Lero tiyamba kuphunzira ma routers. Ngati mwamaliza maphunziro anga a kanema kuyambira phunziro loyamba mpaka la 17, ndiye kuti mwaphunzira kale zoyambira zosinthira. Tsopano tikupita ku chipangizo chotsatira - rauta. Monga mukudziwira kuchokera ku phunziro lapitalo la kanema, imodzi mwamitu ya maphunziro a CCNA imatchedwa Cisco Switching & Routing.
M'ndandandawu, sitiphunzira ma routers a Cisco, koma tiwona lingaliro la njira zonse. Tikhala ndi mitu itatu. Choyamba ndikuwunikira zomwe mukudziwa kale za ma routers ndi kukambirana momwe zingagwiritsire ntchito molumikizana ndi chidziwitso chomwe mudapeza pophunzira ma switch. Tiyenera kumvetsetsa momwe ma switch ndi ma routers amagwirira ntchito limodzi.
Kenako, tiwona momwe mayendedwe ndi, tanthauzo lake, ndi momwe amagwirira ntchito, ndiyeno tipitilira mitundu ya ma protocol. Lero ndikugwiritsa ntchito topology yomwe mudayiwona kale m'maphunziro am'mbuyomu.
Tinayang'ana momwe deta imayendera pa intaneti komanso momwe kugwirana chanza kwa njira zitatu za TCP kumachitikira. Uthenga woyamba kutumizidwa pa netiweki ndi paketi ya SYN. Tiyeni tiwone momwe kugwirana chanza kwanjira zitatu kumachitika pamene kompyuta yokhala ndi adilesi ya IP 10.1.1.10 ikufuna kulumikizana ndi seva 30.1.1.10, ndiko kuti, ikuyesera kukhazikitsa kulumikizana kwa FTP.
Kuti muyambe kugwirizana, kompyuta imapanga doko lochokera ndi nambala yachisawawa 25113. Ngati mwaiwala momwe izi zimachitikira, ndikukulangizani kuti muyang'anenso mavidiyo apitawo omwe adakambirana nkhaniyi.
Kenako, imayika nambala yolowera padoko chifukwa ikudziwa kuti iyenera kulumikizana ndi doko 21, kenako imawonjezera chidziwitso cha OSI Layer 3, chomwe ndi adilesi yake ya IP ndi adilesi ya IP. Zomwe zili ndi madontho sizisintha mpaka zitafika kumapeto. Atafika pa seva, nawonso sasintha, koma seva imawonjezera chidziwitso chachiwiri pa chimango, ndiye kuti, adilesi ya MAC. Izi ndichifukwa choti masiwichi amangowona chidziwitso cha OSI level 2. Munthawi imeneyi, rauta ndiye chida chokhacho cha netiweki chomwe chimaganizira zambiri za Layer 3; mwachilengedwe, kompyuta imagwiranso ntchito ndi izi. Kotero, kusinthaku kumagwira ntchito kokha ndi chidziwitso cha XNUMX, ndipo router imagwira ntchito ndi chidziwitso cha XNUMX.
Kusinthaku kumadziwa komwe adilesi ya MAC XXXX:XXXX:1111 ikufuna ndipo ikufuna kudziwa adilesi ya MAC ya seva yomwe kompyuta ikupeza. Imafananitsa magwero a IP adilesi ndi adilesi yopita, imazindikira kuti zidazi zili pamagulu osiyanasiyana, ndikusankha kugwiritsa ntchito chipata kuti mufikire subnet ina.
Nthawi zambiri ndimafunsidwa funso loti ndani angasankhe kuti adilesi ya IP yachipata ikhale yanji. Choyamba, zimasankhidwa ndi woyang'anira maukonde, yemwe amapanga maukonde ndikupereka adilesi ya IP ku chipangizo chilichonse. Monga woyang'anira, mutha kupatsa rauta yanu adilesi iliyonse mkati mwa ma adilesi ololedwa pa subnet yanu.Izi ndi adilesi yoyamba kapena yomaliza yovomerezeka, koma palibe malamulo okhwima okhudza kugawa. Kwa ife, woyang'anira adapereka adilesi yachipata, kapena rauta, 10.1.1.1 ndikuipereka ku doko F0/0.
Mukakhazikitsa netiweki pakompyuta yokhala ndi adilesi ya IP yokhazikika ya 10.1.1.10, mumapereka chigoba cha subnet cha 255.255.255.0 ndi chipata chokhazikika cha 10.1.1.1. Ngati simukugwiritsa ntchito adilesi yokhazikika, ndiye kuti kompyuta yanu ikugwiritsa ntchito DHCP, yomwe imapereka adilesi yosinthika. Kaya makompyuta amagwiritsa ntchito adilesi ya IP, yosasunthika kapena yosunthika, iyenera kukhala ndi adilesi yolowera kuti ipeze netiweki ina.
Choncho, kompyuta 10.1.1.10 amadziwa kuti ayenera kutumiza chimango kwa rauta 10.1.1.1. Kusinthaku kumachitika mkati mwa netiweki yakomweko, pomwe adilesi ya IP ilibe kanthu, adilesi ya MAC yokha ndiyofunikira pano. Tiyerekeze kuti kompyuta sinalankhulepo ndi rauta kale ndipo sadziwa adilesi yake ya MAC, chifukwa chake iyenera kutumiza pempho la ARP lomwe limafunsa zida zonse pa subnet: "Hey, ndani mwa inu ali ndi adilesi 10.1.1.1? Chonde ndiuzeni adilesi yanu ya MAC! Popeza ARP ndi uthenga wowulutsa, umatumizidwa ku madoko onse a zida zonse, kuphatikiza rauta.
Kompyuta 10.1.1.12, italandira ARP, ikuganiza kuti: "ayi, adilesi yanga si 10.1.1.1," ndipo imataya pempho; kompyuta 10.1.1.13 imachita chimodzimodzi. Router, atalandira pempholi, akumvetsa kuti ndi iye amene akufunsidwa, ndikutumiza adilesi ya MAC ya doko F0/0 - ndipo madoko onse ali ndi adilesi yosiyana ya MAC - ku kompyuta 10.1.1.10. Tsopano, podziwa adilesi yachipata XXXX:AAAA, yomwe pakadali pano ndi adilesi yopita, kompyuta imawonjezera kumapeto kwa chimango chotumizidwa ku seva. Nthawi yomweyo, imayika mutu wa chimango wa FCS/CRC, womwe ndi njira yowunikira zolakwika.
Pambuyo pake, chimango cha kompyuta 10.1.1.10 chimatumizidwa pa mawaya kupita ku rauta 10.1.1.1. Pambuyo polandira chimango, rauta imachotsa FCS/CRC pogwiritsa ntchito algorithm yofanana ndi kompyuta kuti itsimikizire. Deta sichake koma kusonkhanitsa pamodzi ndi ziro. Ngati deta yawonongeka, ndiye kuti, 1 imakhala 0 kapena 0 imakhala imodzi, kapena pali kutayikira kwa deta, komwe nthawi zambiri kumachitika pogwiritsa ntchito hub, ndiye kuti chipangizocho chiyenera kubwezeretsanso chimango.
Ngati cheke cha FCS/CRC chikuyenda bwino, rauta imayang'ana magwero ndi maadiresi a MAC ndikuwachotsa, popeza iyi ndi chidziwitso cha Layer 2, ndikusunthira ku thupi la chimango, lomwe lili ndi chidziwitso cha Gawo 3. Kuchokera pamenepo amaphunzira kuti chidziwitso chomwe chili mu chimango chimapangidwira chipangizo chokhala ndi adilesi ya IP 30.1.1.10.
Router mwanjira ina imadziwa komwe chipangizochi chili. Sitinakambirane nkhaniyi tikayang'ana momwe ma switch amagwirira ntchito, ndiye tiwona tsopano. Router ili ndi madoko 4, kotero ndidawonjezera maulalo ena angapo kwa iyo. Kotero, rauta imadziwa bwanji kuti deta ya chipangizo chokhala ndi adilesi ya IP 30.1.1.10 iyenera kutumizidwa kudzera pa doko F0/1? Chifukwa chiyani sichiwatumiza kudzera padoko F0/3 kapena F0/2?
Chowonadi ndi chakuti rauta imagwira ntchito ndi tebulo lamayendedwe. Router iliyonse ili ndi tebulo lotere lomwe limakupatsani mwayi wosankha kuti mutumize chimango chamtundu wanji.
Pankhaniyi, doko F0/0 kusinthidwa IP adiresi 10.1.1.1 ndipo izi zikutanthauza kuti olumikizidwa kwa netiweki 10.1.1.10/24. Mofananamo, doko F0/1 kukhazikitsidwa kwa adiresi 20.1.1.1, ndiko kuti, olumikizidwa kwa netiweki 20.1.1.0/24. Router imadziwa maukonde onsewa chifukwa amalumikizana mwachindunji ndi madoko ake. Choncho, uthenga kuti magalimoto kwa maukonde 10.1.10/24 ayenera kudutsa doko F0/0, ndi maukonde 20.1.1.0/24 kudzera doko F0/1, amadziwika ndi kusakhulupirika. Kodi rauta imadziwa bwanji kuti ndi madoko oti azigwira ntchito ndi maukonde ena?
Tikuwona kuti maukonde 40.1.1.0/24 chikugwirizana ndi doko F0/2, maukonde 50.1.1.0/24 chikugwirizana doko F0/3, ndi maukonde 30.1.1.0/24 zikugwirizana rauta yachiwiri kwa seva. Router yachiwiri imakhalanso ndi tebulo loyendetsa, lomwe limati network 30. imagwirizanitsidwa ndi doko lake, tiyeni tiwonetsere 0/1, ndipo imagwirizanitsidwa ndi router yoyamba kudzera pa doko 0/0. Routa iyi ikudziwa kuti doko lake 0/0 lilumikizidwa ndi netiweki 20., ndipo doko 0/1 limalumikizidwa ndi netiweki 30., ndipo sadziwa china chilichonse.
Momwemonso, rauta yoyamba imadziwa za maukonde 40. ndi 50. olumikizidwa ku madoko 0/2 ndi 0/3, koma samadziwa chilichonse chokhudza netiweki 30. Protocol yoyendetsera imapereka chidziwitso chomwe alibe mwachisawawa. Njira yomwe ma routers amalankhulirana wina ndi mzake ndiyo maziko a njira, ndipo pali njira yokhazikika komanso yosasunthika.
Mayendedwe osasunthika ndikuti rauta yoyamba imapatsidwa zambiri: ngati mukufuna kulumikizana ndi netiweki 30.1.1.0/24, ndiye kuti muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito doko F0/1. Komabe, pamene rauta yachiwiri imalandira magalimoto kuchokera ku seva yomwe imapangidwira kompyuta 10.1.1.10, sadziwa choti achite nayo, chifukwa tebulo lake loyendetsa lili ndi zambiri zokhudza maukonde 30. ndi 20. Choncho, rauta iyi ikufunikanso. kulembetsa static routing : Ngati ilandila traffic pa network 10., iyenera kutumiza kudzera padoko 0/0.
Vuto la mayendedwe osasunthika ndikuti ndiyenera kukonza pamanja rauta yoyamba kuti ndigwire ntchito ndi netiweki 30. ndi rauta yachiwiri kuti igwire ntchito ndi netiweki 10. Izi ndizosavuta ngati ndili ndi ma router 2 okha, koma ndikakhala ndi ma router 10, ndikukhazikitsa. static routing imatenga nthawi yambiri. Pankhaniyi, ndizomveka kugwiritsa ntchito njira zosinthira.
Chifukwa chake, atalandira chimango kuchokera pakompyuta, rauta yoyamba imayang'ana tebulo lake ndikusankha kutumiza kudzera padoko F0/1. Pa nthawi yomweyo, imawonjezera gwero la MAC adilesi XXXX.BBBB ndi kopita MAC adilesi XXXX.CCSS ku chimango.
Atalandira chimango ichi, rauta yachiwiri "idula" ma adilesi a MAC okhudzana ndi gawo lachiwiri la OSI ndikusunthira ku chidziwitso chachitatu. Amawona kuti adilesi ya IP yopita 3 ndi ya netiweki yofanana ndi doko 30.1.1.10/0 la rauta, imawonjezera adilesi ya MAC yochokera ndi adilesi yopita ya MAC ku chimango ndikutumiza chimango ku seva.
Monga ndanenera kale, ndondomeko yofananayi ikubwerezedwa mosiyana, ndiko kuti, gawo lachiwiri la kugwirana chanza likuchitika, momwe seva imatumizanso uthenga wa SYN ACK. Isanachite izi, imataya zidziwitso zonse zosafunikira ndikusiya paketi ya SYN yokha.
Atalandira paketi iyi, rauta yachiwiri imayang'ana zomwe adalandira, ndikuwonjezera ndikuzitumiza.
Chifukwa chake, m'maphunziro am'mbuyomu taphunzira momwe chosinthira chimagwirira ntchito, ndipo tsopano taphunzira momwe ma routers amagwirira ntchito. Tiyeni tiyankhe funso loti mayendedwe ndi chiyani padziko lonse lapansi. Tiyerekeze kuti mwapeza chikwangwani choterechi chomwe chaikidwa mβmphambano zozungulira. Mutha kuwona kuti nthambi yoyamba imatsogolera ku RAF Fairfax, yachiwiri ku eyapoti, yachitatu kumwera. Mukatenga njira yachinayi mudzakhala kumapeto, koma chachisanu mutha kuyendetsa pakati pa tawuni kupita ku Braxby Castle.
Nthawi zambiri, mayendedwe ndi omwe amakakamiza rauta kupanga zisankho za komwe angatumize magalimoto. Pamenepa, inu, monga dalaivala, muyenera kusankha njira yotuluka pamphambano yomwe mungatenge. Pamanetiweki, ma routers amayenera kupanga zisankho za komwe angatumize mapaketi kapena mafelemu. Muyenera kumvetsetsa kuti mayendedwe amakulolani kuti mupange matebulo kutengera zomwe ma routers amapanga zisankho izi.
Monga ndanenera, pali njira yokhazikika komanso yokhazikika. Tiyeni tiwone njira zokhazikika, zomwe ndijambula zida zitatu zolumikizidwa wina ndi mzake, ndi chipangizo choyamba ndi chachitatu cholumikizidwa ndi maukonde. Tiyerekeze kuti maukonde amodzi 3 akufuna kulumikizana ndi maukonde 10.1.1.0, ndipo pakati pa ma routers pali maukonde 40.1.1.0 ndi 20.1.1.0.
Pankhaniyi, madoko a rauta ayenera kukhala amitundu yosiyanasiyana. Router 1 mwachisawawa amangodziwa za maukonde 10. ndi 20. ndipo sadziwa kanthu za maukonde ena. Router 2 amangodziwa za maukonde 20. ndi 30. chifukwa iwo olumikizidwa kwa izo, ndipo rauta 3 amangodziwa za maukonde 30. ndi 40. Ngati netiweki 10. akufuna kukhudzana netiweki 40., Ndiyenera kuuza rauta 1 za netiweki 30. ndi kuti ngati akufuna kusamutsa chimango ku netiweki 40., ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe a netiweki 20. ndi kutumiza chimango pa netiweki yomweyo 20.
Ndiyenera kupereka 2 njira kwa rauta yachiwiri: ngati akufuna kufalitsa paketi kuchokera maukonde 40. maukonde 10., ndiye ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito maukonde doko 20., ndi kupatsira paketi kuchokera maukonde 10. kuti maukonde 40. - maukonde doko 30. Mofananamo, ndiyenera kupereka router 3 zambiri zokhudza maukonde 10. ndi 20.
Ngati muli ndi maukonde ang'onoang'ono, ndiye kuti kukhazikitsa static routing ndikosavuta. Komabe, ma netiweki akamakulirakulira, m'pamenenso amakumana ndi zovuta zambiri. Tiyerekeze kuti mwapanga kulumikizana kwatsopano komwe kumalumikiza ma routers oyamba ndi achitatu. Pankhaniyi, njira yosinthira yosinthira imangosintha tebulo la Router 1 ndi izi: "ngati mukufuna kulumikizana ndi Router 3, gwiritsani ntchito njira yolunjika"!
Pali mitundu iwiri ya ma protocol: Internal Gateway Protocol IGP ndi External Gateway Protocol EGP. Protocol yoyamba imagwira ntchito payokha, yodziyimira payokha yomwe imadziwika kuti routing domain. Tangoganizani kuti muli ndi gulu laling'ono lomwe lili ndi ma router 5 okha. Ngati tikukamba za kugwirizana pakati pa ma routers, ndiye kuti tikutanthauza IGP, koma ngati mumagwiritsa ntchito intaneti yanu kuti mulankhule ndi intaneti, monga momwe operekera ISP amachitira, ndiye kuti mumagwiritsa ntchito EGP.
IGP imagwiritsa ntchito ma protocol atatu otchuka: RIP, OSPF ndi EIGRP. Maphunziro a CCNA amangotchula ma protocol awiri omaliza chifukwa RIP ndi yachikale. Iyi ndiyo njira yosavuta kwambiri yoyendetsera njira ndipo imagwiritsidwabe ntchito nthawi zina, koma sichipereka chitetezo chofunikira pa intaneti. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwazifukwa zomwe Cisco idachotsa RIP pamaphunzirowa. Komabe, ndikuuzeni za izi chifukwa kuphunzira kumakuthandizani kumvetsetsa zoyambira zamaulendo.
Gulu la protocol la EGP limagwiritsa ntchito ma protocol awiri: BGP ndi EGP protocol palokha. Mu maphunziro a CCNA, tidzangophimba BGP, OSPF, ndi EIGRP. Nkhani ya RIP ikhoza kuonedwa ngati chidziwitso cha bonasi, chomwe chidzawonetsedwa mu imodzi mwa maphunziro a kanema.
Pali mitundu iwiri yowonjezereka ya ma protocol: Ma protocol a Distance Vector ndi ma protocol a Link State.
Chiphaso choyamba chimayang'ana mtunda ndi ma vector olowera. Mwachitsanzo, ndikhoza kukhazikitsa kugwirizana mwachindunji pakati pa rauta R1 ndi R4, kapena ine ndikhoza kugwirizana pa njira R1-R2-R3-R4. Ngati tikulankhula za ma protocol omwe amagwiritsa ntchito njira ya vector kutali, ndiye kuti kulumikizana kudzachitika nthawi zonse panjira yayifupi kwambiri. Zilibe kanthu kuti kugwirizana kumeneku kudzakhala ndi liwiro lochepa. Kwa ife, izi ndi 128 kbps, zomwe zimachedwa kwambiri kusiyana ndi kugwirizana kwa njira ya R1-R2-R3-R4, kumene liwiro ndi 100 Mbps.
Tiyeni tikambirane mtunda vekitala protocol RIP. Ndidzajambula maukonde 1 kutsogolo kwa rauta R10, ndi maukonde 4 kumbuyo kwa rauta R40. Tiyerekeze kuti pali makompyuta ambiri pamanetiweki awa. Ngati ndikufuna kulankhulana pakati pa netiweki 10. R1 ndi netiweki 40. R4, ndiye ine perekani malo amodzi routing kwa R1 monga: "ngati mukufuna kulumikiza netiweki 40., ntchito mwachindunji kulumikiza kwa rauta R4." Nthawi yomweyo, ndiyenera kukonza pamanja RIP pa ma routers onse 4. Ndiye tebulo lolowera R1 lidzangonena kuti ngati maukonde 10 akufuna kulumikizana ndi netiweki 40., iyenera kugwiritsa ntchito kulumikizana mwachindunji R1-R4. Ngakhale njira yolambalala ikakhala yothamanga, Distance Vector protocol idzasankhabe njira yayifupi kwambiri yokhala ndi mtunda waufupi kwambiri.
OSPF ndi kugwirizana-boma routing protocol kuti nthawi zonse amayang'ana boma zigawo za maukonde. Pankhaniyi, imayang'ana liwiro la mayendedwe, ndipo ngati ikuwona kuti kuthamanga kwa magalimoto pamsewu wa R1-R4 ndi wotsika kwambiri, imasankha njirayo ndi liwiro lapamwamba R1-R2-R3-R4, ngakhale kutalika kumaposa njira yaifupi kwambiri. Choncho, ngati ine sintha OSPF protocol pa routers onse, pamene ine kuyesa kulumikiza maukonde 40. maukonde 10., magalimoto adzatumizidwa panjira R1-R2-R3-R4. Chifukwa chake, RIP ndi protocol yakutali, ndipo OSPF ndi njira yolumikizira boma.
Palinso protocol ina - EIGRP, protocol ya Cisco routing. Ngati tilankhula za zida zapaintaneti kuchokera kwa opanga ena, mwachitsanzo, Juniper, sizigwirizana ndi EIGRP. Iyi ndi njira yabwino kwambiri yopangira njira yomwe ndiyothandiza kwambiri kuposa RIP ndi OSPF, koma ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pamamaneti otengera zida za Cisco. Pambuyo pake ndikuwuzani mwatsatanetsatane chifukwa chake protocol ili yabwino kwambiri. Pakadali pano, ndiwona kuti EIGRP imaphatikiza ma protocol akutali ndi njira zolumikizira boma, zomwe zikuyimira njira yosakanizidwa.
Mu phunziro lotsatira la kanema tifika pafupi ndi kulingalira kwa ma routers a Cisco; Ndikuuzani pang'ono za makina opangira a Cisco IOS, omwe amapangidwira ma switch ndi ma routers. Tikukhulupirira, mu Tsiku 19 kapena Tsiku 20, tifika mwatsatanetsatane za ma protocol, ndipo ndikuwonetsa momwe mungakhazikitsire ma router a Cisco pogwiritsa ntchito maukonde ang'onoang'ono ngati zitsanzo.
Zikomo chifukwa chokhala nafe. Kodi mumakonda zolemba zathu? Mukufuna kuwona zambiri zosangalatsa? Tithandizeni potipatsa oda kapena kulimbikitsa anzathu, 30% kuchotsera kwa ogwiritsa ntchito a Habr pa analogi yapadera yamaseva olowera, omwe tinapangira inu: (ikupezeka ndi RAID1 ndi RAID10, mpaka 24 cores mpaka 40GB DDR4).
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Source: www.habr.com