer ndi malingaliro omveka a netiweki yathu yojambulidwa ndi ine.
Kusintha koyamba kwa SW0 kumalumikizidwa ndi makompyuta awiri PC2 ndi PC0, olumikizidwa mu netiweki ya VLAN1 yokhala ndi ma adilesi a IP a 10/192.168.10.0. Chifukwa chake, ma adilesi a IP amakompyuta awa adzakhala 24 ndi 192.168.10.1. Nthawi zambiri anthu amazindikira nambala ya VLAN ndi octet lachitatu la adilesi ya IP, kwa ife ndi 192.168.10.2, komabe izi sizoyenera kupanga maukonde, mutha kupatsa chizindikiritso chilichonse cha VLAN, komabe dongosololi limavomerezedwa m'makampani akuluakulu chifukwa. zimapangitsa kukhala kosavuta kukonza maukonde.
Chotsatira ndikusintha SW1, komwe kumalumikizidwa ndi netiweki ya VLAN20 ndi adilesi ya IP 192.168.20.0/24 yokhala ndi Malaputopu awiri Laptop1 ndi Laptop2.
VLAN10 ili pa 1st floor ya ofesi ya kampani ndipo imayimira maukonde oyang'anira malonda. Laptop0 ya msika, yomwe ndi ya VLAN0, imalumikizidwa ndi switch yomweyi SW20. Maukondewa amafikira kuchipinda cha 2, komwe kuli antchito ena, ndipo amalumikizidwa ndi dipatimenti yogulitsa, yomwe ingakhale munyumba ina kapena pa 3 pansi paofesi yomweyo. Palinso makompyuta ena atatu omwe aikidwa pano - PC3 ndi 2,3, omwe ali mbali ya VLAN4 network.
VLAN10, monga VLAN20, iyenera kupereka kulumikizana kosalekeza kwa ogwira ntchito onse, mosasamala kanthu kuti ali pansanjika zosiyanasiyana kapena mnyumba zosiyanasiyana. Ili ndiye lingaliro la maukonde lomwe tiwona lero.
Tiyeni tiyambe kuyikhazikitsa ndikuyamba ndi PC0. Mwa kuwonekera pachizindikirocho, tidzalowetsa zoikamo za netiweki pakompyuta ndikulowetsa adilesi ya IP 192.168.10.1 ndi subnet mask 255.255.255.0. Sindikulowetsa adilesi yolowera pachipata chifukwa ndikofunikira kuti tichoke pa netiweki yam'deralo kupita ku ina, ndipo kwa ife sitingagwirizane ndi zoikamo za OSI 3, timangokonda gawo la 2, ndipo sitiganizira. mayendedwe amagalimoto kupita ku neti ina.
Tikonza intranet ndi okhawo omwe ali mbali yake. Kenako tipita ku PC2 ndikuchita zomwezo zomwe tidachita pa PC yoyamba. Tsopano tiyeni tiwone ngati ndingathe kuyimba PC1 kuchokera ku PC0. Monga mukuwonera, ping imadutsa, ndipo kompyuta yokhala ndi adilesi ya IP 192.168.10.2 imabwezeretsa mapaketi molimba mtima. Chifukwa chake, takhazikitsa bwino kulumikizana pakati pa PC0 ndi PC1 kudzera pa switch.
Kuti timvetse chifukwa chake tapambana, tiyeni tipite ku zoikamo zosinthira ndikuyang'ana pa tebulo la VLAN.
Mwaukadaulo, chosinthira ichi chili ndi ma VLAN 5: VLAN1 mwachisawawa, komanso 1002,1003,1004 ndi 1005. Mukayang'ana maukonde omaliza a 4, mutha kuwona kuti sakuthandizidwa ndipo amalembedwa kuti alibe. Awa ndi maukonde aukadaulo akale - fddi, fddinet, trnet. Sizikugwiritsidwa ntchito pano, koma malinga ndi zofunikira zaukadaulo zimaphatikizidwabe mu zida zatsopano. Chifukwa chake, m'malo mwake, kusintha kwathu kumakhala ndi netiweki imodzi yokha - VLAN1, kotero madoko onse a Cisco akusintha m'bokosi amapangidwira maukonde awa. Awa ndi madoko 24 a Fast Ethernet ndi ma doko awiri a Gigabit Ethernet. Izi zimapangitsa kuyanjana kwa masiwichi atsopano kukhala kosavuta, chifukwa mwachisawawa onse ndi gawo la VLAN2 yomweyo.
Tiyenera kugawanso madoko omwe amakonzedwa mosasintha kuti azigwira ntchito ndi VLAN1 kuti agwire ntchito ndi VLAN10. Packet Tracer ikuwonetsa kuti kwa ife awa ndi madoko Fa0 ndi Fa0/2.
Tiyeni tibwerere kuti tisinthe SW0 ndikukonza madoko awiriwa. Kuti ndichite izi, ndimagwiritsa ntchito lamulo la configure terminal kuti ndilowe mumayendedwe apadziko lonse lapansi, ndikulowetsa lamulo lokonzekera mawonekedwewa - int fastEthernet 0/1. Ndiyenera kukhazikitsa dokoli kuti lizigwira ntchito chifukwa ndilolowera ndipo ndikugwiritsa ntchito lamulo la switchport mode access.
Dokoli limapangidwa ngati doko lolowera, koma ndikalumikiza kusintha kwina, pogwiritsa ntchito protocol ya DTP imasinthira kumayendedwe athunthu. Mwachikhazikitso, doko ili ndi la VLAN1, kotero ndikufunika kugwiritsa ntchito lamulo la switchport access vlan 10. Pankhaniyi, dongosololi lidzatipatsa uthenga woti VLAN10 kulibe ndipo iyenera kulengedwa. Ngati mukukumbukira, mu database ya VLAN tili ndi netiweki imodzi yokha - VLAN1, ndipo palibe netiweki ya VLAN10 pamenepo. Koma tidapempha chosinthira kuti chipereke mwayi wopita ku VLAN10, ndiye tidalandira uthenga wolakwika.
Chifukwa chake, tifunika kupanga VLAN10 ndikugawa doko lofikirako. Pambuyo pake, ngati mupita ku database ya VLAN, mutha kuwona VLAN0010 yomwe idangopangidwa kumene, yomwe ili yogwira ntchito komanso yomwe ili ndi doko Fa0/1.
Sitinapange kusintha kulikonse pakompyuta, koma tidangokonza malo osinthira pomwe idalumikizidwa. Tsopano tiyeni tiyese ping adilesi ya IP 192.168.10.2, yomwe tidachita bwino mphindi zingapo zapitazo. Tinalephera chifukwa doko PC0 yolumikizidwa tsopano ili pa VLAN10, ndipo doko PC1 yolumikizidwa ikadali pa VLAN1, ndipo palibe kulumikizana pakati pa maukonde awiriwa. Kuti mukhazikitse kulumikizana pakati pa makompyuta awa, muyenera kukonza madoko onse kuti agwire ntchito ndi VLAN10. Ndimalowetsanso masinthidwe apadziko lonse lapansi ndikuchitanso chimodzimodzi pa switchport f0/2.
Tiyeni tionenso pa tebulo la VLAN. Tsopano tikuwona kuti VLAN10 idakhazikitsidwa pamadoko Fa0/1 ndi Fa0/2. Monga tikuonera, tsopano ping yapambana, chifukwa madoko onse a SW0 switch omwe zida zimalumikizidwa ndi netiweki yomweyo. Tiyeni tiyese kusintha dzina la netiweki kuti tiwonetse cholinga chake. Ngati tikufuna kusintha VLAN, tiyenera kupita kasinthidwe maukonde.
Kuti ndichite izi, ndikulemba vlan 10 ndipo mutha kuwona kuti lamulo lachidziwitso lasintha kuchokera ku Switch (config) # to Switch (config-vlan) #. Ngati tilowetsa funso, dongosololi litiwonetsa malamulo atatu okha: kutuluka, dzina ndi ayi. Ndikhoza kupatsa dzina pa intaneti pogwiritsa ntchito dzina la lamulo, kubwezera malamulowo kumalo awo osasintha mwa kulemba ayi, kapena kusunga zosintha zanga pogwiritsa ntchito lamulo lotuluka. Chifukwa chake ndikulowetsa dzina la malamulo SLES ndikutuluka.
Ngati muyang'ana pa database ya VLAN, mukhoza kuonetsetsa kuti malamulo athu achitidwa ndipo VLAN10 yakale tsopano imatchedwa SALES - dipatimenti yogulitsa. Chifukwa chake, tidalumikiza makompyuta awiri muofesi yathu ndi netiweki yopangidwa ndi dipatimenti yogulitsa. Tsopano tikufunika kupanga network ya dipatimenti yotsatsa. Kuti mulumikizane ndi laputopu ya Laptop2 ku netiweki iyi, muyenera kulowa zoikamo zake za netiweki ndikulowetsa adilesi ya IP 0 ndi subnet mask 192.168.20.1; sitifunika chipata chosasinthika. Kenako muyenera kubwerera ku zosintha zosinthira, lowetsani zoikamo za doko ndi int fa255.255.255.0/0 lamulo ndikulowetsani lamulo lofikira la switchport. Lamulo lotsatira lidzakhala switchport access vlan 3.
Timalandilanso uthenga woti VLAN yotereyi kulibe ndipo iyenera kupangidwa. Mutha kupita njira ina - ndituluka Kusintha kwa doko (config-ngati), pitani ku Sinthani (config) ndikulowetsa vlan 20 lamulo, potero ndikupanga netiweki ya VLAN20. Ndiko kuti, mutha kupanga netiweki ya VLAN20 kaye, kuyipatsa dzina lakuti MARKETING, sungani zosinthazo ndi lamulo lotuluka, kenako sinthani doko lake.
Mukalowa mu database ya VLAN ndi lamulo la sh vlan, mutha kuwona netiweki ya MARKETING yomwe tidapanga ndi doko lofananira Fa0/3. Sindingathe kuyimba makompyuta kuchokera pa laputopu iyi pazifukwa ziwiri: tili ndi ma VLAN osiyanasiyana ndipo zida zathu zili ndi ma subnets osiyanasiyana. Popeza iwo ali a VLANs osiyana, lophimba adzagwetsa mapaketi laputopu kwa maukonde wina chifukwa alibe doko kuti ndi VLAN20.
Monga ndanenera, kampaniyo ikukula, ofesi yaing'ono pansi sikokwanira, kotero imayika dipatimenti yogulitsa malonda pa 2nd floor ya nyumbayo, imayika makompyuta kumeneko kwa antchito a 2 ndipo ikufuna kuyankhulana ndi dipatimenti yotsatsa malonda. pansi woyamba. Kuti muchite izi, choyamba muyenera kupanga thunthu pakati pa masiwichi awiri - doko Fa0/4 la switch yoyamba ndi doko Fa0/1 la switch yachiwiri. Kuti ndichite izi, ndimapita ku zoikamo za SW0 ndikulowetsa malamulo int f0/4 ndi thunthu la switchport mode.
Pali switchport trunk enc encapsulation command, koma siigwiritsidwa ntchito muzosintha zatsopano chifukwa mwachisawawa amagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa 802.1q encapsulation. Komabe, zitsanzo zakale za kusintha kwa Cisco zinagwiritsa ntchito protocol ya ISL, yomwe siinagwiritsidwenso ntchito, popeza masinthidwe onse tsopano akumvetsa .1Q protocol. Mwanjira iyi simufunikanso kugwiritsa ntchito switchport trunk enc command.
Ngati mupita ku database ya VLAN, mutha kuwona kuti doko Fa0/4 lasowa. Izi ndichifukwa choti tebulo ili limangolemba madoko omwe ali a VLAN inayake. Kuti muwone madoko a thunthu la switch, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito lamulo la sh int trunk.
Pazenera la mzere wa lamulo, tikuwona kuti doko Fa0 / 4 imayatsidwa, imalowa pa protocol ya 802.1q, ndipo ndi ya mbadwa ya vlan 1. Monga tikudziwira, ngati doko la thunthu limalandira magalimoto osatchulidwa, limangotumiza ku vlan wamba. 1 network. Mu phunziro lotsatira tidzakambirana za kukhazikitsa native vlan, pakali pano ingokumbukirani momwe makonda a thunthu amawonekera pa chipangizo chopatsidwa.
Tsopano ndikupita ku chosinthira chachiwiri SW1, lowetsani int f0/1 zoikamo ndikubwereza kukhazikitsidwa kwa doko lofanana ndi lakale. Madoko awiri a Fa0/2 ndi Fa0/3, pomwe ma laputopu a ogwira ntchito ku dipatimenti yotsatsa amalumikizidwa, ayenera kukhazikitsidwa mwanjira yolowera ndikupatsidwa netiweki ya VLAN20.
M'mbuyomu, tidakonza doko lililonse la chosinthira payekhapayekha, ndipo tsopano ndikufuna kukuwonetsani momwe mungafulumizire njirayi pogwiritsa ntchito template ya mzere wa malamulo. Mutha kuyika lamulo kuti mukhazikitse mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana amtundu wa f0/2-3, zomwe zipangitsa kuti mzere wolamula ukhale Switch (config-if-range)#, ndipo mutha kulowa nawo gawo lomwelo kapena kugwiritsa ntchito lamulo lomwelo. ku madoko osiyanasiyana, mwachitsanzo, nthawi imodzi pamadoko 20.
Muchitsanzo cham'mbuyomo, tidagwiritsa ntchito njira yofananira yosinthira ndikusintha ma switchport vlan 10 kulamula kangapo pamadoko angapo. Malamulowa amatha kulowetsedwa kamodzi ngati mugwiritsa ntchito madoko osiyanasiyana. Tsopano ndilowetsa njira yofikira ndi switchport access vlan 20 malamulo pamadoko osankhidwa.
Popeza VLAN20 kulibe, dongosolo adzalenga izo basi. Ndimalemba kutuluka kuti ndisunge zosintha zanga ndikufunsa kuti muwone tebulo la VLAN. Monga mukuwonera, madoko a Fa0/2 ndi Fa0/3 tsopano ndi gawo la VLAN20 yomwe yangopangidwa kumene.
Tsopano ndikonza ma adilesi a IP a laputopu pachipinda chachiwiri cha ofesi yathu: Laptop1 ilandila adilesi ya 192.168.20.2 ndi subnet mask ya 255.255.255.0, ndipo Laptop2 ilandila adilesi ya IP ya 192.168.20.3. Tiyeni tiwone momwe maukonde amagwirira ntchito poyimba laputopu yoyamba kuchokera yachiwiri. Monga mukuonera, ping ndi yopambana chifukwa zipangizo zonsezi ndi mbali ya VLAN yomweyi ndipo imagwirizanitsidwa ndi kusintha komweko.
Komabe, ma laputopu a dipatimenti yotsatsa pazipinda zoyamba ndi zachiwiri amalumikizidwa ndi masiwichi osiyanasiyana, ngakhale ali pa VLAN yomweyo. Tiyeni tiwone momwe kulumikizana pakati pawo kumatsimikizidwira. Kuti ndichite izi, ndikuyimbira laputopu pamalo oyamba ndi IP adilesi 2 kuchokera pa Laptop192.168.20.1. Monga mukuonera, chirichonse chimagwira ntchito popanda mavuto ngakhale kuti Malaputopu olumikizidwa ndi masiwichi osiyana. Kulankhulana kumachitika chifukwa chakuti masiwichi onsewa amalumikizidwa ndi thunthu.
Kodi ndingakhazikitse kulumikizana pakati pa Laptop2 ndi PC0? Ayi, sindingathe, chifukwa ndi a VLAN zosiyanasiyana. Tsopano tikonza makina apakompyuta a PC2,3,4, omwe titha kupanga thunthu pakati pa chosinthira chachiwiri Fa0/4 ndi chosinthira chachitatu Fa0/1.
Ndimalowa m'makonzedwe a SW1 ndikulemba lamulo la config t, kenako ndikuyitana int f0/4, kenaka lowetsani thunthu la switchport ndikutuluka. Ine sintha lachitatu lophimba SW2 chimodzimodzi. Tinapanga thunthu, ndipo mutha kuwona kuti zosintha zitayamba kugwira ntchito, mtundu wa madokowo unasintha kuchokera ku lalanje kupita ku wobiriwira. Tsopano muyenera kukonza madoko Fa0/2,0/3,0/4, pomwe makompyuta a dipatimenti yogulitsa omwe ali mu netiweki ya VLAN10 amalumikizidwa. Kuti ndichite izi, ndikupita ku zoikamo za SW2 switch, sankhani mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya madoko f0 / 2-4 ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira yolumikizira ma switchport ndi ma switchport kulowa vlan 10. Popeza palibe netiweki ya VLAN10 pamadoko awa. amapangidwa basi ndi dongosolo. Mukayang'ana database ya VLAN ya switch iyi, mutha kuwona kuti tsopano madoko Fa0/2,0/3,0/4 ndi a VLAN10.
Zitatha izi, muyenera sintha maukonde aliyense 3 makompyuta mwa kulowa IP maadiresi ndi subnet masks. PC2 imalandira adilesi 192.168.10.3, PC3 imalandira adilesi 192.168.10.4, ndipo PC4 imalandira adilesi ya IP 192.168.10.5.
Kuti tiyankhe funso ngati intaneti yathu ikugwira ntchito, tiyeni tiyimbe PC0 pansanjika yoyamba kuchokera ku PC4, yomwe ili pamtunda wa 3 kapena m'nyumba ina. Pinging inalephera, kotero tiyeni tiyese kupeza chifukwa chake sitinathe kutero.
Titayesa kuyimba Laptop0 kuchokera pa Laptop2, zonse zidayenda bwino, ngakhale kuti ma laputopu anali olumikizidwa ndi masiwichi osiyanasiyana. Nchifukwa chiyani tsopano, pamene makompyuta athu a dipatimenti yogulitsa malonda amalumikizidwa ndendende ndi masiwichi osiyanasiyana olumikizidwa ndi thunthu, ping sigwira ntchito? Kuti mumvetsetse chomwe chimayambitsa vutoli, muyenera kukumbukira momwe kusinthaku kumagwirira ntchito.
Tikatumiza paketi kuchokera ku PC4 kuti tisinthe SW2, imawona kuti paketiyo ikufika padoko Fa0/4. Kusinthaku kumayang'ana nkhokwe yake ndikupeza kuti doko Fa0/4 ndi la VLAN10. Pambuyo pake, chosinthira chimayika chimango ndi nambala ya netiweki, ndiye kuti, imayika mutu wa VLAN10 ku paketi yamagalimoto, ndikuitumiza pamtengo kupita ku switch yachiwiri SW1. Kusinthaku "kuwerenga" mutuwo ndikuwona kuti paketiyo ikupita ku VLAN10, imayang'ana mu database yake ya VLAN ndipo, popeza kuti palibe VLAN10 pamenepo, imataya paketi. Choncho, zipangizo PC2,3 ndi 4 akhoza kulankhulana wina ndi mzake popanda mavuto, koma kuyesa kukhazikitsa kulankhulana ndi makompyuta PC0 ndi PC1 amalephera chifukwa lophimba SW1 sadziwa kanthu za maukonde VLAN10.
Titha kukonza vutoli mosavuta popita ku zoikamo za SW1, kupanga VLAN10 pogwiritsa ntchito vlan 10 lamulo ndikuyika dzina lake MARKETING. Tiyeni tiyese kubwereza ping - mukuwona kuti mapaketi atatu oyambirira amatayidwa, ndipo wachinayi ndi wopambana. Izi zikufotokozedwa ndi mfundo yakuti kusintha koyamba kunayang'ana ma adilesi a IP ndikuzindikira ma adilesi a MAC, izi zidatenga nthawi, kotero mapaketi atatu oyamba adatayidwa ndi nthawi. Tsopano kugwirizana kwakhazikitsidwa chifukwa chosinthira chasintha tebulo lake la adilesi ya MAC ndipo ikutumiza mapaketi mwachindunji ku adilesi yofunikira.
Zomwe ndidachita kuti ndikonze vutoli ndikulowa pazosintha zapakatikati ndikupanga netiweki ya VLAN10 pamenepo. Chifukwa chake, ngakhale ma netiwekiwo sakukhudzana mwachindunji ndi chosinthira, amafunikabe kudziwa za maukonde onse omwe akukhudzidwa ndi maukonde. Komabe, ngati maukonde anu ali ndi masiwichi zana, simungathe kulowa muzokonda za aliyense ndikukhazikitsa ma ID a VLAN. Ndicho chifukwa chake timagwiritsa ntchito protocol ya VTP, kasinthidwe kamene tidzayang'ana mu phunziro lotsatira la kanema.
Chifukwa chake, lero tafotokoza zonse zomwe tidakonza: momwe mungapangire ma VLAN, momwe mungagawire madoko a VLAN, komanso momwe mungawonere database ya VLAN. Kuti tipange maukonde, timalowetsa masinthidwe osintha padziko lonse lapansi ndikugwiritsa ntchito vlan <nambala> lamulo, titha kuyikanso dzina pamaneti opangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito dzina <name> lamulo.
Titha kupanganso VLAN njira ina polowa mawonekedwe a mawonekedwe ndikugwiritsa ntchito switchport access vlan <number> command. Ngati palibe netiweki yokhala ndi nambala iyi, idzapangidwa yokha ndi dongosolo. Kumbukirani kugwiritsa ntchito lamulo lotuluka mutasintha zosintha zoyambira, apo ayi sizingasungidwe mu database ya VLAN. Mutha kupatsa madoko ku ma VLAN enieni pogwiritsa ntchito malamulo oyenera.
Lamulo la switchport mode access control limasintha mawonekedwe kuti akhale osasunthika, kenako nambala ya VLAN yofananira imaperekedwa padoko ndi switchport access vlan <number> command. Kuti muwone nkhokwe ya VLAN, gwiritsani ntchito chiwonetsero cha vlan lamulo, chomwe chiyenera kulowetsedwa mumayendedwe a EXEC. Kuti muwone mndandanda wamadoko a trunk, gwiritsani ntchito show int trunk command.
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Source: www.habr.com