Phunziro la lero ndi mawu oyamba a Cisco routers. Ndisanayambe kuphunzira nkhaniyi, ndikufuna kuyamikira aliyense amene akuonera maphunziro anga, chifukwa phunziro la vidiyo lakuti “Tsiku 1” laonetsedwa ndi anthu pafupifupi miliyoni imodzi masiku ano. Ndikuthokoza onse ogwiritsa ntchito omwe adathandizira nawo pamaphunziro a kanema a CCNA.
Lero tiphunzira mitu itatu: rauta ngati chipangizo chakuthupi, mawu achidule a Cisco routers, ndi kukhazikitsa koyambirira kwa rauta. Chithunzichi chikuwonetsa momwe rauta ya Cisco 1921 imawonekera.
Mosiyana ndi chosinthira, chomwe chili ndi madoko ambiri, rauta wamba ili ndi madoko awiri okha olumikizirana, pakadali pano awa ndi madoko a Gigabit Ethernet GE2/0 ndi GE/0 ndi cholumikizira cha USB. Router ilinso ndi mipata yama module okulitsa ndi ma doko a 1 console, kuphatikiza doko limodzi la USB. Chodziwika bwino cha ma Cisco routers ndi kukhalapo kwa chosinthira - ma switch a Cisco alibe masiwichi. Nthawi zambiri, kutsogolo kwa rauta kumawoneka ngati komwe kukuwonetsedwa pansi kumanzere kwa slide. Kumbuyo gulu la rauta pali sockets kulumikiza zingwe. Pankhaniyi, chingwe chochokera ku slot GE2/1 kapena GE/0 chimalumikizidwa ndi chosinthira.
Pansi kumanja pakuwonetsedwa gawo lokulitsa la NME-X 23-ES-1GP, lomwe lingalowetsedwe mu rauta pochotsa mapanelo opanda kanthu. Pogwiritsa ntchito ma module oterowo, mutha kukulitsa luso la rauta ya Cisco yokhazikika malinga ndi zosowa zanu. Monga mukudziwira, mankhwala a Cisco, chifukwa cha zovuta zawo ndi ntchito zambiri, ndi okwera mtengo kwambiri, kotero wogwiritsa ntchito ali ndi mwayi woti asamalipire chipangizo chomwe chili ndi mphamvu zambiri kuposa momwe amafunikira. Pogula rauta yosavuta yokhala ndi madoko awiri, mutha kugula ma module ofunikira pakukulitsa maukonde anu. Nthawi zambiri, zida za Cisco zimatha kugwira ntchito zambiri. Cisco sanapange ma routers, koma ndi ma routers omwe adapangitsa Cisco kukhala kampani yomwe tikudziwa lero. Cisco idayamba kupanga ma routers apamwamba kwambiri, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti malondawa akhale otsogola pamsika wa zida zapaintaneti.
Cisco imadzitcha yokha kampani yamapulogalamu, ndiko kuti, kampani yomwe imapanga mapulogalamu. Zida zofanana ndi Cisco hardware zikhoza kupangidwa ndi wopanga aliyense, mwachitsanzo, China, pogula zipangizo zoyenera. Koma ndi pulogalamu ya Cisco IOS yomwe imapangitsa zida za kampani kukhala momwe zilili. Kampaniyo imanyadira kwambiri makina ogwiritsira ntchito awa, omwe amayenda pazida zonse za Cisco - masiwichi ndi ma routers.
Kupanga kofunikira kwambiri kwa Cisco ndiukadaulo wa CEF Enhanced, kapena Cisco Express Forwarding. Amapereka kufala kwa paketi yofulumira kwambiri, pafupifupi pa liwiro lalikulu lomwe luso la maukonde limalola. Izi zinatheka chifukwa cha mabwalo ophatikizika a cholinga chapadera Cisco ASIC - Application Specific Iintegrated Circuitry, yomwe imakakamiza kusinthana kufalitsa mapaketi pafupifupi pa liwiro la netiweki.
Monga ndidanenera, rauta nthawi zambiri imakhala pulogalamu yamapulogalamu, kotero zisankho zamayendedwe zimapangidwa ndi makina opangira a Cisco IOS.
Mukudziwa kuti pali makadi ojambula okwera mtengo amasewera apakompyuta. Kotero, ngati mulibe khadi loterolo, mawerengedwe onse ovuta, zojambula za 3D ndi zovuta zojambula zojambula zimachitidwa ndi makina anu ogwiritsira ntchito, kukweza purosesa ya kompyuta. Ngati muli ndi makadi amphamvu a kanema omwe ali ndi purosesa yake ya GPU ndi kukumbukira kwake, masewera amasewera amawonjezeka kangapo, popeza gawo lazithunzi limayendetsedwa ndi zida zosiyana.
Kusinthana kumagwira ntchito mofananamo, chifukwa zisankho zonse pakusintha kwa paketi zimapangidwa ndi zida zosiyana, popanda kukweza rauta, momwe zisankhozi ziyenera kupangidwa ndi mapulogalamu. Cisco imagwiritsa ntchito theka la pulogalamu, theka laukadaulo la CEF lomwe limakakamiza rauta kupanga zisankho zofulumira. Izi zimangopezeka pa ma router a Cisco.
Tawona kale momwe tingapangire kusinthika koyambirira kwa magawo osinthira, ndipo popeza kukhazikitsa rauta kumachitika chimodzimodzi, ndikuwuzani mwachangu kwambiri. Nditsegula Cisco Packet Tracer ndikusankha rauta ya 1921, kenako ndikutsegula zenera la IOS console pomwe ndimatha kuwona makina opangira rauta akuyamba.
Mukuwona kuti tatsitsa mtundu wa 15.1, iyi ndiye mtundu waposachedwa wa IOS, kukumbukira kukumbukira ndi 512 MB, nsanja ya CISCO 2911, ndiye kuti magawo ena onse ogwiritsira ntchito ali, kuyesa kwa chithunzi cha IOS, ndipo, pamenepo. ndi mgwirizano wa layisensi ndi zinthu zina zofananira.
Ndipanga kanema wosiyana woperekedwa ku Cisco IOS, kapena ndingolankhula za mautumiki osiyanasiyana a kachitidwe kameneka. Ndiloleni ndingonena kuti ndi nambala yamtunduwu mutha kudziwa zomwe mungagwiritse ntchito ndi OS yomwe yapatsidwa. Kuyambira 15.1, mitundu yonse ya IOS ndi yapadziko lonse lapansi, ndiye kuti, kutengera chilolezo chomwe wogula amagula, amatha kugwiritsa ntchito mwayi pazinthu zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, ngati mukufuna kuwonetsetsa chitetezo chowonjezereka cha maukonde, mumagula chilolezo chachitetezo, ngati mukufuna ntchito zamawu, mumagula laisensi yamawu, ndi zina.
Asanatuluke 15.1, ma routers anali ndi OS yokhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana - Basic, Security, Enterprise, Voice Enable ndi zina zotero. Tiyerekeze kuti rauta ya mnzangayo inali ndi mtundu wa Enterprise IOS, ndipo ndinali ndi mtundu wa Basic IOS, ndipo palibe chomwe chimandiletsa kutenga mtundu wa mnzanga ndikuyiyika pa rauta yanga, chifukwa Cisco sanagwiritse ntchito lingaliro la malayisensi a OS.
Kuyambira ndi mtundu 15.1, kampaniyo idayamba kugwiritsa ntchito lingaliro la zosankha zamalayisensi, ndipo mpaka mutagula kiyi yoyenera, simungagwiritse ntchito ntchito ina iliyonse yowonjezera. Patapita nthawi, tikayang'ana ndondomeko za chilolezo cha Cisco, ndikuwuzani za mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya IOS. Pakadali pano, mutha kunyalanyaza izi ndikupita molunjika ku chipika chotsitsa.
Pamapeto pa chipikacho mukuwona kufotokozera za hardware yomwe dongosololi linayendera: mtundu wa purosesa, 3 gigabit interfaces, 64-bit DRAM, 256 KB ya kukumbukira kosasunthika. Kuchuluka kwa kukumbukira uku kumawoneka kochepa kwambiri, koma kwa rauta kupanga zisankho zamayendedwe, ndikokwanira. Kukumbukira kumeneku sikuyenera kufananizidwa ndi kukumbukira kwa kompyuta yanu, chifukwa izi ndi zinthu zosiyana kwambiri.
Tsamba la boot la Cisco IOS limatha ndi funso: "Pitilizani ndi zokambirana zosintha? Osati kwenikweni". Mukayankha "Inde," dongosololi lidzakuwongolerani mndandanda wa mafunso kuti mumalize kukonzanso koyamba kwa chipangizocho.
Simuyenera kuchita izi panthawi ya maphunziro a CCNA, choncho nthawi zonse muyankhe "Ayi" ku funso ili. Kumene, mukhoza kusankha "Inde" ndi Mpukutu mwa zoikamo kasinthidwe, koma popeza simukudziwa momwe angachitire izo, ndi bwino kusankha "Ayi".
Posankha "Ayi" ndikukanikiza RETURN, tidzatengedwera ku mzere wa malamulo, kumene tingalembe malamulo osiyanasiyana. Monga momwe zilili ndi kusinthana, choyamba tidzalemba lamulo Router> kuthandizira kusinthana ndi njira yopangira mwayi. Kenako ndimalemba config t (kusintha terminal) ndikulowa mumayendedwe apadziko lonse lapansi.
Tiyeni tidutse mwachangu malamulowo. Ndikufuna kusintha dzina la omvera, chifukwa chake ndimagwiritsa ntchito dzina lachidziwitso R1, ndikutsatiridwa ndi malamulo osamvera, ndiye ndimafunsa kaye kuti andiwonetse mawonekedwe a rauta pogwiritsa ntchito do show ip interface mwachidule lamulo. Tikuwona kuti doko la Gigabit Ethernet 0/0 lili pansi, chifukwa chake ndimagwiritsa ntchito int gigabitEthernet 0/0 ndipo palibe malamulo oletsa. Pambuyo pake, chigawo cha doko chimasintha. Mukayang'ananso momwe mawonekedwe a rauta akuyendera, mutha kuwona kuti dokoli lili ndi "zothandizira". Dongosolo la protocol limakhalabe pansi chifukwa palibe chomwe chikugwirizana ndi rauta yathu, ndipo ngati palibe magalimoto, amakhalabe olumala. Koma magalimoto akangofika pa doko la router, protocol idzasintha mawonekedwe ake.
Kenako muyenera kukhazikitsa achinsinsi kwa console. Kuti ndichite izi, ndikulemba mzere wa malamulo con 0, mawu achinsinsi, ndikuwonetsa kuthamanga kuti muwonetsetse kuti mawu achinsinsi a console akhazikitsidwa. Mawu achinsinsi adzayang'aniridwa nditalowa lamulo lolowera. Tsopano doko la console la rauta limatetezedwa ndi mawu achinsinsi.
Ndakuuzani kale zachinsinsi chachinsinsi. Tangoganizani kuti wina wafika ndi kasinthidwe kachipangizochi. Popeza achinsinsi anapereka likuwonekera bwino mmenemo, munthu uyu mosavuta kuba kuti apite mu zoikamo rauta nthawi iliyonse ndi kuthyolako dongosolo.
Njira imodzi yothandizira kubisa mawu achinsinsi ndikugwiritsa ntchito lamulo lachinsinsi lachinsinsi. Chifukwa kusakhazikika kwa lamuloli kumagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kukana palibe lamulo ndipo palibe kubisa mawu achinsinsi, palibe kubisa kwachinsinsi komwe kumachitika. Tiyeni tilowe mumayendedwe apadziko lonse lapansi, lembani lamulo lachinsinsi lachinsinsi ndikudina Enter. Lamuloli likutanthauza kuti dongosololi limatenga mawu achinsinsi omwe ndidawayika ndikulemba.
Tsopano, ngati muyang'ana kasinthidwe kameneka pogwiritsa ntchito do show run command ndikupita ku mzere wachinsinsi, mukhoza kuona kuti mawu achinsinsi amtundu wachisanu ndi chiwiri atenga mawonekedwe a manambala mwachisawawa. Tsopano, ngati m'modzi mwa anzanu angayang'ane paphewa lanu ndikuwona mawu achinsinsiwa, adzakhala ndi nthawi yovuta kwambiri kukumbukira izi. Chifukwa chake, tapanga mzere woyamba wachitetezo chachitetezo chofikira.
Koma ngakhale atatha kukopera mawu achinsinsi, pita ku zoikamo ndikuyesera kuyika mu mzere wachinsinsi, dongosolo silidzapereka mwayi wolowera, chifukwa manambalawa si achinsinsi okha, koma mtengo wake wobisika. Mawu achinsinsi olondola ndi mawu otonthoza, ndipo ndikalowa, ndidzakhala ndi mwayi wopita ku console. Chifukwa chake, ngakhale wina atakopera manambalawa, sangathebe kugwiritsa ntchito chipangizocho.
Komabe, kwenikweni, ife tikulakwitsa, chifukwa onse owukira amafuna ndi kupita ku malo amene amakulolani mosavuta decrypt Cisco lembani mapasiwedi asanu ndi awiri. Ndikokwanira kulowa patsamba latsambalo, lowetsani manambala omwe adakopedwa, ndipo mudzalandira mawu achinsinsi, kwa ife ndi mawu oti console. Tsopano wobera amangofunika kukopera mawuwa, bwererani ku zoikamo za IOS ndikuziyika mu mawu achinsinsi.
Pankhaniyi, yosavuta Yambitsani Achinsinsi ntchito sikupereka chitetezo chofunika. Njira yabwino yowonetsetsera chitetezo ndikugwiritsa ntchito lamulo lachinsinsi la cisco. Ngati mutayang'ana kasinthidwe kameneka, mukhoza kuona kuti mtengo wachinsinsi tsopano ndi mndandanda wa zilembo zosiyana kwambiri. Pankhaniyi, mtundu wachisanu wa Cisco achinsinsi amagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Ndikosatheka kubisa mawu achinsinsi amtunduwu pa intaneti, ndiye kuti cholumikizira cha chipangizo chanu chili chotetezeka kwathunthu.
Kenako muyenera kukhazikitsa achinsinsi kwa Telnet. Kuti ndichite izi, ndikulemba mzere wolamula vty 0 4, womwe udzalola anthu 5 kugwiritsa ntchito rauta iyi, ndikulowetsa mawu achinsinsi a telnet. Tsopano, ngati wina akufuna kulumikiza rauta pogwiritsa ntchito protocol ya Telnet, adzafunika kulowa mawu achinsinsi - mawu akuti telnet.
Kenako, tidakonza adilesi ya Management IP yosinthira, chifukwa chosinthira ndi gawo lachiwiri la OSI. Komabe, rauta ndi chipangizo cha Layer 2, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti doko lililonse pa rauta lili ndi adilesi yake ya IP.
Posinthira, tidapita ku zoikamo za VLAN1 kapena zoikamo za netiweki ina iliyonse momwe timafunikira kulembetsa adilesi ya IP. Tinapanga ma interfaces enieni ndikuwapatsa ma adilesi a IP. Koma pankhani ya rauta, maadiresi awa ayenera kuperekedwa ku madoko akuthupi, kotero ndikulowetsa malamulo config t ndi int g0/0. Kenaka, ndimagwiritsa ntchito lamulo kuti ndipereke adilesi ya IP mofanana ndi momwe ndinachitira ndi VLAN, ndiko kuti, ndikulowetsa lamulo la ip 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0 ndiyeno lembani palibe shutdown.
Ngati tsopano mukuyang'ana momwe madoko akuyendera pogwiritsa ntchito lamulo lachidule la do show int, mukhoza kuona kuti adilesi 10.1.1.1 imaperekedwa ku mawonekedwe a Gigabit Ethernet 0/0. Umu ndi momwe tidasinthira adilesi ya IP.
Kenako timasunthira kukhazikitsa Logon Banner. Monga ngati chosinthira, ndimagwiritsa ntchito lamulo banner motd & ndiyeno nditha kuyika zolemba zilizonse zomwe ndikufuna, mwachitsanzo, Takulandilani ku NetworKing Router, tsindikirani mawuwo ndi asterisks ndikutseka ndi ampersand &.
Kenako, ngati mukufuna kuletsa doko, gwiritsani ntchito lamulo la Shutdown. Kuti musunge zoikamo, gwiritsani ntchito kopi yoyendetsa-config startup-config command. Kukonzekera kothamanga kumatha kuwonedwa pogwiritsa ntchito chiwonetsero choyendetsa conf command, ndipo kasinthidwe ka boot kumatha kuwonedwa pogwiritsa ntchito chiwonetsero choyambira conf command. Popeza tidagwiritsa ntchito chipangizo chatsopano kuchokera m'bokosi ndikuyambitsa ndi magawo osasinthika, tikafunsidwa kuti tiwonetse kasinthidwe ka boot, dongosolo limayankha kuti silinakhalepo.
Pambuyo polowetsa lamulo loyendetsa-config startup-config, dongosolo limakufunsani kuti mutsimikizire kuti fayilo yomwe yalembedwa ndi fayilo yoyambira-config system boot parameters. Nditalembanso fayilo yosinthira boot, ndimayiwona pogwiritsa ntchito lamulo loyambira conf ndikuwona kuti ilinso chimodzimodzi ndi fayilo yapanthawi ya chipangizocho. Tsopano ngati ndizimitsa rauta ndikuyatsanso, iyambanso kugwiritsa ntchito zosunga zosungidwa.
Ndikwabwino kutsimikizira mawonekedwe a rauta pogwiritsa ntchito show int brief command; mutha kugwiritsanso ntchito show int command, yomwe iwonetsa momwe madoko onse alili. Ngati mukufuna kuyang'ana malo a doko linalake, mungagwiritse ntchito lamulo lachiwonetsero la g0/0, pambuyo pake dongosolo lidzawonetsa ziwerengero zonse za mawonekedwewo.
Monga ndanenera, gawo lofunika kwambiri la rauta ndi tebulo lamayendedwe. Mutha kuziwona pogwiritsa ntchito njira yowonetsera ip.
Pakadali pano, tebulo ilibe kanthu chifukwa palibe zida zolumikizidwa ndi rauta yathu. Mu phunziro lotsatira la kanema tiwona momwe tebulo lamayendedwe limapangidwira pogwiritsa ntchito ma protocol osiyanasiyana, momwe limadzadzidwira pamene zida zatsopano zilumikizidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira yokhazikika kapena ma protocol amphamvu. M'dziko la ma routers, njira yowonetsera ip ndiyomwe imadziwika kwambiri chifukwa nthawi zambiri mavuto onse amachitidwe amayamba ndi tebulo.
Izi zimamaliza phunziro lathu la kanema, pamene ndinalankhula za zonse zomwe zinakonzedweratu lero. Ogwiritsa ntchito ambiri amafunsa chomwe chidwi changa ndi ndikalemba ndikuyika maphunziro a kanema awa. Ndimachita izi mu nthawi yanga yaulere. Inde mutha kunditumizira ndalama ngati mukufuna. Mawebusaiti ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito maphunziro anga a kanema ndikupempha ndalama, koma sindikufuna kuchita izi kwa omvera anga ndipo ndikulonjeza kuti maphunziro anga sadzalipidwa.
Zikomo chifukwa chokhala nafe. Kodi mumakonda zolemba zathu? Mukufuna kuwona zambiri zosangalatsa? Tithandizeni potipatsa oda kapena kulimbikitsa anzathu, 30% kuchotsera kwa ogwiritsa ntchito a Habr pa analogi yapadera yamaseva olowera, omwe tinapangira inu: (ikupezeka ndi RAID1 ndi RAID10, mpaka 24 cores mpaka 40GB DDR4).
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Source: www.habr.com