Mutu waphunziro la lero ndi RIP, kapena routing information protocol. Tidzakambirana mbali zosiyanasiyana za ntchito yake, kasinthidwe ndi zolepheretsa. Monga ndanenera, RIP si gawo la maphunziro a Cisco 200-125 CCNA, koma ndinaganiza zopereka phunziro lapadera ku ndondomekoyi popeza RIP ndi imodzi mwa njira zazikulu zoyendetsera njira.
Lero tiwona zinthu zitatu: kumvetsetsa ntchito ndikukhazikitsa RIP mu ma routers, nthawi ya RIP, zoletsa za RIP. Protocol iyi idapangidwa mu 3, kotero ndi imodzi mwama protocol akale kwambiri pamaneti. Ubwino wake wagona mu kuphweka kwake modabwitsa. Masiku ano, zida zambiri zapaintaneti, kuphatikiza Cisco, zikupitilizabe kuthandizira RIP chifukwa si proprietary protocol ngati EIGRP, koma protocol yapagulu.
Pali mitundu iwiri ya RIP. Mtundu woyamba, wapamwamba kwambiri, sugwirizana ndi VLSM - chigoba cha subnet kutalika kosiyanasiyana komwe maadiresi opanda ma IP amachokera, kotero titha kugwiritsa ntchito netiweki imodzi yokha. Ndilankhula za izi posachedwa. Baibuloli siligwirizananso ndi kutsimikizika.
Tiyerekeze kuti muli ndi ma routers awiri olumikizidwa wina ndi mnzake. Pankhaniyi, rauta yoyamba imauza mnansi wake zonse zomwe akudziwa. Tinene kuti netiweki 2 imalumikizidwa ndi rauta yoyamba, netiweki 10 ili pakati pa rauta yoyamba ndi yachiwiri, ndipo netiweki 20 ili kumbuyo kwa rauta yachiwiri. router 30 yomwe imadziwa za network 10 ndi network 20.
Protocol yolowera ikuwonetsa kuti maukonde awiriwa ayenera kuwonjezeredwa patebulo lolowera. Nthawi zambiri, zimakhala kuti rauta imodzi imauza rauta yoyandikana nayo za maukonde olumikizidwa nayo, yomwe imauza mnansi wake, ndi zina zambiri. Mwachidule, RIP ndi njira yamiseche yomwe imalola ma routers oyandikana nawo kugawana zidziwitso wina ndi mnzake, ndipo woyandikana nawo aliyense kukhulupirira mopanda malire zomwe akuuzidwa. Router iliyonse "imamvera" kusintha kwa maukonde ndikugawana ndi anansi ake.
Kuperewera kwa chithandizo chotsimikizika kumatanthauza kuti rauta iliyonse yomwe imalumikizidwa ndi netiweki nthawi yomweyo imakhala yochita nawo gawo lonse. Ngati ndikufuna kutsitsa maukonde, ndikulumikiza rauta yanga ya hacker ndikusintha koyipa kwa iyo, ndipo popeza ma router ena onse amawakhulupirira, adzasintha matebulo awo momwe ndikufunira. Mtundu woyamba wa RIP sumapereka chitetezo chilichonse pakubera kotere.
Mu RIPv2, mutha kupereka chitsimikiziro mwa kukonza rauta moyenerera. Pankhaniyi, kukonzanso zambiri pakati pa ma routers kudzatheka pokhapokha mutadutsa kutsimikizika kwa netiweki polowetsa mawu achinsinsi.
RIPv1 imagwiritsa ntchito kuwulutsa, ndiye kuti, zosintha zonse zimatumizidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mauthenga owulutsa kuti alandiridwe ndi onse omwe akuchita nawo maukonde. Tiyerekeze kuti pali kompyuta yolumikizidwa ndi rauta yoyamba yomwe sadziwa chilichonse chokhudza zosinthazi chifukwa zida zokhazo zomwe zimafunikira. Komabe, rauta 1 idzatumiza mauthengawa kuzipangizo zonse zomwe zili ndi Broadcast ID, ndiko kuti, ngakhale omwe sakufunikira.
Mu mtundu wachiwiri wa RIP, vutoli limathetsedwa - limagwiritsa ntchito Multicast ID, kapena kufalitsa magalimoto ambiri. Pankhaniyi, zida zokhazo zomwe zafotokozedwa muzokonda za protocol zimalandira zosintha. Kuphatikiza pa kutsimikizika, mtundu uwu wa RIP umathandizira ma adilesi a IP a VLSM opanda class. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ngati intaneti ya 10.1.1.1/24 ilumikizidwa ndi rauta yoyamba, ndiye kuti zida zonse zapaintaneti zomwe ma adilesi awo a IP ali mu adilesi ya subnet iyi amalandiranso zosintha. Mtundu wachiwiri wa protocol umathandizira njira ya CIDR, ndiye kuti, rauta yachiwiri ikalandira zosintha, imadziwa kuti ndi netiweki yanji kapena njira yomwe ikukhudzidwa. Pankhani ya mtundu woyamba, ngati netiweki 10.1.1.0 ilumikizidwa ndi rauta, ndiye kuti zida za netiweki 10.0.0.0 ndi maukonde ena omwe ali m'kalasi lomwelo zilandilanso zosintha. Pankhaniyi, rauta 2 idzalandiranso zambiri zokhudzana ndi kusintha kwa maukondewa, koma popanda CIDR sichidziwa kuti chidziwitsochi chikukhudzana ndi subnet yokhala ndi ma adilesi a IP a kalasi A.
Izi ndi zomwe RIP ili m'njira zambiri. Tsopano tiyeni tiwone momwe ingasinthidwe. Muyenera kupita kumayendedwe apadziko lonse lapansi amitundu ya rauta ndikugwiritsa ntchito Router RIP lamulo.
Pambuyo pa izi, muwona kuti mutu wa mzere wamalamulo wasintha kukhala R1 (config-router) # chifukwa tasamukira ku gawo la subcommand la router. Lamulo lachiwiri lidzakhala Version 2, ndiye kuti, tikuwonetsa rauta kuti iyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mtundu 2 wa protocol. Kenako, tiyenera kuyika adilesi ya netiweki ya classful network yomwe zosintha ziyenera kutumizidwa pogwiritsa ntchito netiweki XXXX Lamuloli lili ndi ntchito ziwiri: choyamba, limatchula netiweki yomwe ikuyenera kutsatiridwa, ndipo kachiwiri, ndi mawonekedwe ati omwe akuyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito. za ichi. Mudzawona zomwe ndikutanthauza mukayang'ana kasinthidwe ka netiweki.
Pano tili ndi ma routers 4 ndi kompyuta yolumikizidwa ndi chosinthira kudzera pa netiweki yokhala ndi chizindikiritso 192.168.1.0/26, yomwe imagawidwa m'magawo anayi. Timagwiritsa ntchito ma subnets atatu okha: 4/3, 192.168.1.0/26 ndi 192.168.1.64/26. Tili ndi subnet 192.168.1.128/26, koma sichigwiritsidwa ntchito chifukwa sichifunikira.
The madoko chipangizo ndi maadiresi zotsatirazi IP: kompyuta 192.168.1.10, doko woyamba rauta woyamba 192.168.1.1, doko lachiwiri 192.168.1.65, doko loyamba la rauta yachiwiri 192.168.1.66, doko lachiwiri la rauta yachiwiri 192.168.1.129. doko loyamba la rauta lachitatu 192.168.1.130 . Nthawi yotsiriza tinakambirana za misonkhano, kotero sindingathe kutsata msonkhano ndikugawa adiresi .1 ku doko lachiwiri la router, chifukwa .1 si mbali ya intaneti iyi.
Kenaka, ndimagwiritsa ntchito maadiresi ena, chifukwa timayamba maukonde ena - 10.1.1.0/16, kotero doko lachiwiri la rauta yachiwiri, yomwe maukondewa amalumikizidwa, ali ndi adilesi ya IP ya 10.1.1.1, ndi doko lachinayi. rauta, komwe kusinthako kumalumikizidwa - adilesi 10.1.1.2.
Kuti mukonze netiweki yomwe ndidapanga, ndiyenera kupatsa ma adilesi a IP kuzipangizo. Tiyeni tiyambe ndi doko loyamba la rauta yoyamba.
Choyamba, tipanga dzina la omvera R1, perekani adilesi 0 ku doko f0/192.168.1.1 ndikutchula subnet mask 255.255.255.192, popeza tili ndi netiweki /26. Tiyeni timalize kasinthidwe ka R1 ndi lamulo lotsekera. Doko lachiwiri la rauta yoyamba f0/1 lidzalandira adilesi ya IP ya 192.168.1.65 ndi subnet mask ya 255.255.255.192.
Router yachiwiri idzalandira dzina la R2, tidzapereka adilesi 0 ndi subnet chigoba 0 ku doko loyamba f192.168.1.66/255.255.255.192, adilesi 0 ndi subnet chigoba 1 ku doko lachiwiri f192.168.1.129/255.255.255.192. XNUMX.
Kusunthira ku rauta yachitatu, tidzapereka dzina la omvera R3, doko f0/0 adzalandira adilesi 192.168.1.130 ndi chigoba 255.255.255.192, ndi doko f0/1 adzalandira adilesi 10.1.1.1 ndi chigoba 255.255.0.0. 16, chifukwa netiweki iyi ndi /XNUMX.
Pomaliza, ndipita ku rauta yomaliza, ndikuyitcha R4, ndikuyika doko f0/0 adilesi ya 10.1.1.2 ndi chigoba cha 255.255.0.0. Chifukwa chake, takonza zida zonse zama network.
Pomaliza, tiyeni tiwone makonzedwe apakompyuta apakompyuta - ili ndi adilesi ya IP yokhazikika ya 192.168.1.10, chigoba cha theka la 255.255.255.192, ndi adilesi yolowera pachipata cha 192.168.1.1.
Chifukwa chake, mwawona momwe mungakhazikitsire chigoba cha subnet kwa zida pama subnets osiyanasiyana, ndizosavuta. Tsopano tiyeni tiyatse mayendedwe. Ndimapita ku zoikamo za R1, khazikitsani masinthidwe adziko lonse ndikulemba lamulo la rauta. Pambuyo pake, dongosololi limapereka malangizo a njira zoyendetsera lamulo ili: bgp, eigrp, ospf ndi rip. Popeza phunziro lathu likukhudza RIP, ndikugwiritsa ntchito rauta rip command.
Ngati mulemba funso, dongosololi lidzapereka lingaliro latsopano la lamulo lotsatirali ndi zosankha zomwe zingatheke pa ntchito za protocol iyi: chidule cha auto-chidule - mwachidule cha njira, chidziwitso-chidziwitso - kulamulira kuwonetseratu kwachinsinsi, maukonde. - maukonde, nthawi, ndi zina zotero. Apa mutha kusankha zomwe tidzasinthana ndi zida zoyandikana nazo. Ntchito yofunikira kwambiri ndi mtundu, kotero tiyamba ndikulowetsa lamulo la 2. Kenaka tifunika kugwiritsa ntchito lamulo lachinsinsi la intaneti, lomwe limapanga njira ya IP yotchulidwa.
Tidzapitiliza kukonza Router1 kenako, koma pakadali pano ndikufuna kupita ku Router 3. Ndisanagwiritse ntchito maulamuliro a netiweki, tiyeni tiwone mbali yakumanja ya network yathu topology. Doko lachiwiri la rauta lili ndi adilesi 10.1.1.1. Kodi RIP imagwira ntchito bwanji? Ngakhale mu mtundu wake wachiwiri, RIP, ngati protocol yakale, imagwiritsabe ntchito makalasi ake apakompyuta. Chifukwa chake, ngakhale maukonde athu 10.1.1.0/16 ali a kalasi A, tiyenera kutchula mtundu wonse wa adilesi ya IP pogwiritsa ntchito netiweki 10.0.0.0 lamulo.
Koma ngakhale ine lembani lamulo maukonde 10.1.1.1 ndiyeno kuyang'ana kasinthidwe panopa, Ndiona kuti dongosolo wakonza 10.1.1.1 kuti 10.0.0.0, basi ntchito zonse kalasi adiresi mtundu. Chifukwa chake mukakumana ndi funso lokhudza RIP pamayeso a CCNA, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito maadiresi amtundu wonse. Ngati m'malo mwa 10.0.0.0 mulemba 10.1.1.1 kapena 10.1.0.0, mudzalakwitsa. Ngakhale kuti kutembenuka ku mawonekedwe a adiresi amtundu wathunthu kumachitika zokha, ndikukulangizani kuti mugwiritse ntchito adilesi yoyenera kuti musadikire mpaka dongosolo likonze zolakwikazo. Kumbukirani - RIP nthawi zonse imagwiritsa ntchito ma adilesi amtundu wathunthu.
Mutagwiritsa ntchito netiweki 10.0.0.0 lamulo, rauta yachitatu imayika netiweki iyi yakhumi mu protocol yolowera ndikutumiza zosinthazo panjira ya R3-R4. Tsopano muyenera kukonza njira yolowera ya rauta yachinayi. Ndimapita ku zoikamo zake ndi sequentially kulowa malamulo rauta rip, Baibulo 2 ndi maukonde 10.0.0.0. Ndi lamulo ili ndikupempha R4 kuti ayambe kulengeza maukonde 10. pogwiritsa ntchito RIP routing protocol.
Tsopano ma router awiriwa amatha kusinthana zambiri, koma sizingasinthe chilichonse. Kugwiritsa ntchito njira yowonetsera ip kukuwonetsa kuti FastEthernrt port 0/0 imalumikizidwa mwachindunji ndi netiweki 10.1.0.0. Router yachinayi, italandira chilengezo cha netiweki kuchokera ku rauta yachitatu, idzati: "Mkulu, bwanawe, ndalandira chilengezo chanu cha intaneti yakhumi, koma ndikudziwa kale, chifukwa ndalumikizidwa mwachindunji ndi netiweki iyi."
Choncho, tidzabwerera ku zoikamo R3 ndikuyika maukonde ena ndi maukonde 192.168.1.0 lamulo. Ndimagwiritsanso ntchito maadiresi amtundu wathunthu. Pambuyo pake, rauta yachitatu idzatha kulengeza maukonde 192.168.1.128 panjira ya R3-R4. Monga ndanenera kale, RIP ndi "miseche" yomwe imauza oyandikana nawo onse za maukonde atsopano, kuwapatsa chidziwitso kuchokera pa tebulo lake. Ngati tsopano muyang'ana pa tebulo la rauta yachitatu, mukhoza kuona deta ya maukonde awiri olumikizidwa kwa izo.
Idzatumiza deta iyi kumalekezero onse a njira ku ma routers achiwiri ndi achinayi. Tiyeni tipitirire ku zoikamo za R2. Ndikulowetsa malamulo omwewo rauta kunyenga, mtundu 2 ndi maukonde 192.168.1.0, ndipo apa ndipamene zinthu zimayamba kukhala zosangalatsa. Ine mwachindunji maukonde 1.0, koma onse maukonde 192.168.1.64/26 ndi maukonde 192.168.1.128/26. Chifukwa chake, ndikatchula netiweki 192.168.1.0, ndikupereka njira zamakina onse a rauta iyi. Chosavuta ndichakuti ndi lamulo limodzi lokha mutha kukhazikitsa njira zamadoko onse a chipangizocho.
Ndimatchulanso magawo omwewo a rauta R1 ndikupereka njira zolumikizirana zonse chimodzimodzi. Mukayang'ana pa tebulo la R1, mutha kuwona maukonde onse.
Router iyi imadziwa za network 1.0 ndi network 1.64. Imadziwanso za ma network 1.128 ndi 10.1.1.0 chifukwa imagwiritsa ntchito RIP. Izi zikuwonetsedwa ndi mutu wa R pamzere wofananira wa tebulo lolowera.
Chonde tcherani khutu ku chidziwitsocho [120/2] - uwu ndi mtunda wotsogolera, ndiko kuti, kudalirika kwa gwero la chidziwitso cha njira. Mtengo uwu ukhoza kukhala wokulirapo kapena wocheperako, koma kusakhulupirika kwa RIP ndi 120. Mwachitsanzo, njira yosasunthika ili ndi mtunda wa kayendetsedwe ka 1. Kutsika kwa mtunda wa kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake. Ngati rauta ili ndi mwayi wosankha pakati pa ma protocol awiri, mwachitsanzo pakati pa njira yokhazikika ndi RIP, ndiye kuti idzasankha kutumiza magalimoto panjira yokhazikika. Mtengo wachiwiri m'makolo, /2, ndi metric. Mu protocol ya RIP, metric imatanthawuza kuchuluka kwa ma hops. Pankhaniyi, maukonde 10.0.0.0/8 akhoza kufika 2 anakweranso, ndiye rauta R1 ayenera kutumiza magalimoto pa maukonde 192.168.1.64/26, ichi ndi kadumphidwe woyamba, ndi maukonde 192.168.1.128/26, izi ndi hop yachiwiri, kuti ifike ku netiweki 10.0.0.0/8 kudzera pa chipangizo chokhala ndi mawonekedwe a FastEthernet 0/1 okhala ndi adilesi ya IP 192.168.1.66.
Poyerekeza, rauta R1 akhoza kufika maukonde 192.168.1.128 ndi utsogoleri mtunda wa 120 mu 1 kadumphidwe kudzera mawonekedwe 192.168.1.66.
Tsopano, ngati muyesa ping mawonekedwe a rauta R0 ndi IP adiresi 4 kuchokera kompyuta PC10.1.1.2, izo bwinobwino kubwerera.
Kuyesera koyamba kunalephera ndi Pempho lotha nthawi, chifukwa mukamagwiritsa ntchito ARP paketi yoyamba idatayika, koma ena atatuwo adabwezeredwa bwino kwa wolandira. Izi zimapereka kulumikizana kolunjika pa netiweki pogwiritsa ntchito protocol ya RIP.
Chifukwa chake, kuti muyambitse kugwiritsa ntchito protocol ya RIP ndi rauta, muyenera kulemba motsatana malamulo a rauta rip, mtundu 2 ndi netiweki <network number / network identifier in full-class form>.
Tiyeni tipite kuzikhazikiko za R4 ndikulowetsa lamulo la kuwonetsa ip. Mutha kuwona kuti network 10. imalumikizidwa mwachindunji ndi rauta, ndipo netiweki 192.168.1.0/24 imapezeka kudzera padoko f0/0 ndi IP adilesi 10.1.1.1 kudzera pa RIP.
Ngati mumayang'anitsitsa maonekedwe a 192.168.1.0/24 network, mudzawona kuti pali vuto ndi auto-summary ya njira. Ngati chidule chachidule chayatsidwa, RIP ifotokoza mwachidule maukonde onse mpaka 192.168.1.0/24. Tiyeni tiwone zomwe zimawerengera nthawi. Protocol ya RIP ili ndi zowerengera zazikulu 4.
The Update timer imayang'anira kuchuluka kwa kutumiza zosintha, kutumiza zosintha za protocol masekondi aliwonse a 30 kumalo onse omwe akutenga nawo gawo pa RIP routing. Izi zikutanthauza kuti zimatengera tebulo lamayendedwe ndikuligawa kumadoko onse omwe akugwira ntchito mu RIP mode.
Tiyerekeze kuti tili ndi rauta 1, yomwe imalumikizidwa ndi rauta 2 ndi netiweki N2. Pamaso pa woyamba ndi pambuyo rauta yachiwiri pali maukonde N1 ndi N3. Router 1 imauza Router 2 kuti imadziwa netiweki N1 ndi N2 ndikutumiza zosintha. Router 2 imauza Router 1 kuti imadziwa ma network N2 ndi N3. Pankhaniyi, masekondi 30 aliwonse madoko a rauta amasinthanitsa matebulo.
Tiyerekeze kuti pazifukwa zina kulumikizana kwa N1-R1 kwasweka ndipo rauta 1 sangathenso kulumikizana ndi netiweki ya N1. Zitatha izi, rauta yoyamba imatumiza zosintha zokha zokhudzana ndi netiweki ya N2 ku rauta yachiwiri. Router 2, atalandira zosintha zoyamba zotere, angaganize kuti: "zabwino, tsopano ndiyenera kuyika netiweki N1 mu Invalid Timer," pambuyo pake idzayambitsa nthawi Yosavomerezeka. Kwa masekondi a 180 sichidzasinthana ndi zosintha za N1 ndi wina aliyense, koma patapita nthawi idzayimitsa Nthawi Yosavomerezeka ndikuyambanso Kusintha Timer kachiwiri. Ngati mkati mwa masekondi a 180 salandira zosintha zamtundu wa N1 network, idzayiyika mu Hold Down timer yomwe imakhala masekondi a 180, ndiko kuti, Hold Down timer imayamba nthawi yomweyo Invalid timer itatha.
Nthawi yomweyo, chowerengera china chachinayi cha Flush chikuyenda, chomwe chimayamba nthawi imodzi ndi Invalid timer. Chowerengera ichi chimatsimikizira nthawi yapakati pa kulandira zosintha zomaliza za netiweki N1 mpaka netiweki itachotsedwa patebulo lolowera. Chifukwa chake, nthawi ya timer iyi ikafika masekondi 240, netiweki N1 idzachotsedwa patebulo la rauta yachiwiri.
Chifukwa chake, Update Timer imatumiza zosintha masekondi 30 aliwonse. Timer Yosavomerezeka, yomwe imayenda masekondi 180 aliwonse, imadikirira mpaka kusintha kwatsopano kukafika pa rauta. Ngati sichifika, imayika netiwekiyo kuti ikhale yogwira, ndi Hold Down Timer ikuyenda masekondi 180 aliwonse. Koma Zosavomerezeka ndi Flush timer zimayamba nthawi imodzi, kotero kuti masekondi 240 Flush itayamba, maukonde omwe sanatchulidwe pakusinthidwa amachotsedwa patebulo lolowera. Kutalika kwa zowerengera izi kumayikidwa mwachisawawa ndipo zitha kusinthidwa. Ndi zomwe RIP zowerengera zili.
Tsopano tiyeni tipitirire kulingalira za malire a RIP protocol, pali ochepa aiwo. Chimodzi mwazolepheretsa chachikulu ndikuwerengera mwachidule.
Tiyeni tibwerere ku netiweki yathu 192.168.1.0/24. Router 3 imauza Router 4 za netiweki yonse ya 1.0, yomwe ikuwonetsedwa ndi /24. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ma adilesi onse 256 a IP pa netiweki iyi, kuphatikiza ID ya netiweki ndi ma adilesi owulutsa, zilipo, kutanthauza kuti mauthenga ochokera kuzipangizo zokhala ndi ma adilesi aliwonse a IP pamtunduwu adzatumizidwa kudzera pa netiweki ya 10.1.1.1. Tiyeni tiwone tebulo la njira R3.
Tikuwona maukonde 192.168.1.0/26, ogawikana 3 subnets. Izi zikutanthauza kuti rauta amangodziwa ma adilesi atatu a IP: 192.168.1.0, 192.168.1.64 ndi 192.168.1.128, omwe ndi /26 network. Koma sichidziwa kalikonse, mwachitsanzo, pazida zomwe zili ndi ma adilesi a IP omwe ali pakati pa 192.168.1.192 mpaka 192.168.1.225.
Komabe, pazifukwa zina, R4 ikuganiza kuti ikudziwa zonse zokhudza magalimoto omwe R3 amatumiza kwa iwo, ndiko kuti, ma adilesi onse a IP pa intaneti 192.168.1.0/24, zomwe ziri zabodza kwathunthu. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, ma routers angayambe kugwetsa magalimoto chifukwa "amanyengana" wina ndi mzake - pambuyo pake, router 3 ilibe ufulu wouza rauta yachinayi kuti imadziwa zonse zokhudza ma subnets a intaneti. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha vuto lotchedwa "auto-summing". Zimachitika pamene magalimoto amayenda pamanetiweki akuluakulu osiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, kwa ife, maukonde okhala ndi ma adilesi a kalasi C amalumikizidwa kudzera pa rauta ya R3 kupita ku netiweki yokhala ndi ma adilesi a kalasi A.
Routa ya R3 imawona maukondewa kukhala ofanana ndipo amangofotokozera mwachidule njira zonse mu adilesi imodzi ya netiweki 192.168.1.0. Tiyeni tikumbukire zomwe tidalankhula za kufotokozera mwachidule njira za supernet mum'modzi mwamavidiyo am'mbuyomu. Chifukwa chophatikiza ndi chosavuta - rauta imakhulupirira kuti kulowa kumodzi patebulo lolowera, kwa ife ichi ndi cholowera 192.168.1.0/24 [120/1] kudzera pa 10.1.1.1, ndichabwino kuposa zolemba zitatu. Ngati netiweki ili ndi mazana ang'onoang'ono ang'onoang'ono, ndiye kuti chidule chikayimitsidwa, tebulo lolowera lidzakhala ndi zolembera zambiri. Chifukwa chake, pofuna kupewa kudzikundikira kwa zidziwitso zambiri pamatebulo owongolera, kufupikitsa kwanjira kumagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Komabe, kwa ife, njira zofotokozera mwachidule zimabweretsa vuto chifukwa zimakakamiza rauta kusinthanitsa zidziwitso zabodza. Chifukwa chake, tifunika kupita ku zoikamo za rauta ya R3 ndikulowetsa lamulo lomwe limaletsa njira zofotokozera mwachidule.
Kuti ndichite izi, ndikulemba motsatizana ma routers rip ndipo palibe chidule chachidule. Pambuyo pa izi, muyenera kudikirira mpaka zosinthazo zifalikira pa netiweki, ndiyeno mutha kugwiritsa ntchito njira yowonetsera ip pamakonzedwe a rauta ya R4.
Mutha kuwona momwe tebulo lamayendedwe lasinthira. Cholowa 192.168.1.0/24 [120/1] kudzera pa 10.1.1.1 chinasungidwa kuchokera pa tebulo lapitalo, ndiyeno pali zolemba zitatu zomwe, chifukwa cha Update timer, zimasinthidwa masekondi 30 aliwonse. Flush timer imatsimikizira kuti masekondi a 240 pambuyo pa zosinthazo kuphatikiza masekondi 30, ndiye kuti, pambuyo pa masekondi 270, maukondewa adzachotsedwa patebulo lolowera.
Maukonde 192.168.1.0/26, 192.168.1.64/26 ndi 192.168.1.128/26 amalembedwa molondola, ndiye tsopano ngati magalimoto apita ku chipangizo 192.168.1.225, chipangizo kuti ndi kusiya chifukwa rauta sadziwa kumene chipangizo ndi adilesi imeneyo. Koma m'nkhani yapitayi, pamene tinali ndi auto-chidule cha misewu chinathandiza kwa R3, magalimoto awa ankapita ku netiweki 10.1.1.1, amene anali olakwika kotheratu, chifukwa R3 ayenera nthawi yomweyo kusiya mapaketi amenewa popanda kuwatumiza patsogolo.
Monga woyang'anira maukonde, muyenera kupanga maukonde okhala ndi kuchuluka kwa magalimoto osafunikira. Mwachitsanzo, pamenepa palibe chifukwa chotumizira magalimotowa kudzera pa R3. Ntchito yanu ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa ma netiweki momwe mungathere, kuletsa magalimoto kutumizidwa ku zida zomwe sizikufunika.
Cholepheretsa chotsatira cha RIP ndi Loops, kapena malupu oyenda. Talankhula kale za kulumikizana kwa maukonde, pomwe tebulo lamayendedwe likusinthidwa molondola. Kwa ife, rauta sayenera kulandira zosintha za netiweki ya 192.168.1.0/24 ngati sadziwa chilichonse. Mwaukadaulo, kulumikizana kumatanthauza kuti tebulo lamayendedwe limasinthidwa ndi chidziwitso cholondola. Izi ziyenera kuchitika pamene rauta yazimitsidwa, kuyambiranso, kulumikizidwanso ndi netiweki, ndi zina. Convergence ndi dziko lomwe zosintha zonse zofunika za mayendedwe zidamalizidwa ndipo ziwerengero zonse zofunika zachitika.
RIP ili ndi kulumikizana koyipa kwambiri ndipo ndi njira yoyenda pang'onopang'ono. Chifukwa cha kuchedwa uku, ma Loops oyenda, kapena vuto la "infinite counter", liwuka.
Ndijambula chithunzi cha maukonde chofanana ndi chitsanzo cham'mbuyomu - rauta 1 imalumikizidwa ndi rauta 2 ndi netiweki N2, netiweki N1 yolumikizidwa ndi rauta 1, ndi netiweki N2 yolumikizidwa ndi rauta 3. Tiyerekeze kuti pazifukwa zina kulumikizana kwa N1-R1 kwasweka.
Router 2 ikudziwa kuti netiweki ya N1 imatha kupezeka mosavuta kudzera pa rauta 1, koma netiweki iyi sikugwira ntchito pakadali pano. Netiweki ikalephera, njira yowerengera nthawi imayamba, rauta 1 imayiyika mu Hold Down state, ndi zina zotero. Komabe, rauta 2 ili ndi Update timer ikuyenda, ndipo pa nthawi yoikika imatumiza zosintha ku rauta 1, zomwe zimati netiweki N1 ikupezeka kudzera mu ma hop awiri. Kusintha uku kumafika pa rauta 1 isanakhale ndi nthawi yotumizira rauta 2 zosintha za kulephera kwa network N1.
Atalandira zosinthazi, rauta 1 ikuganiza kuti: "Ndikudziwa kuti netiweki ya N1 yomwe imalumikizidwa ndi ine sikugwira ntchito pazifukwa zina, koma rauta 2 idandiuza kuti imapezeka kudzera mu ma hop awiri. Ndimukhulupirira, kotero ndiwonjezera kadumphidwe kamodzi, ndisinthe tebulo langa lamayendedwe ndikutumiza rauta 2 zosintha kunena kuti netiweki N1 ikupezeka kudzera pa rauta 2 pamahops atatu!
Nditalandira izi kuchokera ku rauta yoyamba, rauta 2 imati: "Chabwino, m'mbuyomu ndidalandira zosintha kuchokera ku R1, zomwe zidati netiweki ya N1 ikupezeka kudzera mu hop imodzi. Tsopano anandiuza kuti likupezeka mu 3 hops. Mwina china chake chasintha pa netiweki, sindingathe kuchita koma kukhulupirira, ndiye ndisintha tebulo langa powonjezera kadumphidwe kamodzi. β Pambuyo pa izi, R2 imatumiza zosintha ku rauta yoyamba, yomwe imati network N1 tsopano ikupezeka mu ma hop anayi.
Mukuwona vuto ndi chiyani? Ma router onsewa amatumiza zosintha kwa wina ndi mnzake, ndikuwonjezera hop imodzi nthawi iliyonse, ndipo pamapeto pake kuchuluka kwa ma hop kumafika pagulu lalikulu. Mu protocol ya RIP, chiwerengero chachikulu cha hops ndi 16, ndipo ikangofika pamtengo uwu, rauta amazindikira kuti pali vuto ndipo amangochotsa njira iyi pa tebulo loyendetsa. Ili ndiye vuto la njira zolumikizirana mu RIP. Izi ndichifukwa choti RIP ndi protocol vekitala ya mtunda; imangoyang'anira mtunda, osalabadira mawonekedwe a magawo a netiweki. Mu 1969, pamene maukonde apakompyuta anali ochedwa kwambiri kuposa momwe alili tsopano, njira yofikira ma vector inali yolondola, motero opanga RIP adasankha ma hop ngati metric yayikulu. Komabe, masiku ano njirayi imabweretsa mavuto ambiri, kotero maukonde amakono asintha kwambiri kumayendedwe apamwamba kwambiri, monga OSPF. Zowonadi, protocol iyi yakhala muyezo wamakampani ambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Tiwona protocol iyi mwatsatanetsatane m'modzi mwamavidiyo otsatirawa.
Sitidzabwereranso ku RIP, chifukwa pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo cha protocol yakale kwambiri yapaintaneti, ndakuwuzani mokwanira za zoyambira zamayendedwe ndi zovuta zomwe amayesa kuti asagwiritsenso ntchito protocol iyi pama network akulu. M'maphunziro otsatirawa a kanema tiwona njira zamakono zoyendera - OSPF ndi EIGRP.
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Source: www.habr.com